Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-07-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:51:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 calado_amc_me_jabo.pdf: 1098325 bytes, checksum: e69e94e5c8654a5cdbae32a66649fbe3 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é uma doença sistêmica e imunomediada. É provocada pelo protozoário da espécie Leishmania (L.) chagasi, que é transmitido ao homem e aos animais através da picada do vetor infectado, o flebotomíneo Lutzomyia longipalpis. Até o momento não há tratamento que leve a cura parasitológica dos cães e o arsenal de fármacos leishmanicidas é limitado. A resistência aos medicamentos constitui um impedimento importante para o controle de enfermidades e a manifestação de resistência a vários medicamentos é conhecida como MDR (“multidrug resistance”). Um desses mecanismos de resistência a múltiplas drogas é o aumento da expressão da glicoproteína-P (gp-P), um sistema de efluxo de xenobióticos codificadas pelo gene MDR1. Na presente pesquisa, buscou-se avaliar a possibilidade do fenômeno de resistência a múltiplas drogas em cães naturalmente parasitados por Leishmania (L.) chagasi . Foram objetivos do estudo avaliar a expressão da glicoproteína-P (gp-P) e da proteína de resistência a múltiplas drogas (MRP) por meio da imuno-histoquímica, em amostras fígado, adrenais, rins, baço e pele de cães portadores da LV. Os resultados mostraram que o fígado, rins e adrenais expressam significativamente (p<0,001) mais gp-P do que a pele e o baço; também que as adrenais expressam significativamente (p<0,001) mais MRP do que a pele e o baço e que este ultimo expressa significativamente (p<0,001) mais MRP do que a pele. Quando se comparou os dois anticorpos verificou-se que o fígado, rins e adrenais expressam porcentagens semelhantes de células imunomarcadas e que o MRP é significativamente (p<0,01) mais reativo na pele que a gp-P. Esses resultados poderiam justificar a redução da carga parasitária na pele que se acompanha durante o tratamento. Todavia, a não obtenção da cura parasitológica poderia ser devido a alta expressão... / Canine visceral leishmaniasis (LVC) is a systemic immunomediated disease. It is caused by the protozoary from the Leishmania (L.) chagasi species, wich is transmitted to man and animals through the infected vector bite, the phlebotomine sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis. Until present, there is no treatment leading to a parasitologic cure for dogs and the leishmanicide medicine arsenal is limited. Drug resistance is one of the important impediments for infirmity control and the resistance manifestation to multiple drugs is known as MDR. One of those multiple drugs resistance mechanisms is the increase of the glycoprotein-P (gp-P) expression, a xenobiotic efflux system encoded by the MDR1 gene. At the present research, it aimed to evaluate the possibility of resistance phenomenon the multiple drugs in dogs naturally parasited by Leishmania (L.) chagasi. The objectives of this study was to evaluate glycoprotein-P (gp-P) and multiple drugs resistance protein (MRP) immunohistochemical expressions in LVC infected dogs’ liver, adrenals, kidneys, spleen and skin samples. Results showed that liver, kidneys and adrenals express significantly (p<0,001) more gp-P than skin and spleen; also, adrenals express significantly (p<0,001) more MRP than skin and spleen and that spleen express significantly (p<0,001) more MRP than skin. When the two antibodies were compared, it was verified that liver, kidneys and adrenals express similar percentages of immunomarked cells and that MRP is significantly more reactive in skin than gp-P. These results could justify the parasitary load reduction in skin during treatment. Nevertheless, the lack of parasitologic cure could be due to the high pg-P and MRP1 expressions in liver, adrenals and kidneys, which could increase the pharmac efflux at these organs

Resumo: A leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é uma doença sistêmica e imunomediada. É provocada pelo protozoário da espécie Leishmania (L.) chagasi, que é transmitido ao homem e aos animais através da picada do vetor infectado, o flebotomíneo Lutzomyia longipalpis. Até o momento não há tratamento que leve a cura parasitológica dos cães e o arsenal de fármacos leishmanicidas é limitado. A resistência aos medicamentos constitui um impedimento importante para o controle de enfermidades e a manifestação de resistência a vários medicamentos é conhecida como MDR ("multidrug resistance"). Um desses mecanismos de resistência a múltiplas drogas é o aumento da expressão da glicoproteína-P (gp-P), um sistema de efluxo de xenobióticos codificadas pelo gene MDR1. Na presente pesquisa, buscou-se avaliar a possibilidade do fenômeno de resistência a múltiplas drogas em cães naturalmente parasitados por Leishmania (L.) chagasi . Foram objetivos do estudo avaliar a expressão da glicoproteína-P (gp-P) e da proteína de resistência a múltiplas drogas (MRP) por meio da imuno-histoquímica, em amostras fígado, adrenais, rins, baço e pele de cães portadores da LV. Os resultados mostraram que o fígado, rins e adrenais expressam significativamente (p<0,001) mais gp-P do que a pele e o baço; também que as adrenais expressam significativamente (p<0,001) mais MRP do que a pele e o baço e que este ultimo expressa significativamente (p<0,001) mais MRP do que a pele. Quando se comparou os dois anticorpos verificou-se que o fígado, rins e adrenais expressam porcentagens semelhantes de células imunomarcadas e que o MRP é significativamente (p<0,01) mais reativo na pele que a gp-P. Esses resultados poderiam justificar a redução da carga parasitária na pele que se acompanha durante o tratamento. Todavia, a não obtenção da cura parasitológica poderia ser devido a alta expressão... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Canine visceral leishmaniasis (LVC) is a systemic immunomediated disease. It is caused by the protozoary from the Leishmania (L.) chagasi species, wich is transmitted to man and animals through the infected vector bite, the phlebotomine sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis. Until present, there is no treatment leading to a parasitologic cure for dogs and the leishmanicide medicine arsenal is limited. Drug resistance is one of the important impediments for infirmity control and the resistance manifestation to multiple drugs is known as MDR. One of those multiple drugs resistance mechanisms is the increase of the glycoprotein-P (gp-P) expression, a xenobiotic efflux system encoded by the MDR1 gene. At the present research, it aimed to evaluate the possibility of resistance phenomenon the multiple drugs in dogs naturally parasited by Leishmania (L.) chagasi. The objectives of this study was to evaluate glycoprotein-P (gp-P) and multiple drugs resistance protein (MRP) immunohistochemical expressions in LVC infected dogs' liver, adrenals, kidneys, spleen and skin samples. Results showed that liver, kidneys and adrenals express significantly (p<0,001) more gp-P than skin and spleen; also, adrenals express significantly (p<0,001) more MRP than skin and spleen and that spleen express significantly (p<0,001) more MRP than skin. When the two antibodies were compared, it was verified that liver, kidneys and adrenals express similar percentages of immunomarked cells and that MRP is significantly more reactive in skin than gp-P. These results could justify the parasitary load reduction in skin during treatment. Nevertheless, the lack of parasitologic cure could be due to the high pg-P and MRP1 expressions in liver, adrenals and kidneys, which could increase the pharmac efflux at these organs / Orientadora: Mirela Tinucci Costa / Coorientador: Leucio Câmara Alves / Banca: Julieta Rodini Engracia de Moraes / Banca: Maria Cecilia Rui Luvizotto / Mestre

There is a global rise in the use of herbal products in combination with allopathic medicines, while most patients do not inform their health care providers of the use of these natural products. Both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions between herbal products and conventional drugs must be avoided for the wellbeing of the patient. Increasing evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that changed drug pharmacokinetics by co-administered herbs may be attributed to modulation of efflux drug transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Garlic (Allium sativum), lemon (Citrus limonum) and beetroot (Beta vulgaris) are widely used by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients, especially following the pronouncement by a former President of South Africa and the Ministers of Health at that time who promoted the use of these botanicals in HIV patients. The aim of this study was to measure the bi-directional in vitro transport of indinavir, a protease inhibitor, in the presence of crude extracts and pure phytoconstituents of A. sativum (L-alliin and diallyl disulphide), C. limonum (hesperidin and eriocitrin) and B. vulgaris (betaine monohydrate and ß-carotene) across excised porcine intestinal tissue in Sweetana-Grass diffusion chambers. In the negative control group, the transport of indinavir alone (200 M) was determined with no modulator added. In the positive control group, the transport of indinavir was determined in the presence of verapamil (100 M), a known P-gp related efflux inhibitor. The control experiments were used to indicate that the effects of the test compounds were caused by their action and not by chance interferences or external factors. Samples collected at pre-determined time intervals were analysed by means of a validated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and the transport was expressed as the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) and the transepithelial flux (J) from which the efflux ratio (ER) and the net flux (Jnet) values were calculated. Statistical analysis was used to compare the results of the test compounds with the control groups in order to indicate significant differences. The mean ER value for indinavir in the negative control group was 1.41 ± 0.170 and in the positive control group it was 0.56 ± 0.0426. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of indinavir efflux as indicated by reduced ER values was obtained for L-alliin (ER = 0.280 ± 0.030), diallyl disulphide (ER = 0.505 ± 0.034) and ß-carotene (ER = 0.664 ± 0.075). Inhibition of indinavir efflux will lead to increased transport and therefore a potentially higher bioavailability. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) promotion of indinavir efflux as indicated by increased ER values was obtained for C. limonum crude extract (ER = 5.551 ± 0.575) and hesperidin (ER = 3.385 ± 0.477), which potentially may lead to lower bioavalability. B. vulgaris crude extract (p = 0.8452), betaine monohydrate (p = 0.9982), A. sativum crude extract (p = 0.7161) and eriocitrin (p = 0.4431) displayed no statistically significant effect compared to the negative control group on indinavir transport across excised porcine intestinal tissue. The results from this study demonstrate that L-alliin, diallyl disulphide and ß-carotene have an inhibitory effect on indinavir efflux, which may significantly increase indinavir plasma levels after oral administration. C. limonum crude extract and hesperidin promote indinavir efflux, which may significantly reduce indinavir plasma levels. These pharmacokinetic interactions between certain drugs and plant extracts may negatively affect the anti-retroviral treatment of HIV patients, but deliberate and controlled inclusion of L-alliin, diallyl disulphide and ß-carotene in dosage forms may possibly cause more effective delivery of protease inhibitors after oral administration resulting in less frequent dosing intervals. / Thesis (MSc (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

There is a global rise in the use of herbal products in combination with allopathic medicines, while most patients do not inform their health care providers of the use of these natural products. Both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions between herbal products and conventional drugs must be avoided for the wellbeing of the patient. Increasing evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that changed drug pharmacokinetics by co-administered herbs may be attributed to modulation of efflux drug transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Garlic (Allium sativum), lemon (Citrus limonum) and beetroot (Beta vulgaris) are widely used by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients, especially following the pronouncement by a former President of South Africa and the Ministers of Health at that time who promoted the use of these botanicals in HIV patients. The aim of this study was to measure the bi-directional in vitro transport of indinavir, a protease inhibitor, in the presence of crude extracts and pure phytoconstituents of A. sativum (L-alliin and diallyl disulphide), C. limonum (hesperidin and eriocitrin) and B. vulgaris (betaine monohydrate and ß-carotene) across excised porcine intestinal tissue in Sweetana-Grass diffusion chambers. In the negative control group, the transport of indinavir alone (200 M) was determined with no modulator added. In the positive control group, the transport of indinavir was determined in the presence of verapamil (100 M), a known P-gp related efflux inhibitor. The control experiments were used to indicate that the effects of the test compounds were caused by their action and not by chance interferences or external factors. Samples collected at pre-determined time intervals were analysed by means of a validated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and the transport was expressed as the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) and the transepithelial flux (J) from which the efflux ratio (ER) and the net flux (Jnet) values were calculated. Statistical analysis was used to compare the results of the test compounds with the control groups in order to indicate significant differences. The mean ER value for indinavir in the negative control group was 1.41 ± 0.170 and in the positive control group it was 0.56 ± 0.0426. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of indinavir efflux as indicated by reduced ER values was obtained for L-alliin (ER = 0.280 ± 0.030), diallyl disulphide (ER = 0.505 ± 0.034) and ß-carotene (ER = 0.664 ± 0.075). Inhibition of indinavir efflux will lead to increased transport and therefore a potentially higher bioavailability. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) promotion of indinavir efflux as indicated by increased ER values was obtained for C. limonum crude extract (ER = 5.551 ± 0.575) and hesperidin (ER = 3.385 ± 0.477), which potentially may lead to lower bioavalability. B. vulgaris crude extract (p = 0.8452), betaine monohydrate (p = 0.9982), A. sativum crude extract (p = 0.7161) and eriocitrin (p = 0.4431) displayed no statistically significant effect compared to the negative control group on indinavir transport across excised porcine intestinal tissue. The results from this study demonstrate that L-alliin, diallyl disulphide and ß-carotene have an inhibitory effect on indinavir efflux, which may significantly increase indinavir plasma levels after oral administration. C. limonum crude extract and hesperidin promote indinavir efflux, which may significantly reduce indinavir plasma levels. These pharmacokinetic interactions between certain drugs and plant extracts may negatively affect the anti-retroviral treatment of HIV patients, but deliberate and controlled inclusion of L-alliin, diallyl disulphide and ß-carotene in dosage forms may possibly cause more effective delivery of protease inhibitors after oral administration resulting in less frequent dosing intervals. / Thesis (MSc (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Nuclear receptors play significant roles in the regulation of transporters and enzymes to balance the level of endogenous molecules and to protect the body from foreign molecules. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) and its natural ligand, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], was shown to upregulate rat ileal apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter (Asbt) to increase the reclamation of bile acids, ligands of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). FXR is considered to be an important, negative regulator of the cholesterol metabolizing enzyme, Cyp7a1, which metabolizes cholesterol to bile acids in the liver. In rats, decreased Cyp7a1 and increased P-glycoprotein/multidrug resistance protein 1 (P-gp/Mdr1) expressions pursuant to 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment was viewed as FXR effects in which hepatic VDR protein is poorly expressed. In contrast, changes in rat intestinal and renal transporters such as multidrug resistance associated proteins (Mrp2, Mrp3, and Mrp4), Asbt, and P-gp after administration of 1,25(OH)2D3 were attributed directly as VDR effects due to higher VDR levels expressed in these tissues. Higher VDR expressions were found among mouse hepatocytes compared to those in rats. Hence, fxr(-/-) and fxr(+/+) mouse models were used to discriminate between VDR vs. FXR effects in murine livers. Hepatic Cyp7a1 in mice was found to be upregulated with 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment, via the derepression of the short heterodimer partner (SHP). Putative VDREs, identified in mouse and human SHP promoters, were responsible for the inhibitory effect on SHP. The increase in hepatic Cyp7a1 expression and decreased plasma and liver cholesterol were observed in mice prefed with a Western diet. A strong correlation was found between tissue Cyp7a1 and P-gp changes and 1,25(OH)2D3 plasma and tissue concentrations, confirming that VDR plays an important role in the disposition of xenobiotics and cholesterol metabolism. Moreover, renal and brain Mdr1a/P-gp were found to be directly upregulated by the VDR in mice, and concomitantly, increased renal and brain secretion of digoxin, a P-gp substrate, in vivo. The important observations: the cholesterol lowering and increased brain P-gp efflux activity properties suggest that VDR is a therapeutic target for treatment of hypercholesterolemia and Alzheimer’s diseases, since beta amyloid, precursors of plague, are P-gp substrates.

Nuclear receptors play significant roles in the regulation of transporters and enzymes to balance the level of endogenous molecules and to protect the body from foreign molecules. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) and its natural ligand, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], was shown to upregulate rat ileal apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter (Asbt) to increase the reclamation of bile acids, ligands of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). FXR is considered to be an important, negative regulator of the cholesterol metabolizing enzyme, Cyp7a1, which metabolizes cholesterol to bile acids in the liver. In rats, decreased Cyp7a1 and increased P-glycoprotein/multidrug resistance protein 1 (P-gp/Mdr1) expressions pursuant to 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment was viewed as FXR effects in which hepatic VDR protein is poorly expressed. In contrast, changes in rat intestinal and renal transporters such as multidrug resistance associated proteins (Mrp2, Mrp3, and Mrp4), Asbt, and P-gp after administration of 1,25(OH)2D3 were attributed directly as VDR effects due to higher VDR levels expressed in these tissues. Higher VDR expressions were found among mouse hepatocytes compared to those in rats. Hence, fxr(-/-) and fxr(+/+) mouse models were used to discriminate between VDR vs. FXR effects in murine livers. Hepatic Cyp7a1 in mice was found to be upregulated with 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment, via the derepression of the short heterodimer partner (SHP). Putative VDREs, identified in mouse and human SHP promoters, were responsible for the inhibitory effect on SHP. The increase in hepatic Cyp7a1 expression and decreased plasma and liver cholesterol were observed in mice prefed with a Western diet. A strong correlation was found between tissue Cyp7a1 and P-gp changes and 1,25(OH)2D3 plasma and tissue concentrations, confirming that VDR plays an important role in the disposition of xenobiotics and cholesterol metabolism. Moreover, renal and brain Mdr1a/P-gp were found to be directly upregulated by the VDR in mice, and concomitantly, increased renal and brain secretion of digoxin, a P-gp substrate, in vivo. The important observations: the cholesterol lowering and increased brain P-gp efflux activity properties suggest that VDR is a therapeutic target for treatment of hypercholesterolemia and Alzheimer’s diseases, since beta amyloid, precursors of plague, are P-gp substrates.