The purpose of this thesis is to analyze and criticise actual arrangement of Legal Regulation of doping, predict future development and offer diferent possible solution. This thesis is composed of five chapters. Chapter one is an introductory part and briefly describes problem of abusing performance enhancing substances in elite sport. Following part covers main definition of sport as activity and explain relation between sport and law as well as in 'sports rules' imposed by private organisations as World Anti-Doping Agency or Czech Anti-Doping Committee. The third chapter covers the history of doping, briefly explain the physical efects on human organism and define supportive social factors of doping. Part of third chapter is also exposing hidden danger of taking performance enhancing substances in amateur sport. The third part describes main elements of world antidoping regulation and show how world regulation infulences Czech Legal Regulation. I put emphasis on analysing the World Anti-Doping Code and principle of strict liability wich is based on. Fifth Chapter evaluates findings from fourth chapter and tries to find alternative of approach based on zero tolerance for performance enhancing substances, also this chapter identifies and articulates the principal rationales for the regulation of the doping,...

La lutte contre le dopage dans le sport est administrée par un corpus de règles homogènes à l’échelle mondiale depuis le début des années 2000. En crise de légitimité après avoir longtemps fonctionné en autonomie, les instances olympiques ont accepté de coordonner leurs efforts avec les pouvoirs publics au sein d’une institution hybride, l’AMA, qui participe à sa manière au phénomène de mondialisation. Le droit antidopage mondialisé se distingue d’abord par sa méthode : pour atteindre l’objectif d’harmonisation et remédier aux conflits de normes, il s’agit d’associer la codification au droit souple et le contentieux étatique à l’arbitrage ; en résulte une homogénéisation des cultures juridiques qui se manifeste autant par l’acceptation de normes que de principes communs. La mondialisation du droit antidopage interpelle ensuite par son discours : tandis que la mondialisation est critiquée pour son manque de sens, la lutte contre le dopage repose sur la définition d’une véritable idéologie qui se trouve amplifiée par l’intervention des pouvoirs publics ; il s’agit alors moins de corriger les excès du marché dans le sport que de satisfaire des besoins collectifs, ce qui aide à appréhender la notion de régulation. Le droit antidopage se révèle ainsi sous des aspects caractéristiques du droit administratif : au nom de l’intérêt général, la réglementation prend tantôt les traits d’une police spéciale, tantôt d’un service public. En fin de compte, ce qui n’était qu’un ambitieux programme s’est traduit par une reconfiguration institutionnelle et normative qui préfigure les contours d’un droit global en formation et bouleverse les perceptions classiques de l’administration. / Globalization of fight against doping. The fight against doping in sport has been administered by a body of homogeneous rules on a global scale since the beginning of the 2000s. In a crisis of legitimacy after having worked for a long time in autonomy, the Olympic authorities have agreed to coordinate their efforts with public authorities in a hybrid institution, WADA, which participates in its own way in the phenomenon of globalization. The globalized anti-doping law is distinguished firstly by its method: to achieve the objective of harmonization and to remedy conflicts of norms, it is a question of associating codification with flexible law and litigation with the State with arbitration; the result is a homogenization of legal cultures that manifests itself as much in accepting norms as in common principles. The globalization of anti-doping law then comes into play with its discourse: while globalization is criticized for its lack of meaning, the fight against doping is based on the definition of a true ideology which is amplified by the intervention of the public authorities; it is therefore less a question of correcting the excesses of the market in sport than of satisfying collective needs, which helps to understand the notion of regulation. The anti-doping law thus reveals itself in characteristic aspects of the administrative law: in the name of the general interest, the regulation takes sometimes the features of a special police, sometimes of a public service. In the end, what was only an ambitious program resulted in an institutional and normative reconfiguration that prefigured the contours of a global right in formation and overturned the classic perceptions of the administration.

La thèse analyse les transformations de l’encadrement juridique de la guerre, et montre sa reconfiguration contemporaine dans la régulation de la sécurité globale. Celle-ci se caractérisé par des assemblages normatifs nouveaux et par une rationalité managériale visant à gérer la sécurité par l’anticipation des risques. / The dissertation analyzes transformations in the legal construction of war, claiming it is now being reimagined within a global regulation of security. This contemporary security governance is characterized by new normative assemblages and by a managerial rationality, aiming at managing security by preventing risk.

Les flux, le droit et les politiques du commerce mondial, et les standards consensuels non étatiques applicables aux domaines tels que l’environnement, la santé, la sécurité, etc. s’influencent mutuellement. Ils affectent également les processus identifiés comme « gouvernance globale ». L’interface de ces trois thèmes a constitué le principal point d’intérêt de ma recherche. Dans cette thèse, mon objectif général était non seulement de décrire l’interface, les pratiques et les diverses conjonctures pertinentes du droit et des standards dans le contexte de la globalisation du commerce transfrontalier, mais aussi, et même surtout, de les évaluer d’une façon critique. L’idée-clé de ma thèse était d’inclure différents types de normativités non-juridiques globales dans le droit, et ensuite de les soumettre à une analyse de légitimité plus juste et plus cohérente. Les ambitions susmentionnées ont émergé car aujourd’hui, dans le désordre juridique global, les normativités hybrides échappent tout simplement à la plupart des approches traditionnelles de droit et de légitimité, ces derniers étant principalement construits sur les prémisses liées, directement ou indirectement, à la souveraineté de l’État moderne. Un résultat méthodologique général de cette réorientation se situe dans l’argument que le droit, ainsi réorienté, pourrait alors effectuer une tâche fondamentalement différente de celle qu’il aurait eu sur la base d’une théorie juridique plus traditionnelle (positiviste), plus descriptive (sociologique), ou plus normative (critique), si utilisées à elles seules. Le message principal des ambitions précitées est que le droit peut et doit être repensé de manière que tout type de normativités globales dotées d’impressionnante force normative et régulatrice, mais avec une légitimité sociale douteuse, puisse être inclut dans le droit, exactement aux fins d’évaluer leur légitimité vis-à-vis du public global. / World trade flows, law and policies and non-state voluntary standards relating to social imperatives, such as environment, health, safety, etc. influence each other. They also affect processes identified as ‘global governance’. These three themes constituted the major crossing point of interest of my research. In this thesis, my general aim was to not only describe the interface, practices, and various relevant occurrences of cross-border trade law and standards in the globalisation context, but also, and indeed especially, to critically assess them. The pivotal idea of my thesis was to include different kinds of global quasi-legal normativities into law, and to submit them to a more just and coherent legitimacy analysis. The abovementioned ambitions emerged because today, hybrid normativities in the global legal disorder simply escape most of more traditional approaches to law and legitimacy, which mainly draw on state sovereignty-related premises. A general methodological outcome of this re-orientation was that law might then carry a fundamentally different task than the one that it would have had on the basis of a traditional jurisprudential (positivist), a descriptive (sociological), or a normative (critical), account alone. The main normative message of the aforesaid ambitions was that law could and should be re-thought in a way that any kind of normativities with impressive global normative and regulatory force, yet with dubious social legitimacy, can be included in it exactly for the purposes of assessing their legitimacy vis-à-vis the global public.

Since the early 1990s, institutional approaches to organizations have increasingly focused on explaining the role of agency in processes of institutional creation and transformation. The paradox of embedded agency, the question of how actors can become motivated and enabled to transform supposedly taken-for-granted practices, structures and norms has become the fundamental puzzle of contemporary institutional theory. Recent attempts to resolve this puzzle under the label of “institutional work” focus on practices aimed at creating, maintaining, and disrupting institutions, but portray them as planned, discrete episodes that unfold in isolation from everyday organizational or social life. Thereby, the label highlights institutionalists’ current neglect of work in its literal meaning as actors’ everyday occupational tasks and activities. The detachment of institutional work from practical work constitutes a significant blind spot in institutionalists’ understanding of agency and calls for research that examines the reciprocity of institutions and work. Drawing on illuminating constructs from theories of practice, this study extends existing field-level approaches to the paradox of embedded agency. It argues for a practice-based institutionalism that focuses on individual actors and the role of their collective micro-level praxis in constituting macro-level institutions. It re-connects institutional arguments to every-day activity rather than organizational or managerial action, unpacks the micro-practices and micro–politics by which actors negotiate institutional contradictions and demonstrates the reciprocity of institutions and work. The research addresses the detachment of institutional and practical work through a single-case study of a global law firm’s banking group. It explores what banking lawyers do when they ‘do deals’ and how their practical work may attain institutional relevance. Positioned at the intersec-tion of local laws, international financial markets, commercial and professional logics, banking lawyers operate across multiple institutional frameworks. Observations and accounts of their work provide particularly rich insights into the dynamics of institutional persistence and change, because they illustrate empirically how contradictory institutionalized concepts, practices and logics are experienced, negotiated, and constituted at work.

O consumidor é o agente vulnerável na relação de consumo internacional. O processo de globalização se apresenta, para o consumidor, como uma globalização do consumo. A globalização do consumo se caracteriza pelo comércio e fornecimento internacional de produtos e serviços por empresários/fornecedores transnacionais/globais, utilizando marcas de renome mundial, acessíveis a todos os consumidores do planeta, e agrava a vulnerabilidade do consumidor no mercado. A proteção jurídica do consumidor internacional é uma necessidade que os sistemas jurídicos nacionais não se mostram aptos a prover adequadamente, assim como o Direito Internacional também não. A presente tese demonstra a deficiência da Ciência do Direito na proteção do consumidor no contexto da globalização; demonstra como o próprio comércio internacional é prejudicado ao não priorizar de maneira absoluta e efetiva a proteção do consumidor na OMC, bem como ao mostrar-se apático diante dos diferentes níveis de proteção proporcionada aos consumidores em cada diferente sistema jurídico nacional; demonstra, também, como a proteção do consumidor de maneira uniforme e global por um direito comum aos Estados é possível e será capaz de tornar mais eficiente economicamente o processo de globalização do consumo, ao encorajar a participação mais intensa do consumidor no mercado internacional; e propõe a construção de um novo ramo do Direito dedicado ao problema, o Direito Internacional do Consumidor (DIC), por meio da elaboração de uma Teoria do Direito Internacional do Consumidor. O Direito Internacional do Consumidor pretende ser um direito comum e universal de proteção ao consumidor, fundado em métodos, conceitos, institutos, normas e princípios jurídicos universais. O DIC dialogará com outros ramos do Direito Público e Privado, especialmente o Direito Internacional Econômico, o Direito Internacional do Comércio, o Direito Internacional Privado, o Direito Processual Civil Internacional, e o Direito do Consumidor. Pretende-se com isto atender ao ideal de promover o livre comércio internacional com respeito aos Direitos Humanos. / The consumer is the weak party in the cross-border consumer relation. The globalization process presents itself for the consumer as a globalization of consumers relations. The globalization of consumers relations is defined by international commerce and supply of products and services by transnational/global entrepreneurs/ suppliers, using global renowned brands names, available for all consumers of the planet, aggravating the consumers vulnerability in the market. The juridical international consumers protection is a necessity that has not been properly dealt with neither by the national legal systems nor by International Law. The present thesis shows the deficiency of Juridical Science to consumers protection in a globalization context; it shows how international commerce suffers harms when it does not prioritize the consumers protection in WTO, and when it has no reaction against different consumers protections levels by the distinct national legislation; it also shows, how consumers protection by a global and uniform law for all States is possible and can be more economically efficient for the process of globalization of consumers relations, because it encourages a intensive consumer participation in the international market; and proposes to build a new branch of law dedicated to the problem, the International Consumer Law (ICL), by a Theory of International Consumer Law. The International Consumer Law intends to be a general and universal law about consumers protection, based on universal methods, concepts, institutes, rules and principles. The ICL is going to dialogue with others branches of law, specially with International Economic Law, Global Trade Law, Private International Law (Conflict of Laws), Transnational Litigation Law, Consumer Protection Law and Products Liability Law. The intention of this thesis is to deal with the ideal of promoting free international trade taking into account respect for humans rights.

O consumidor é o agente vulnerável na relação de consumo internacional. O processo de globalização se apresenta, para o consumidor, como uma globalização do consumo. A globalização do consumo se caracteriza pelo comércio e fornecimento internacional de produtos e serviços por empresários/fornecedores transnacionais/globais, utilizando marcas de renome mundial, acessíveis a todos os consumidores do planeta, e agrava a vulnerabilidade do consumidor no mercado. A proteção jurídica do consumidor internacional é uma necessidade que os sistemas jurídicos nacionais não se mostram aptos a prover adequadamente, assim como o Direito Internacional também não. A presente tese demonstra a deficiência da Ciência do Direito na proteção do consumidor no contexto da globalização; demonstra como o próprio comércio internacional é prejudicado ao não priorizar de maneira absoluta e efetiva a proteção do consumidor na OMC, bem como ao mostrar-se apático diante dos diferentes níveis de proteção proporcionada aos consumidores em cada diferente sistema jurídico nacional; demonstra, também, como a proteção do consumidor de maneira uniforme e global por um direito comum aos Estados é possível e será capaz de tornar mais eficiente economicamente o processo de globalização do consumo, ao encorajar a participação mais intensa do consumidor no mercado internacional; e propõe a construção de um novo ramo do Direito dedicado ao problema, o Direito Internacional do Consumidor (DIC), por meio da elaboração de uma Teoria do Direito Internacional do Consumidor. O Direito Internacional do Consumidor pretende ser um direito comum e universal de proteção ao consumidor, fundado em métodos, conceitos, institutos, normas e princípios jurídicos universais. O DIC dialogará com outros ramos do Direito Público e Privado, especialmente o Direito Internacional Econômico, o Direito Internacional do Comércio, o Direito Internacional Privado, o Direito Processual Civil Internacional, e o Direito do Consumidor. Pretende-se com isto atender ao ideal de promover o livre comércio internacional com respeito aos Direitos Humanos. / The consumer is the weak party in the cross-border consumer relation. The globalization process presents itself for the consumer as a globalization of consumers relations. The globalization of consumers relations is defined by international commerce and supply of products and services by transnational/global entrepreneurs/ suppliers, using global renowned brands names, available for all consumers of the planet, aggravating the consumers vulnerability in the market. The juridical international consumers protection is a necessity that has not been properly dealt with neither by the national legal systems nor by International Law. The present thesis shows the deficiency of Juridical Science to consumers protection in a globalization context; it shows how international commerce suffers harms when it does not prioritize the consumers protection in WTO, and when it has no reaction against different consumers protections levels by the distinct national legislation; it also shows, how consumers protection by a global and uniform law for all States is possible and can be more economically efficient for the process of globalization of consumers relations, because it encourages a intensive consumer participation in the international market; and proposes to build a new branch of law dedicated to the problem, the International Consumer Law (ICL), by a Theory of International Consumer Law. The International Consumer Law intends to be a general and universal law about consumers protection, based on universal methods, concepts, institutes, rules and principles. The ICL is going to dialogue with others branches of law, specially with International Economic Law, Global Trade Law, Private International Law (Conflict of Laws), Transnational Litigation Law, Consumer Protection Law and Products Liability Law. The intention of this thesis is to deal with the ideal of promoting free international trade taking into account respect for humans rights.

Si d’importantes recherches sur les sources du droit et de nombreux travaux sur le droit de la communication par internet ont déjà été menés, cette thèse se distingue des premiers comme des seconds : d’une part, elle interroge des sources souvent originales, loin de réduire le droit à la loi et à la jurisprudence ; d’autre part, elle ne consiste pas en un exposé technique et utilitaire du droit de la communication par internet mais en une étude scientifique et macro-juridique (i.e. détachée des règles et des régimes juridiques). L’observation du droit de la communication par internet est ici au service d’une réflexion relative aux continuités, aux ruptures et aux mouvements actuels et à venir des sources du droit. Cette branche du droit, significative du droit « global » et du droit « postmoderne », est révélatrice de ce à quoi le paysage juridique pourrait ressembler demain, lorsque le droit moderne stato-centré aura été irrémédiablement débordé par un droit « en réseau » dont les propriétés ressemblent fort à celles du réseau mondial qu’est l’internet. Progressivement, les sources auparavant premières deviennent secondaires, celles qui hier demeuraient à l’arrière-plan se retrouvent sur le devant de la scène juridique, tandis que de nouveaux foyers de normes apparaissent. L’objet de cette thèse est de constituer un témoignage de ce renouvellement des lieux et des modes de production des normes en cours / Many books studying the sources of the law and many books studying the Internet law have already been published. This thesis differs from these books : it studies the original sources, not only the state law and the customs; and it is a scientific work and not a practical work. Observations of the Internet law can serve thoughts on the currents and futures continuities and changes of the sources of the law. Studying this young and special law is like studying an example of global law and postmodern law, revealing the specifics of the law of tomorrow, when the modern law centered on the state will be replaced by a different law, whose properties gather those of the Internet. Gradually, the conventional sources are substituted by new sources. This thesis wants to be a witness of these changes in the sources of the law.In terms of legal science and legal thought, lawyers should perhaps avoid analyzing the law of tomorrow with tools and lessons from yesterday. Studying the Internet law invites to build new tools and frameworks in order to describe and explain as accurately as possible the reality of the law. These problems led to the writing of this book. By focusing on specific legal objects that reflect the twenty-first century law, it wants to promote the understanding and the acceptance of changes in the law. Specifically, the objective is to contribute to the renovation of the sources of the law thought when the modern theory appears increasingly archaic because the number, the identity, the architecture and the balance of the sources is permanently evolving