Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Human Nutrition / Mark D. Haub / Objective: The objective was to compare the postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses to nutrition bars containing either cross-linked RS type 4 (RS4[subscript]XL) or standard wheat starch in normoglycemic adults (n=13; age= 27±5 yr; BMI=25±3 kg/m²). Methods: Volunteers completed three trials during which they consumed a glucose beverage (GLU), a puffed wheat control bar (PWB), and a bar containing RS4[subscript]XL matched for available carbohydrate content. Serial blood samples were collected over two hours and glucose and insulin concentrations were determined and the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was calculated. Results: The RS4[subscript]XL peak glucose and insulin concentrations were lower than the GLU and PWB (p<0.05). The iAUC for glucose and insulin were lower following ingestion of RS4[subscript]XL compared with the GLU and PWB trials. Conclusions: These data illustrate, for the first time, that directly substituting standard starch with RS4[subscript]XL, while matched for available carbohydrates, attenuated postprandial glucose and insulin levels in humans. It remains to be determined whether this response was due to the dietary fiber and/or resistant starch aspects of the RS4[subscript]XL bar. Keywords: insulin sensitivity, diabetes, dietary fiber, prebiotic, glycemic index

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Yong-Cheng Shi / Wheat bran is high in dietary fiber. Resistant starch (RS) is considered a source of dietary fiber. Wheat bran and RS have different functional properties and may not have the same nutritional properties. This dissertation covers two areas of importance in cereal chemistry and human nutrition: wheat bran and RS. Wheat bran chemical and physical influence of nutritional components Wheat bran has become a hot topic due to positive nutritional correlations, and industrial /humanitarian needs for healthy ingredients. Evolving wheat bran into a demanded product would impact the industry in a positive way. The overall aim of this research was to understand chemical and structural composition, to provide avenues for wheat bran development as a healthy food ingredient. To achieve this goal, antioxidant properties in dry wheat milling fractions were examined, effects of wheat bran particle size on phytochemical extractability and properties were measured, and substrate fermentation was investigated. It was noted that mixed mill streams, such as mill feed, have antioxidant properties (0.78 mg FAE/g; 1.28 mg/g total antioxidant capacity; 75.21% DPPH inhibition; 278.97 [mu]mol FeSO[subscript]4/g) originating from the bran and germ fractions. Additionally, extraction of reduced particle size whole wheat bran increased measured values for several assays (185.96 [mu]g catechin/g; 36.6 [mu]g/g; 425 [mu]M TE), but did not increase volatile fatty acid production during in vitro rumen fermentation over unmilled bran. RS digestion, glycemic response and human fermentation In vitro action of enzymes on digestion of maize starches differing in amylose contents were studied. The objectives of this study were to investigate the exact role of [alpha]-amylase and amyloglucosidase in determining the digestibility of starch and to understand the mechanism of enzymatic actions on starch granules. Starch digestibility differed (30-60%) without combination of enzymes during in vitro assay. Further investigations utilized human glycemic response and fermentation with consumption of a type 3 RS without dietary fiber (AOAC method 991.43). Blood glucose response provided lower postprandial curves (glycemic index value of 21) and breath hydrogen curves displayed low incidences fermentation (40%) with consumption of the type 3 RS, due to the structure of starch and digestion by enzymatic action.

Os carboidratos presentes nos alimentos são responsáveis por mais da metade do valor energético da alimentação do homem. Além do aporte energético, esse nutriente tem importante função na manutenção da glicose sanguínea e na integridade e funcionamento do trato gastrintestinal. Os produtos finais da digestão de carboidratos consistem, quase que exclusivamente, em glicose, frutose e galactose. Os carboidratos digeridos e absorvidos no intestino delgado provocam alterações na resposta glicêmica; essa elevação, ao longo do tempo, depende de fatores que interferem na velocidade de digestão e de difusão dos produtos de hidrólise no intestino delgado. Os carboidratos podem ser classificados de acordo com a glicemia pós prandial produzida. O índice glicêmico (IG) expressa de forma indireta, como cada alimento se comporta em termos de velocidade de digestão e absorção de seus carboidratos. A partir dos valores de IG dos alimentos pode-se calcular a carga glicêmica (CG), a qual inclui tanto a quantidade como a qualidade dos carboidratos ingeridos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o IG e a CG de cinco frutos nacionais em indivíduos saudáveis. Em cada ensaio foram elaboradas as curvas glicêmicas produzidas após a ingestão de porções contento exatamente 25g ou 50g de carboidrato disponível dos seguintes frutos: abacaxi pérola (Ananas comosus); amora silvestre (Rubus rosaefoluis); morango oso grande (Fragaria ananassa Duch) e bananas (Musa spp.) mysore e nanica. A partir da relação entre a área abaixo da curva glicêmica dos alimentos teste e a área do pão (controle) foi calculado o IG. A CG foi calculada para cada fruto de acordo com o seu IG e a quantidade de alimento consumida habitualmente pela população. Tanto o cerne quanto a polpa de abacaxi apresentaram alto IG. A banana nanica apresentou IG médio e os demais frutos, banana mysore, morango e amora, apresentaram baixo IG. Em relação à carga glicêmica, a banana nanica apresentou CG média, enquanto os demais frutos apresentaram baixa CG. Nos frutos estudados, a CG demonstrou ser a melhor ferramenta para escolha destes alimentos no plano alimentar, pois expressa não somente a quantidade como a qualidade dos carboidratos. / The carbohydrates are responsible for more than half of the energy value in people\'s nourishment. Besides energy, this nutrient plays an important role in the maintenance of blood glucose levels and in the integrity and functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. The final products of the carbohydrates digestion are, almost exclusively, glucose, fructose and galactose. The carbohydrates digested and absorbed in the small intestine cause an increase in the glycemic response, which depends on factors that interfere in the speed of both digestion and diffusion of hydrolysis products in the small intestine. The carbohydrates can be classified according to the post prandial glycemia. The glycemic index (GI) predicts, indirectly, how each food behaves in terms of digestion and absorption speed of its carbohydrates. From the GI values of foods, it is possible to calculate the glycemic load (GL), which includes both quantity and quality of the ingested carbohydrates. This study aimed to evaluate the GI and GL of five Brazilian fruits in healthy subjects. The glycemic curves were elaborated in each essay. These curves were produced after the intake of portions containing exactly 25g or 50g of \"available\" carbohydrate in the fruits: pineapple (Ananas comosus); blackberry (Rubus rosaefoluis); strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch) and bananas (Musa spp.) mysore and nanica. The GI was calculated from the relation between the area below the glycemic curve of the test foods and the area of bread (standard food). The GL was calculated for each fruit according to its GI and the amount of food usually consumed by the population. Both core and pulp of pineapple presented high GI. Banana nanica presented medium GI and the other fruits, banana mysore, strawberry and blackberry, presented a low GI. The banana nanica showed medium GL, while the other fruits showed low GL. In the studied fruits, the GL proved to be the best tool in order to choose these foods in the food planning, once it expresses not only quality but also quantity of the carbohydrates

Introdução: O grupo das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) compreende as doenças cardiovasculares, diabetes, obesidade, câncer e doenças respiratórias crônicas. Estudos mostram que a proporção de mortes por estas doenças vem aumentando e demandam por assistência continuada de serviços e ônus progressivo, na razão direta do envelhecimento da população. A dieta é uma importante ferramenta para prevenção e controle das DCNT. Estudos sobre o índice glicêmico (IG) dos alimentos são de grande relevância, já que estão relacionados com possíveis efeitos fisiológicos e terapêuticos de dietas com baixo IG, tanto para pessoas saudáveis, como para as portadoras de DCNT como, por exemplo, obesidade e diabetes. O jatobá-do-cerrado, também conhecido como jataí ou jutaí (Hymenaea stignocarpa Mart.), pertencente à família Leguminosae e subfamília Caesalpinoideae, é uma leguminosa arbórea de ocorrência no cerrado brasileiro pouco explorado e com grande potencial de utilização devido a sua composição química. O alto conteúdo de fibras do jatobá-do-cerrado indica que esta leguminosa pode ter um baixo IG, justificando-se assim sua incorporação em produtos alimentícios, como o pão, para que seja feita a avaliação da sua resposta glicêmica. Objetivos: Verificar o efeito da adição de farinha de jatobá-docerrado na resposta glicêmica de pães. Metodologia: A partir da formulação de um pão branco padrão foram desenvolvidas três formulações utilizando a farinha de jatobá-do-cerrado, substituindo-se a farinha de trigo em proporções de 10, 20 e 30 por cento . Os produtos desenvolvidos foram caracterizados quanto à composição centesimal, IG e carga glicêmica (CG). Também foi avaliada a aceitabilidade sensorial dos pães de jatobá por meio da escala hedônica de nove pontos. Resultados: A adição da farinha de jatobá alterou a composição dos pães, com destaque para o aumento nos teores de fibras. Foi observada uma redução no IG e na CG dos pães de jatobá, podendo classificá-los como alimentos de baixo IG (53), para o pão com 20 por cento de farinha de jatobá e moderado IG (62 e 56), para os pães com 10 e 30 por cento de farinha de jatobá respectivamente. Quanto a CG todos os tratamentos podem ser classificados como alimentos de carga glicêmica moderada. Quanto à aceitabilidade, os tratamentos 10 e 20 por cento não diferiram entre si segundo os atributos: aroma, textura, sabor e avaliação global obtendo os melhores escores entre 6 (gostei levemente) e 7 (gostei moderadamente). O pão com 30 por cento de farinha de jatobá apresentou menores escores, em torno de 5 (não gostei, nem desgostei). Conclusão: A adição da farinha de jatobá proporcionou a obtenção de produtos com reduzido IG e carga glicêmica moderada, rico em fibras, e aceitos sensorialmente, confirmando seu potencial como ingrediente no enriquecimento de formulações que utilizem farinhas, como pães, tornando-se uma opção para introdução na dieta tanto de indivíduos saudáveis quanto os portadores de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, como obesidade e diabetes / Background: The non-transmissible chronic diseases (NTCD) include cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, cancer and chronic respiratory diseases. Studies show that the proportion of deaths from these diseases is increasing and demand continuous attention and promote progressive burden, in direct proportion to the aging of population. Diet is an important tool for prevention and control of NTCDs. Studies on the glycemic index (GI) of foods are of great importance, since they are related to possible physiological and therapeutic effects of low-GI diets for both healthy people and for those suffering from NTCD such as obesity and diabetes. The jatobá-do-cerrado, also known as jataí or jutaí (Hymenaea stignocarpa Mart.), belong to the family Leguminosae and subfamily Caesalpinoideae, and it is a little explored legume tree occurring in the Brazilian Savanna with great potential for use due to its chemical composition. The high fiber content of jatobá-do-cerrado indicates that it may have a low GI, sand that its inclusion in other foods, like bread, is possible depending on the assessment of their glycemic response and acceptability. Objectives: To investigate the effect of adding jatobá-docerrado flour on the glycemic index of conventional breads. Methods: From the basic composition of a standard white bread, three formulations were developed using jatobá-do-cerrado flour, replacing wheat flour in proportions at 10, 20 and 30 per cent . The products developed were characterized for chemical composition, GI and glycemic load (GL). Sensory acceptability of jatobá breads through hedonic scale of nine points was also evaluated. Results: The addition of jatobá flour changed the composition of breads, especially increased its fiber content. We observed a reduction in the GI and GL of jatobá breads, which can be classified as low-GI foods (53), for bread with 20 per cent jatobá flour and moderate GI (62 and 56), for the loaves with 10:30 per cent of jatobá flour respectively. As the GL, all treatments can be classified as moderate GL foods. Regarding acceptability, the treatments with 10 and 20 per cent of jatobá flour did not differ according to the attributes: aroma, texture, flavor and overall assessment, getting the best scores between 6 (like slightly) and 7 (like moderately). Bread with 30 per cent of jatoba flour presented a lower score around 5 (not liked not disliked). Conclusion: The addition of jatobá flour provided products with a low GI and moderate GL, high fiber content and sensory acceptance, confirming its potential as an ingredient in formulations using flour, such as bread, making it an option for introduction in the diet of both healthy individuals as well as those with chronic diseases such as obesity and diabetes

Fung Man-yi, Wendy. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-106). / Text in English; abstracts and appendices in English and Chinese. / Fung Man-yi, Wendy. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Presentation --- p.iii / Abstract --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.viii / List of Tables --- p.x / List of Figures --- p.xi / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- Introduction --- p.1 / Research Background --- p.1 / Purpose of the Study --- p.5 / Justification of the Study --- p.6 / Hypotheses --- p.6 / Definition of Terms --- p.7 / Assumptions --- p.8 / Delimitations --- p.8 / Limitations --- p.9 / Significance of the Study --- p.9 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- Review of Literature --- p.10 / "Engergy Metabolism During Prolonged, Submaximal Exercise" --- p.10 / "Causes of Fatigue During Prolonged, Submaximal Exercise" --- p.16 / Factors Influencing Muscle Glycogen Resynthesis During Recovery --- p.21 / Factors Influencing Rehydration During Recovery --- p.27 / Effect of Muscle Glycogen Replenishment During Recovery on Subsequent Endurance Capacity --- p.30 / Effect of Rehydration During Recovery on Subsequent Endurance Capacity --- p.32 / Effect of Glycemic Index Meals Before Exercise on Exercise Performance --- p.33 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- Methodology --- p.37 / Participants --- p.37 / Equipment and Instrumentation --- p.37 / Standardized Experimental Procedures --- p.38 / Collection and Analysis of Blood Samples --- p.42 / Preliminary Measurements --- p.45 / Dietary Analyses and Training Control --- p.50 / Preliminary Testing --- p.51 / Statistical Analysis --- p.54 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- Results --- p.56 / Run Time to Exhaustion --- p.56 / Dietary Analysis --- p.57 / Postprandial Responses of the Test Meals During Screening Session --- p.58 / Postprandial Responses During Recovery --- p.60 / Responses During Exercise and Recovery --- p.62 / Body Mass Changes and Fluid Balance --- p.74 / Changes in Plasma Volume and Urine Volume --- p.75 / Summary of the Results --- p.76 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- Discussion --- p.77 / Recommendations and Applications --- p.83 / References --- p.84 / Appendixes --- p.107

Siu Ming Fai Parco. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-117). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Siu Ming Fai Parco. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.ix / List of Figures --- p.x / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- Introduction --- p.1 / Research Background --- p.1 / Purpose of the Study --- p.6 / Hypotheses --- p.6 / Definition of Terms --- p.7 / Assumptions --- p.8 / Delimitations --- p.9 / Limitations --- p.9 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- Review of Literature --- p.10 / Importance of Muscle Glycogen Resynthesis During Recovery from Exercise --- p.10 / Factors Affecting Muscle Glycogen Resynthesis --- p.10 / Muscle Glycogen Resynthesis and Subsequent Endurance Capacity --- p.17 / Importance of Rehydration on Recovery from exercise --- p.22 / Factors Affecting Rehydration --- p.22 / Rehydration and Subsequent Endurance Capacity --- p.25 / Glycemic Index Foods and Exercise --- p.26 / Definition of Glycemic Index (GI) --- p.26 / Ingestion of GI Foods Before Exercise --- p.28 / Ingestion of GI Foods During Recovery --- p.33 / Frequency of CHO Ingestion and Exercise --- p.36 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- Methodology --- p.39 / Participants --- p.39 / Equipment and Instrumentation --- p.39 / Preliminary Measurements --- p.40 / Dietary Analysis and Training Control --- p.45 / Preliminary Testing --- p.46 / Standardized Experimental Procedure --- p.51 / Collection and Analysis of Blood Sample --- p.57 / Statistical Analysis --- p.61 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- Results --- p.62 / Run Time to Exhaustion --- p.63 / Dietary Analysis --- p.63 / Postprandial Responses of the Prescribed Foods During Screening Test --- p.64 / Postprandial Responses During Recovery of Main Trial --- p.67 / Metabolic and Physiological Responses During Exercise and Recovery --- p.70 / "Body Mass Change, Fluid Balance and Urine Volume" --- p.89 / Changes in Plasma Volume --- p.90 / Summary of the Results --- p.91 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- Discussion --- p.92 / Recommendations and Applications --- p.99 / References --- p.101 / Appendices --- p.118

Os carboidratos presentes nos alimentos são responsáveis por mais da metade do valor energético da alimentação do homem. Além do aporte energético, esse nutriente tem importante função na manutenção da glicose sanguínea e na integridade e funcionamento do trato gastrintestinal. Os produtos finais da digestão de carboidratos consistem, quase que exclusivamente, em glicose, frutose e galactose. Os carboidratos digeridos e absorvidos no intestino delgado provocam alterações na resposta glicêmica; essa elevação, ao longo do tempo, depende de fatores que interferem na velocidade de digestão e de difusão dos produtos de hidrólise no intestino delgado. Os carboidratos podem ser classificados de acordo com a glicemia pós prandial produzida. O índice glicêmico (IG) expressa de forma indireta, como cada alimento se comporta em termos de velocidade de digestão e absorção de seus carboidratos. A partir dos valores de IG dos alimentos pode-se calcular a carga glicêmica (CG), a qual inclui tanto a quantidade como a qualidade dos carboidratos ingeridos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o IG e a CG de cinco frutos nacionais em indivíduos saudáveis. Em cada ensaio foram elaboradas as curvas glicêmicas produzidas após a ingestão de porções contento exatamente 25g ou 50g de carboidrato disponível dos seguintes frutos: abacaxi pérola (Ananas comosus); amora silvestre (Rubus rosaefoluis); morango oso grande (Fragaria ananassa Duch) e bananas (Musa spp.) mysore e nanica. A partir da relação entre a área abaixo da curva glicêmica dos alimentos teste e a área do pão (controle) foi calculado o IG. A CG foi calculada para cada fruto de acordo com o seu IG e a quantidade de alimento consumida habitualmente pela população. Tanto o cerne quanto a polpa de abacaxi apresentaram alto IG. A banana nanica apresentou IG médio e os demais frutos, banana mysore, morango e amora, apresentaram baixo IG. Em relação à carga glicêmica, a banana nanica apresentou CG média, enquanto os demais frutos apresentaram baixa CG. Nos frutos estudados, a CG demonstrou ser a melhor ferramenta para escolha destes alimentos no plano alimentar, pois expressa não somente a quantidade como a qualidade dos carboidratos. / The carbohydrates are responsible for more than half of the energy value in people\'s nourishment. Besides energy, this nutrient plays an important role in the maintenance of blood glucose levels and in the integrity and functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. The final products of the carbohydrates digestion are, almost exclusively, glucose, fructose and galactose. The carbohydrates digested and absorbed in the small intestine cause an increase in the glycemic response, which depends on factors that interfere in the speed of both digestion and diffusion of hydrolysis products in the small intestine. The carbohydrates can be classified according to the post prandial glycemia. The glycemic index (GI) predicts, indirectly, how each food behaves in terms of digestion and absorption speed of its carbohydrates. From the GI values of foods, it is possible to calculate the glycemic load (GL), which includes both quantity and quality of the ingested carbohydrates. This study aimed to evaluate the GI and GL of five Brazilian fruits in healthy subjects. The glycemic curves were elaborated in each essay. These curves were produced after the intake of portions containing exactly 25g or 50g of \"available\" carbohydrate in the fruits: pineapple (Ananas comosus); blackberry (Rubus rosaefoluis); strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch) and bananas (Musa spp.) mysore and nanica. The GI was calculated from the relation between the area below the glycemic curve of the test foods and the area of bread (standard food). The GL was calculated for each fruit according to its GI and the amount of food usually consumed by the population. Both core and pulp of pineapple presented high GI. Banana nanica presented medium GI and the other fruits, banana mysore, strawberry and blackberry, presented a low GI. The banana nanica showed medium GL, while the other fruits showed low GL. In the studied fruits, the GL proved to be the best tool in order to choose these foods in the food planning, once it expresses not only quality but also quantity of the carbohydrates

Chan Oi Wan = 運動前進食不同血糖指數食物及運動中補充碳水化合物飲料對長跑能力的影響 / 陳靄允. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-91). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chan Oi Wan = Yun dong qian jin shi bu tong xue tang zhi shu shi wu ji yun dong zhong bu chong tan shui hua he wu yin liao dui chang pao neng li de ying xiang / Chen Aiyun. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.ix / List of Tables --- p.x / Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Purpose --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Significance of the Study --- p.5 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Review of Literature --- p.6 6 / Chapter 2.1 --- "Energy Metabolism during Prolonged, Submaximal Exercise" --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- Importance of Nutrition on Exercise Performance --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- Application of GI --- p.20 / Chapter CHAPTER Three --- Methodology --- p.36 / Chapter 3.1 --- General Methods --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2 --- Preliminary Testing --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3 --- Subjects --- p.45 / Chapter 3.4 --- Experimental Design --- p.46 / Chapter 3.5 --- Procedures --- p.47 / Chapter 3.6 --- Prescribed Meals --- p.50 / Chapter 3.7 --- Prescribed CHO-electrolyte Drink --- p.50 / Chapter 3.8 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.51 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Results --- p.52 / Chapter 4.1 --- Dietary Analysis --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2 --- Running Performance --- p.52 / Chapter 4.3 --- Blood Metabolites --- p.53 / Chapter 4.4 --- Metabolic Responses --- p.60 / Chapter 4.5 --- Subjective Responses and Heart Rates Responses --- p.61 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Discussion --- p.64 / Recommendations and Applications --- p.70 / References --- p.72 / Appendices --- p.95

Introdução: O grupo das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) compreende as doenças cardiovasculares, diabetes, obesidade, câncer e doenças respiratórias crônicas. Estudos mostram que a proporção de mortes por estas doenças vem aumentando e demandam por assistência continuada de serviços e ônus progressivo, na razão direta do envelhecimento da população. A dieta é uma importante ferramenta para prevenção e controle das DCNT. Estudos sobre o índice glicêmico (IG) dos alimentos são de grande relevância, já que estão relacionados com possíveis efeitos fisiológicos e terapêuticos de dietas com baixo IG, tanto para pessoas saudáveis, como para as portadoras de DCNT como, por exemplo, obesidade e diabetes. O jatobá-do-cerrado, também conhecido como jataí ou jutaí (Hymenaea stignocarpa Mart.), pertencente à família Leguminosae e subfamília Caesalpinoideae, é uma leguminosa arbórea de ocorrência no cerrado brasileiro pouco explorado e com grande potencial de utilização devido a sua composição química. O alto conteúdo de fibras do jatobá-do-cerrado indica que esta leguminosa pode ter um baixo IG, justificando-se assim sua incorporação em produtos alimentícios, como o pão, para que seja feita a avaliação da sua resposta glicêmica. Objetivos: Verificar o efeito da adição de farinha de jatobá-docerrado na resposta glicêmica de pães. Metodologia: A partir da formulação de um pão branco padrão foram desenvolvidas três formulações utilizando a farinha de jatobá-do-cerrado, substituindo-se a farinha de trigo em proporções de 10, 20 e 30 por cento . Os produtos desenvolvidos foram caracterizados quanto à composição centesimal, IG e carga glicêmica (CG). Também foi avaliada a aceitabilidade sensorial dos pães de jatobá por meio da escala hedônica de nove pontos. Resultados: A adição da farinha de jatobá alterou a composição dos pães, com destaque para o aumento nos teores de fibras. Foi observada uma redução no IG e na CG dos pães de jatobá, podendo classificá-los como alimentos de baixo IG (53), para o pão com 20 por cento de farinha de jatobá e moderado IG (62 e 56), para os pães com 10 e 30 por cento de farinha de jatobá respectivamente. Quanto a CG todos os tratamentos podem ser classificados como alimentos de carga glicêmica moderada. Quanto à aceitabilidade, os tratamentos 10 e 20 por cento não diferiram entre si segundo os atributos: aroma, textura, sabor e avaliação global obtendo os melhores escores entre 6 (gostei levemente) e 7 (gostei moderadamente). O pão com 30 por cento de farinha de jatobá apresentou menores escores, em torno de 5 (não gostei, nem desgostei). Conclusão: A adição da farinha de jatobá proporcionou a obtenção de produtos com reduzido IG e carga glicêmica moderada, rico em fibras, e aceitos sensorialmente, confirmando seu potencial como ingrediente no enriquecimento de formulações que utilizem farinhas, como pães, tornando-se uma opção para introdução na dieta tanto de indivíduos saudáveis quanto os portadores de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, como obesidade e diabetes / Background: The non-transmissible chronic diseases (NTCD) include cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, cancer and chronic respiratory diseases. Studies show that the proportion of deaths from these diseases is increasing and demand continuous attention and promote progressive burden, in direct proportion to the aging of population. Diet is an important tool for prevention and control of NTCDs. Studies on the glycemic index (GI) of foods are of great importance, since they are related to possible physiological and therapeutic effects of low-GI diets for both healthy people and for those suffering from NTCD such as obesity and diabetes. The jatobá-do-cerrado, also known as jataí or jutaí (Hymenaea stignocarpa Mart.), belong to the family Leguminosae and subfamily Caesalpinoideae, and it is a little explored legume tree occurring in the Brazilian Savanna with great potential for use due to its chemical composition. The high fiber content of jatobá-do-cerrado indicates that it may have a low GI, sand that its inclusion in other foods, like bread, is possible depending on the assessment of their glycemic response and acceptability. Objectives: To investigate the effect of adding jatobá-docerrado flour on the glycemic index of conventional breads. Methods: From the basic composition of a standard white bread, three formulations were developed using jatobá-do-cerrado flour, replacing wheat flour in proportions at 10, 20 and 30 per cent . The products developed were characterized for chemical composition, GI and glycemic load (GL). Sensory acceptability of jatobá breads through hedonic scale of nine points was also evaluated. Results: The addition of jatobá flour changed the composition of breads, especially increased its fiber content. We observed a reduction in the GI and GL of jatobá breads, which can be classified as low-GI foods (53), for bread with 20 per cent jatobá flour and moderate GI (62 and 56), for the loaves with 10:30 per cent of jatobá flour respectively. As the GL, all treatments can be classified as moderate GL foods. Regarding acceptability, the treatments with 10 and 20 per cent of jatobá flour did not differ according to the attributes: aroma, texture, flavor and overall assessment, getting the best scores between 6 (like slightly) and 7 (like moderately). Bread with 30 per cent of jatoba flour presented a lower score around 5 (not liked not disliked). Conclusion: The addition of jatobá flour provided products with a low GI and moderate GL, high fiber content and sensory acceptance, confirming its potential as an ingredient in formulations using flour, such as bread, making it an option for introduction in the diet of both healthy individuals as well as those with chronic diseases such as obesity and diabetes

Carbohydrates are a major energy source for the human body and particularly glucose is the only energy source for the brain. Thus glucose metabolism is important to maintain normal brain function. Evidence showed insulin resistance and diabetes are associated with cognitive decline and a large amount of highly processed carbohydrate intake; in other words, a high glycemic load diet, which increases blood glucose faster and insulin demand, is associated with increased risk of insulin resistance and diabetes. Based on this premise, the hypothesis that a high glycemic load (GL) diet increases the risk of incident Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was examined among Cache County elderly people in Northern Utah. At the baseline survey, 3,831 participants 65 years of age or older completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and cognitive screening. Observation time to collect the data for incident AD was approximately 10 years. Incident AD was determined by final consensus conference after multi-steps of screening. GL was calculated as the product of carbohydrate intake and glycemic index (GI) and adjusted for energy intake. FFQs from diabetics were considered to be invalid to assess dietary carbohydrates intake and excluded. The analysis was examined separately by gender. The Cox proportional hazard regression model in survival analysis was used to relate GL to incident AD using a time variable with age of AD onset. There was no association in men but a negative association in women in the unadjusted model. Evidence of confounding by total kcal was apparent in women, particularly in the lowest GL group, which had the highest total kcal mean intake. Finally no association between GL and AD was found after adjustment for education, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, Body Mass Index (BMI), physical activity, smoking, alcohol use, APOE ε-4 alleles, multi-vitamins use, total kcal, and controlling interaction between GL and total kcal. The low GL group had unique characteristics in lifestyle factors, macro-nutrients intake, and pattern of food use. The inverse relationship between GL and total kcal may partly be explained by lifestyle factors, particularly alcohol intake. The characteristics of low GL group, current smokers, alcohol users, and their relationship and interaction between total kcal and risk of AD should be explored further.