Ghrelin is a unique hunger-inducing stomach-borne hormone. It activates orexigenic circuits in the central nervous system (CNS) when acylated with a fatty acid residue by the Ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT). Soon after the discovery of ghrelin a theoretical model emerged which suggests that the gastric peptide ghrelin is the first “meal initiation molecule”. Ghrelin is also termed “hunger hormone” with a potentially important role as an endogenous regulator of energy balance. However, genetic deletion of ghrelin or its receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), has only limited effects on appetite and obesity. Here we introduce novel mouse models of altered ghrelin, GHSR and GOAT function to reevaluate the role of the ghrelin system in regulating energy homeostasis. Simultaneous loss of ghrelin and GHSR function leads to decreased body weight and body fat, likely caused by increased energy expenditure and locomotor activity. Similarly, GOAT deficient mice are lighter and leaner than the wild-type controls. Mice overexpressing ghrelin and GOAT have increased body weight and fat mass along with decreased energy expenditure. Wild-type mouse studies show that fasting induces downregulation of the GOAT gene Mboat4 and decreases acyl ghrelin concentration in blood. We therefore hypothesized that GOAT rather depends on dietary than endogenous derived lipids for ghrelin acylation. Feeding studies show that GOAT uses the unnatural fatty acid heptanoate (C7) to acylate ghrelin, which clearly supports our theory. Further, acylation of overproduced ghrelin in our transgenic mouse model requires dietary supplementation of medium-chain-triglycerides, the preferred GOAT substrate. Our genetic models suggest that the ghrelin system plays an important physiological role in the control of energy metabolism. Thus, GOAT offers a novel peripheral drug target for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Moreover, our results suggest that ghrelin signaling may not be a result of absent nutrient intake, but indicate the availability of dietary lipids. We therefore propose that the ghrelin system functions as a novel lipid sensor, linking specific dietary lipids with the central-nervous control of energy metabolism. / Ghrelin ist ein einzigartiges im Magen produziertes Hormon, da es von dem Enzym Ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) mit einer mittelkettigen Fettsäure acyliert werden muss, um biologische Aktivität zu erlangen. Kurz nach seiner Entdeckung entstand die Hypothese, dass Ghrelin das „Hungerhormon“ sei und eine wichtige Rolle in der Regulation des Energiehaushalts spiele. Die genetische Manipulation von Ghrelin und seinem Rezeptor, dem GHSR, hat jedoch nur geringe Auswirkung auf Appetit und Körpergewicht. In der hier vorliegenden Studie stellen wir neuartige Mausmodelle mit abgewandelter Ghrelin-, GHSR- und GOATfunktion vor, um den Einfluss des Ghrelinsystems auf die Regulation der Energiehomöostase zu reevaluieren. Weiterhin wird die endogene Regulation von GOAT erstmalig beschrieben. Double-knockout Mäuse, die gleichzeitig defizitär für Ghrelin und GHSR sind, haben ein geringeres Körpergewicht, weniger Fettmasse und einen niedrigeren Energieverbrauch als Kontrolltiere. Knockout Mäuse für das GOAT Gen Mboat4 sind leichter und schlanker als Kontrolltiere. Dementsprechend haben transgene Mäuse, die Ghrelin und GOAT überproduzieren, eine erhöhte Fettmasse und einen verminderten Energieverbrauch. Weiterhin können wir zeigen, dass GOAT, anders als auf Grund der allgemein bekannten Ghrelinfunktion angenommen, nicht durch Hungern aktiviert wird. Bei Mäusen, die gefastet haben, ist die Genexpression von Mboat4 deutlich herunterreguliert, woraus ein geringer Blutspiegel von Acyl-Ghrelin resultiert. Daraus haben wir geschlossen, dass GOAT eventuell Nahrungsfette und nicht die durch Hungern freigesetzten endogen Fettsäuren zur Ghrelinacylierung benutzt. Fütterungsversuche bestätigen diese Hypothese, da GOAT die unnatürliche Fettsäure Heptan Säure (C7), die der Tiernahrung beigefügt wurde, zur Ghrelinacylierung verwendet. Ein weiteres Indiz für die Notwendigkeit von Nahrungsfetten für die Ghrelinacylierung ist, dass die transgenen Ghrelin/GOAT Mäuse nur massiv Acyl-Ghrelin produzieren, wenn sie mit einer Diät gefüttert werden, die mit mittelkettigen Fettsäuren angereichert ist. Zusammenfassend zeigt die Studie, dass das Ghrelinsystem maßgeblich an der Regulation der Energiehomöostase beteiligt ist und dass die Ghrelinaktivierung direkt von Nahrungsfetten beeinflusst wird. Daraus könnte geschlossen werden, dass Ghrelin wohlmöglich nicht das Hungerhormon ist, wie bisher generell angenommen wurde. Ghrelin könnte vielmehr ein potentieller “Fettsensor” sein, der dem Gehirn die Verfügbarkeit von fettreicher Nahrung signalisiert und somit den Metabolismus zur optimalen Verwertung und Speicherung der aufgenommenen Energie beeinflusst.

In temperate zones most breeds of goats are anestrous and anovulatory during spring and summer, but start cycling as day length decreases during the fall. In tropical zones, indigenous goats, such as the Pygmy and the Nigerian Dwarf, tend to cycle throughout the year. Some studies have indicated that dwarf breeds become more seasonal when they are raised in temperate zones, while others maintain that they are capable of breeding throughout the year. In this study, Pygmy and Nigerian Dwarf goats became more seasonal in Quebec. The majority of the animals were cycling during December and February, but a significant proportion exhibited anestrus during October, May, and June. Several hormones, including prostaglandins (PG), progestagens, and gonadotropins (eCG, FSH, GnRH, hCG), have been used for the control and synchronization of estrus and ovulation in goats, but limited research has been conducted with dwarf breeds. In this study, dwarf goats were synchronized in November, March, and July with a 10-day MAP sponge coupled with 125 mug cloprostenol i.m. 48 h before sponge removal and 300 IU eCG i.m. at sponge removal. A seasonal shift was detected in the intervals to the onset of estrus, the LH surge, and ovulation following sponge removal. These intervals were shorter in November and July than in March (P < 0.05). The intervals between the onset of estrus and the LH surge and between the LH surge and ovulation were found constant throughout the different seasons. The administration of 50 mug GnRH at 24 h after sponge removal improved the timing and synchrony of the LH surge and ovulation in dwarf goats (P < 0.05). The knowledge acquired from this research may serve to improve reproductive efficiency in dwarf goats by facilitating the determination of an optimal time for breeding, artificial insemination, and oocyte and embryo recovery.

Na caprinocultura leiteira existe hoje uma demanda de produtos maior que a produção no nosso país, isso torna a atividade promissora e com isso tornan-se importantes os estudos em torno desta cadeia em expansão. O presente trabalho trata da qualidade do leite caprino e sanidade do úbere, este, foi conduzido em cinco fases. Na primeira, observou-se o comportamento ingestivo em dois grupos de cabras Saanen, em sistema confinado de produção. O primeiro grupo recebeu alimentação com 2% de extrato etéreo e o segundo, ração comercial com 5% de extrato etéreo, a base de óleo de arroz. Os animais foram observados quanto à ingestão de concentrado, feno e água, descanso, ruminação, briga e curiosidades, pelo período de 4 horas a partir do momento da oferta de alimento. Verificou-se tendência à ingestão de concentrado nos primeiros 10 minutos de observação e, a partir desta, preferência pelo feno, o que resultou em maior tempo médio (>70%) despendido na ingestão de feno, nos dois grupos. Observou-se ausência de sobras de ração no cocho. Os animais apresentaram diferença significativa de comportamento somente quanto à ruminação. Na segunda fase do trabalho, avaliou-se o comportamento social de 15 cabras Saanen em sistema confinado de produção. As observações de aproximação, agressão ou indiferença foram realizadas em intervalos de 10 minutos, pelo período de 8 horas após reagrupamento, e a produção de leite foi pesada no dia do reagrupamento, no dia seguinte e uma semana após. Observou-se que, com o passar do tempo, as atividades de agressão diminuíram e as de aproximação aumentaram sendo que a produção de leite apresentou decréscimo contínuo ao longo do período de observação. Na terceira fase, observou-se o comportamento ingestivo e social de 31 cabras Saanen e Anglo-nubiana em sistema semi-extensivo de produção. Os animais foram observados nos períodos de não estabulamento em mata nativa e em pastagem cultivada. Determinou-se diferença significativa na estação de pastejo entre raças, sendo que as fêmeas Saanen demonstraram tendência à alimentar-se em detrimento da seleção de alimentos. Observou-se inexistência de agressões no comportamento social dos animais neste sistema de produção. Na quarta fase, avaliou-se a qualidade do leite individual de cabras Saanen e Anglo-nubiana através do California Mastits Test (CMT) e o exame bacteriológico de amostras do leite individualizadas por teta, em todos os animais em lactação no momento da coleta. Não se observou a ocorrência de mastite clínica no período; entretanto, verificou-se isolamento bacteriano em 47 (34,5%) das amostras de leite sendo que apenas 11 (8,1%) destas foram consideradas com mastite sub-clínica. Na quinta fase, foi avaliada a ação do resfriamento e congelamento sobre as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas do leite de mistura de cabras. Determinou-se tendência ao aumento na concentração de proteínas e à diminuição na concentração de sólidos totais e contagem de células somáticas no leite após congelamento. / In the dairy goat there is today a greater demand for products than the production in our country, this makes it a promising activity and thus there are important studies in this expanding chain. This work deals whit the quality of goat milk and udder healt and this was conducted in five phases. At first, it was observed the feeding behavior in two groups of Saanen goats, in a contained system of production. The first group received feed with 2% ether extract and the second, commercial diets with 5% ether extract with oil-based rice. The animals were observed in the ingestion of concentrate, hay and water, resting, ruminating, fight and curiosities, for a period of 4 hours from the time the supply of food. There was a tendency for the ingestion of concentrate in the first 10 minutes of observation, and then, a preference for hay, which resulted in longer average duration (> 70%) spent on hay ingestion in both groups. It was observed absence of leftover feed in the trough. The animals showed a significant difference in behavior only in terms of rumination. In the second phase of work, it was evaluated the social behavior of 15 Saanen goats in confined system of production. Observations approach, aggression and indifference were taken every 10 minutes during 8 hours after the reunification, and milk production was weighed on the day of reunification, the next day and one week later. It was observed that in the following daysi the activities of aggression decreased and increased the approach even if the milk production had slowed over the period of observation. In the third phase, it was observed the feeding behavior and social of 31 Saanen and Anglo-Nubian in semi-extensive system of production. The animals were observed in periods of not stable in the native forest and pasture. It was determined a significant difference in the grazing season between races, and the Saanen females showed a tendency to feed themselves over the selection of food. There was no aggression in the social behavior of animals in this production system. In the fourth step it was evalued the quality of milk from individual goats Saanen and Anglo-Nubian through California Mastits Test (CMT) and bacteriological examination of milk samples on individual theta in all animals in milk at collection. There was no occurrence of clinical mastitis in the period, however, there was bacterial isolation in 47 (34.5%) of the milk samples and only 11 (8.1%) of these samples have been considered sub-clinical mastitis. In the fifth stage, we evaluated the action of cooling and freezing on the physico-chemical and microbiological milk of mixture goats. It was determined the tendency to increase the concentration of proteins and the decrease of concentration in total solids and the somatic cell count in milk after freezing.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:26:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 salvadeo_vm_me_bauru.pdf: 454404 bytes, checksum: f9533c97cafb5b981d239b02a0bf9213 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O produtor de leite de cabra, com o apoio e incentivo de entidades governamentais, privadas e ONGs; agrega tecnologia ao leite garantindo uma melhor distribuição de renda e qualidade de vida, fixando-se cada vez mais no campo. O resfriamento do leite após a ordenha é a melhor medida para retardar a proliferação natural das bactérias e sua temperatura deverá ser reduzida de 36 ºC para 4 ºC no período máximo de 2 horas em cada ordenha. O tempo transcorrido entre a primeira ordenha e seu recebimento na usina de beneficiamento deverá ser, no máximo, de 48 horas. Neste trabalho propõe-se projetar e analisar tanques de resfriamento de leite com capacidades úteis de 320, 500 e 2000 litros em aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 304, utilizando-se do coeficiente global médio (U) e das temperaturas médias de saturação do fluido de refrigeração (X) obtidos em ensaios experimentais. Um objetivo secundário foi verificar a possibilidade da utilização de caixas d'água de polietileno com a mesma capacidade dos tanques, por ser um produto acessível, de baixo custo e que atende as exigências sanitárias, visando obter um produto que possa substituir o aço inoxidável, mas descartou-se esta possibilidade, pois o fundo plano destas caixas dificultaria a retirada do produto e a limpeza. Nos cálculos envolvidos na geometria para a construção dos tanques, utilizou-se da relação entre a altura cilíndrica e o diâmetro que contemplasse respectivamente, o número... / The goat milk producer, with support and encouragement of governmental and private agencies as well as NGOs, aggregate technology to milk production ensuring a better distribution of income and life quality for all his family, making it possible the maintenance of the country life. The milk cooling ater the milking process is the best alternative to delay the natural proliferation of bacteria. The milk temperature should be reduced from 36 ºC to 4 ºC in a maximum period of time of two hours for each milking. The elapsed time between the first milking and the milk delivery in the processing plant shall be at most 48 hours. In this work, we propose to design and analyze milk cooling AISI 304 austenitic stainless ateel 320, 500 and 2000 liters tanks, using the mean global coefficient (U) and mean saturation temperatures of the refrigeration fluid (X), obtained experimentally. Besides stainless steel built tanks, accessible low cost polyethylene watertanks, with same dimensions of the steel tanks, attending the necessary sanitary requirements were used, aiming for an alternative product that can replace stainless steel. However, this possibility was rejected, because its flat basis would make it hard the product removal and its cleaning. During the geometric calculations in the manufacturing of the tanks, the relationship betwwen the cylindrical height and the diameter was defined in order to provide the golden ratio and batch square... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Na caprinocultura leiteira existe hoje uma demanda de produtos maior que a produção no nosso país, isso torna a atividade promissora e com isso tornan-se importantes os estudos em torno desta cadeia em expansão. O presente trabalho trata da qualidade do leite caprino e sanidade do úbere, este, foi conduzido em cinco fases. Na primeira, observou-se o comportamento ingestivo em dois grupos de cabras Saanen, em sistema confinado de produção. O primeiro grupo recebeu alimentação com 2% de extrato etéreo e o segundo, ração comercial com 5% de extrato etéreo, a base de óleo de arroz. Os animais foram observados quanto à ingestão de concentrado, feno e água, descanso, ruminação, briga e curiosidades, pelo período de 4 horas a partir do momento da oferta de alimento. Verificou-se tendência à ingestão de concentrado nos primeiros 10 minutos de observação e, a partir desta, preferência pelo feno, o que resultou em maior tempo médio (>70%) despendido na ingestão de feno, nos dois grupos. Observou-se ausência de sobras de ração no cocho. Os animais apresentaram diferença significativa de comportamento somente quanto à ruminação. Na segunda fase do trabalho, avaliou-se o comportamento social de 15 cabras Saanen em sistema confinado de produção. As observações de aproximação, agressão ou indiferença foram realizadas em intervalos de 10 minutos, pelo período de 8 horas após reagrupamento, e a produção de leite foi pesada no dia do reagrupamento, no dia seguinte e uma semana após. Observou-se que, com o passar do tempo, as atividades de agressão diminuíram e as de aproximação aumentaram sendo que a produção de leite apresentou decréscimo contínuo ao longo do período de observação. Na terceira fase, observou-se o comportamento ingestivo e social de 31 cabras Saanen e Anglo-nubiana em sistema semi-extensivo de produção. Os animais foram observados nos períodos de não estabulamento em mata nativa e em pastagem cultivada. Determinou-se diferença significativa na estação de pastejo entre raças, sendo que as fêmeas Saanen demonstraram tendência à alimentar-se em detrimento da seleção de alimentos. Observou-se inexistência de agressões no comportamento social dos animais neste sistema de produção. Na quarta fase, avaliou-se a qualidade do leite individual de cabras Saanen e Anglo-nubiana através do California Mastits Test (CMT) e o exame bacteriológico de amostras do leite individualizadas por teta, em todos os animais em lactação no momento da coleta. Não se observou a ocorrência de mastite clínica no período; entretanto, verificou-se isolamento bacteriano em 47 (34,5%) das amostras de leite sendo que apenas 11 (8,1%) destas foram consideradas com mastite sub-clínica. Na quinta fase, foi avaliada a ação do resfriamento e congelamento sobre as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas do leite de mistura de cabras. Determinou-se tendência ao aumento na concentração de proteínas e à diminuição na concentração de sólidos totais e contagem de células somáticas no leite após congelamento. / In the dairy goat there is today a greater demand for products than the production in our country, this makes it a promising activity and thus there are important studies in this expanding chain. This work deals whit the quality of goat milk and udder healt and this was conducted in five phases. At first, it was observed the feeding behavior in two groups of Saanen goats, in a contained system of production. The first group received feed with 2% ether extract and the second, commercial diets with 5% ether extract with oil-based rice. The animals were observed in the ingestion of concentrate, hay and water, resting, ruminating, fight and curiosities, for a period of 4 hours from the time the supply of food. There was a tendency for the ingestion of concentrate in the first 10 minutes of observation, and then, a preference for hay, which resulted in longer average duration (> 70%) spent on hay ingestion in both groups. It was observed absence of leftover feed in the trough. The animals showed a significant difference in behavior only in terms of rumination. In the second phase of work, it was evaluated the social behavior of 15 Saanen goats in confined system of production. Observations approach, aggression and indifference were taken every 10 minutes during 8 hours after the reunification, and milk production was weighed on the day of reunification, the next day and one week later. It was observed that in the following daysi the activities of aggression decreased and increased the approach even if the milk production had slowed over the period of observation. In the third phase, it was observed the feeding behavior and social of 31 Saanen and Anglo-Nubian in semi-extensive system of production. The animals were observed in periods of not stable in the native forest and pasture. It was determined a significant difference in the grazing season between races, and the Saanen females showed a tendency to feed themselves over the selection of food. There was no aggression in the social behavior of animals in this production system. In the fourth step it was evalued the quality of milk from individual goats Saanen and Anglo-Nubian through California Mastits Test (CMT) and bacteriological examination of milk samples on individual theta in all animals in milk at collection. There was no occurrence of clinical mastitis in the period, however, there was bacterial isolation in 47 (34.5%) of the milk samples and only 11 (8.1%) of these samples have been considered sub-clinical mastitis. In the fifth stage, we evaluated the action of cooling and freezing on the physico-chemical and microbiological milk of mixture goats. It was determined the tendency to increase the concentration of proteins and the decrease of concentration in total solids and the somatic cell count in milk after freezing.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-11-04T13:34:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Samy Bianchini.pdf: 197593 bytes, checksum: 4d8c4b374f72b81d597269947cfc5cb0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-04T13:34:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Samy Bianchini.pdf: 197593 bytes, checksum: 4d8c4b374f72b81d597269947cfc5cb0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-28 / The mastitis is the main disease in milk flocks of the whole world for consisting in a problem of public health, besides causing great economic losses, becoming necessary to know the etiology agents of the clinical and subclinical mastitis of each region for adoption of hygienically measures adjusted and control of the illness. With the aim of esteem the frequency of the goat mastitis and to identify the main involved etiology agents in the infection of the mammary gland of milk goats on the Region of the Cariri Paraibano, 654 mammary halves of 327 goats was examined, from 15 properties. The mammary gland of the goats in lactation was examined and the milk submitted to the tild mug test and CMT test. Of the 654 samples, only one (0,15%) showed alteration in the tild mug test, indicating clinical mastitis, and 201 (30,70%) samples had positive (1+, 2+ or 3+) to the CMT test, being proceeded to the collection for lacto culture. Of the 201 cultivated samples, 45 (22,39%) showed bacterial growth. 6,88% (45/654) of the mammary gland examined had sub clinical mastitis. In the lacto culture, was isolated Staphylococcus spp (84,44%), Streptococcus spp (4,44%), Bacillus spp. (4,44%), Micrococcus spp. (4,44%) e Bastonete Gram negative (2,22%). It is concluding that goat mastitis on the region of the Cariri has the same characteristics of other regions of Brazil and world, been Staphylococcus spp. as the principal agent; and the CMT can be used as triage test, but the lacto culture is the most indicated method to diagnostic of milk goat sub clinical mastitis. / A mastite é a principal enfermidade em rebanhos leiteiros de todo o mundo por constituir-se em um problema de saúde pública, além de acarretar grandes perdas econômicas, fazendo-se necessário conhecer os agentes etiológicos das mastites clínicas e subclínicas de cada região para adoção de medidas higiênicas adequadas e controle da doença. Com o objetivo de estimar a freqüência da mastite caprina e de identificar os principais agentes etiológicos envolvidos na infecção da glândula mamária de cabras leiteiras na Região do Cariri Paraibano, foram examinadas 654 metades mamárias de 327 cabras, provenientes de 15 propriedades. A glândula mamária das cabras em lactação foi examinada e o leite submetido aos testes da caneca telada e do CMT. Nenhuma metade mamária apresentou alteração no exame clínico. Das 654 amostras de leite analisadas, uma (0,15%) apresentou alteração no teste da caneca telada, indicando mastite clínica, e 201 (30,70%) apresentaram algum grau de gelificação (1+, 2+ ou 3+) no teste do CMT, sendo procedida à coleta para lactocultura. Das 201 amostras cultivadas, 45 (22,39%) apresentaram crescimento bacteriano. 6,88% (45/654) das glândulas mamárias examinadas apresentavam mastite subclínica. Na lactocultura, isolou-se Staphylococcus spp (84,44%), Streptococcus spp (4,44%), Bacillus spp. (4,44%), Micrococcus spp. (4,44%) e Bastonete Gram negativo (2,22%). Conclui-se que a mastite caprina na região do Cariri Paraibano apresenta o mesmo padrão de outras regiões do Brasil e do mundo, tendo o Staphylococcus spp. como principal agente causal; e que o CMT pode ser utilizado como teste de triagem da saúde da glândula mamária caprina, mas a lactocultura é o método mais indicado para o diagnóstico da mastite subclínica em cabras leiteiras.

This study investigates the role of non-traditional enterprises in rural economies and attempts to understand farmers’ decision to adopt non-traditional enterprises. Three separate mail surveys were conducted to collect socio-economic data from biological and organic, Angora goat, and ginseng farm enterprises. Descriptive statistics, Pearson χ² tests, and multinomial logit models were used to accomplish the objectives of the study. The analysis focuses on biological and organic, and Angora goat enterprises. The results of the analysis show that the principal operators of these enterprises were significantly younger, better-educated, better-off, and more likely to be a female in comparison to all Virginia farmers. The majority of farm operators came from non-rural backgrounds and their principal occupation is not farming. Only a very small percentage cited economic factors as the most important reason for starting the non-traditional enterprises. The most common information source used for planning and developing these new enterprises is books, magazines, or newsletters. The majority of respondents in both the biological/organic and Angora goat surveys did not perform any feasibility analyses prior to beginning their non-traditional enterprises. The farmers rated production and marketing as their major problems. In general, the majority of biological and organic farms and Angora goat farms were not profitable in 1993, and the income from these enterprises contributed very little to household income. However, it was found that biological and organic enterprises have played an important role in the economic survival of farmers with financial obstacles. The majority of farmers in the samples saw a bright future for their products. / Master of Science

The objective of this diploma thesis is to compare the level of goat breeding production indicators, recorded in the South Bohemian Region in years 2008 - 2010. The analysis includes comparison between the individual breeders, yearly comparison and comparisons between different breeds and herd sizes. The analyzed production indicators include the amount of produced milk, percentage of fat and percentage of protein. For 2008, 12 breeders with herds ranging from 1 to 34 goats have been analyzed. In 2008, 13 Anglo Nubian goats, 57 White Shorthaired goats and 26 Brown Short Hair goats have been registered in the South Bohemian Region's stock book. For 2009, 12 breeders with herds ranging from 1 to 37 goats have been analyzed. In 2009, 14 Anglo Nubian goats, 64 White Shorthaired goats and 29 Brown Short Hair goats have been registered in the South Bohemian Region's stock book. For 2010, 15 breeders with herds ranging from 1 to 46 goats have been analyzed. In 2009, 10 Anglo Nubian goats, 73 White Shorthaired goats and 42 Brown Short Hair goats have been registered in the South Bohemian Region's stock book. According to the statistical data, the highest average volume of milk (833 litres) has been produced in 2010. The highest average volume of milk has been produced by middle-sized herds (1021 litres) and by the Brown Short Hair breed (960 litres). The highest content of fat in milk has been recorded in 2009 (4.07 %). The highest average content of fat in milk has been recorded within the Anglo Nubian breed (4.32 %). The comparison of the content of fat in milk between various herd sizes is not statistically conclusive (p > 0.05). The average highest content of protein in milk has been recorded within the Anglo Nubian breed (3.74 %). The comparison of the content of protein in milk between various years and herd sizes is not statistically conclusive (p > 0.05).

Sammanfattning Titel: Bockmanuskripet - en kritisk diskursanalys av en alldeles speciell bock Författare: Adam Larsson och David Alin Handledare: Ylva Habel Ämne: Medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap Syfte: Syftet med den här studien har varit att undersöka Aftonbladets gestaltning av Gävlebockens öde mellan åren 1996, 2001, 2005, 2009 samt 2016. Teoretiska utgångspunkter: Studien baseras på teorier om nyhetsvärdering. Frågeställningar: Studien har följande frågeställningar:På vilka sätt kan Lotten Gustafsson Reinius “traditionsmanuskript” ha relevans för en studie av Aftonbladets bockbevakning?Har Aftonbladets journalistik rörande Gävlebocken förändrats och i så fall på vilka sätt?Går det att urskilja specifika diskursiva mönster i textmaterialet och i så fall vilka? Metod: För att besvara undersökningens frågeställningar har kritiska diskursanalyser enligt van Dijks metod utförts. Analyserna har kartlagt nyhetstexternas mikro- samt makrodiskurser. Material: Studiens material bestod av 14 artiklar från Aftonbladet publicerade i pap-persform samt digital utgåva från åren 1996, 2001, 2005, 2009 och 2016. Resultat: Aftonbladets rapportering rörande Gävlebocken har förändrats. Journalisten väljer att erhålla en mer neutral position i form av nyhetsrapporteringen men fler aktörer får istället ge uttryck för de åsikterna om förekommer. Artiklarnas perspektiv har skiftat, fler aktörer kommer till tals och bockens benämning har förändrats i och med publikens förförståelse och kunskap. Nyckelord: Gävlebocken, julbocken, diskurs, journalistik, nyhetsvärdering, Aftonbladet / Title: The Goat Manuscript - A critical discourse analysis about a special goat Author: Adam Larsson and David Alin Supervisor: Ylva Habel Subject: Media and communication studies Purpose: The purpose of this study has been to investigate Aftonbladets news reporting regarding the Gävle Christmas goat between 1996, 2001, 2005, 2009 and 2016. Theoretical points of departure: The study is based on theories regarding news evalu-ation. Objectives and focus: The study has the following questions:In what ways may Lotten Gustafsson Reinius concept "tradition manuscript" have relevance to Aftonbladets news reporting on the Gävle Christmas goat?Has Aftonbladets journalism about the Gävle goat changed in a discoursively way?Is it possible to identify specific discursive patterns in the texts? Method: In order to answer the survey's questions, critical discourse analyzes according to Theu Van Dijk´s method have been conducted. The analyzes have mapped the news texts micro disciplinary- and macro-courses. Material: The study material consists of 14 articles from Aftonbladet published in pa-per form and digital edition from 1996, 2001, 2005, 2009 and 2016. Result: Aftonbladets reporting regarding the Gävle Christmas goat has changed over the last 20 years, where journalists uses a more neutral position in the news reporting. The research proves that more people who represent different organizations gets to speak about the accidents. The way journalists refer to the goat has changed and the way me-dia refer to the perpetrator has changed. Keywords: Gävle Christmas goat, yule goat, straw goat, discourse, discourse analysis, journalism, “traditional manuscript”, news evalutation, Aftonbladet

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study describes: 1. The isolation of total RNA and mRNA from Angora goat adrenals. 2. Synthesis and nucleotide sequence alignment of Angora goat CYPI7 cDNA. Two DNA sequences were produced, identifying two CVP 17 alleles in an Angora goat from the Swartland district. 3. The development of a CYPI7 genotype test for Angora goats. 4. Genotyping of Angora goats and Boer goats with the developed genotype test. S. Mapping of the substituted amino acids in the amino terminal of CVP 17 to a specific CYPI7 genotype. 6. Partial synthesis and alignment of Angora goat genomic nucleotide CYPI7 sequences. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie beskryf: 1. Die isolering van totale RNA en mRNA van Angorabok byniere. 2. Sintese en nukleotied volgorde oplyning van Angorabok CYP17 eDNA. Twee DNA volgordes is geproduseer, en so is twee CYP17 allele in 'n Angorabok van die Swartland omgewing geïdentifiseer. 3. Die ontwikkeling van 'n CYP17 genotipe toets vir Angorabokke. 4. Genotipering van Angorabokke en Boerbokke met die ontwikkelde genotipe toets. 5. Korrelering van die omgeruilde aminosure in die aminoterminaal van CYPl7 met 'n spesifieke genotipe. 6. Gedeeltelike sintese en oplyning van Angorabok genomiese CYPl7 nukleotied volgordes.