Expanderande städer resulterar i ökande behov av godstransporter och för att behålla en fungerande godsdistribution kan åtgärder behöva vidtas. Trafikstockning och försämrad stadsmiljö är negativa effekter som kan förknippas med en dåligt fungerande godsdistribution. Citylogistik handlar om att kontrollera och optimera godstransporter i urbana områden (city) så att negativa effekter minimeras. Olika typer av citylogistiska åtgärder och koncept har identifierats. Till dem hör till exempel samdistribution, reglering av godstransporter och avancerade IT-system. Inom ramen för projektet SAMLIC, som startades i Linköping 2004, genomfördes pilotförsöket PILOT med det övergripande syftet att utvärdera ekonomisk potential med samdistribution i Linköpings city. Under PILOT omsattes ett samdistributionskoncept i praktiken. En databas med information om godsdistributionen under försöket upprättades för senare analys. Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att formulera matematiska modeller över godsdistributionen i ett medelstort city, som kan ge underlag för utvärdering av citylogistiska koncept och i synnerhet samdistributionskoncept. De matematiska modeller som tagits fram är optimeringsmodeller för ruttplanering och metoder för att lösa optimeringsmodellerna har implementerats. För att utvärdera modellerna och metoderna har en fallstudie av Linköpings city gjorts, med datamaterial från PILOT. Modellerna ger möjlighet till effektiva analyser och jämförelser av citylogistiska koncept. Fallstudien visar dessutom att optimering av godsdistributionen i city innebär god förbättringspotential vilket ger ytterligare motiv till att använda modeller som verktyg. / Urbanization and city expansion result in an increasing need of transportation of goods, and in order to maintain efficiency, measures are needed. The aim of city logistics is to minimize negative impacts associated with city center goods distribution, such as traffic congestion and negative impacts on the living environment. Several city logistic measures have previously been suggested, such as freight consolidation, governance and advanced IT systems. Within the SAMLIC project started in 2004, a demonstration project known as PILOT was carried out in central Linköping, wherein the concept of freight consolidation was applied in reality. The objective was to evaluate the economic potential of freight consolidation. The aim of this thesis was to formulate mathematical models of the distribution of goods in a medium sized Swedish city. The models are to be used in the evaluation of city logistic measures, focusing on freight consolidation. The distribution problem is modelled as a vehicle routing problem, and methods for solving the resulting optimization problems have been implemented. Using data from PILOT, the models have been applied on Linköping with the purpose of evaluating the methods, as well as investigating the potential of using models for planning the distribution of goods. Conclusions involve that analyses of, and comparisons between, city lo-gistic measures can be efficiently made using mathematical models. The case study also indicates that goods distribution can be improved through the use of optimization methods, which further motivates mathematical modelling.

As externalidades negativas geradas pela distribuição urbana de cargas como congestionamentos, poluição e ruídos, são amplamente conhecidas e vivenciadas pela população que vive em grandes centros urbanos. Esses problemas têm sido agravados pelo crescimento da população urbana, pela crise no modelo de mobilidade adotado nas grandes cidades brasileiras e pelo aumento da complexidade do processo de distribuição urbana de carga. Nesse sentido, alguns atributos podem contribuir para a melhoria do desempenho logístico dos agentes participantes na distribuição de carga e outros podem dificultar a sua competitividade A investigação dos atributos de distribuição urbana de carga e dos papéis desses agentes são o ponto de partida deste estudo. A presente dissertação tem o objetivo identificar os atributos de distribuição urbana de carga, levando-se em conta os diferentes pontos de vista dos principais responsáveis pela distribuição de carga na RMSP e que atuam no mercado varejista: Embarcador, Operador Logístico, Transportador e Cliente. Para tanto, foi feita a análise do referencial teórico sobre o tema distribuição urbana de carga, foram desenvolvidos dois estudos de caso em Operadores logísticos que atuam na logística de distribuição de carga na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Foi também realizado um levantamento de dados com 119 prestadores de serviços logísticos, Operador logístico e Transportador, obtidas pela aplicação de questionário de pesquisa com esses agentes. Por meio das informações obtidas, verificou-se que os atributos relevantes e unânimes entre os prestadores de serviços logísticos, são: filas e local para carga e descarga, flexibilidade, restrição de circulação por tamanho de veículo, local regulamentado para estacionar veículos de carga, congestionamento e roubo de carga. Adicionalmente, o consumo sazonal e o comprometimento no recebimento são os problemas mais relevantes segundo os Operadores logísticos e Transportadores, respectivamente. / The negative externalities generated by the urban distribution of cargo, such as traffic jams, pollution and noise, are widely known and experienced by the population living in large urban centers. These problems have been aggravated by the growth in urban population, by the crisis in the mobility model adopted in the large Brazilian cities and by the growth in complexity of the urban cargo distribution process. In this sense, some attributes may contribute to improving the logistic performance of the agents participating in the cargo distribution and others may hinder its competitiveness. The investigation into the urban cargo distribution attributes and of these agents roles is the starting point of this study. The present thesis aims to analyze the urban cargo distribution attributes, taking into account the different points of view of the major actors in the cargo distribution in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region (SPMR) and acting in the retail market: Shipper, Logistic Operator, Carrier and Client. For this, an analysis of the theoretical referential was performed regarding the theme urban cargo distribution; two case studies were conducted with Logistic Operators acting in the cargo distribution logistics in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region and, lastly, the descriptive measures of the problems faced by Logistic Service Renderers, Logistic Operators and Carriers were analyzed, obtained from the application of a research questionnaire to these agents. From the information obtained, the relevant and unanimous attributes among the logistic service renderers were verified to be: lines and places for loading/ unloading, flexibility, circulation constraints as per the size of the vehicle, regulated place to stop cargo vehicles, traffic jam and cargo theft. Added to these attributes are seasonal consumption and product compromised at receipt, which are considered relevant by Logistic Operators and Carriers, respectively.

Organising is the general process by which we structure our world. It is a process that goes beyond social ordering by involving also the technical and the natural realms. Further, it is a process which involves us all. All the time. This dissertation focuses on the organising of business enterprise, more specifically, the organising of food distribution. It is study of formative events in the history of ICA, a major Swedish food distributor. The study provides a detailed account of the development of Hakonbolaget, one of four purchasing centres that formed ICA. Primarily, it accounts for Hakonbolaget´s efforts to establish a modern, rational food distribution system in the 1940s and 1950s. The thrust of these efforts was directed toward three areas of rationalisation: internal operations at the wholesale warehouses, retail operations, and wholesale-retail interaction. Incidentally, these were also central themes in the public debate about the growing costs of goods distribution in Sweden at the time. Through its efforts, Hakonbolaget realised a number of new solutions and established something of a model for modern food distribution. A model that came to characterise operation within ICA from the 1960s and well into the 1990s. Drawing on work within the sociology of science and technology, a conceptual vocabulary is developed for analysing the process of organising. This vocabulary suggests that organising can be regarded as a framing process – as attempts to define and realise sociotechnical situations. The inherent instability of such situations makes stability rather than change a puzzling observation. Consequently, change processes should be regarded as efforts to stabilise situations. Such efforts are closely linked to the establishment of metrics and the generation of representations. In addition to traditional social aspects of organising, the vocabulary also directs attention to the whole heterogeneous materials that surround us. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk., 2001

As externalidades negativas geradas pela distribuição urbana de cargas como congestionamentos, poluição e ruídos, são amplamente conhecidas e vivenciadas pela população que vive em grandes centros urbanos. Esses problemas têm sido agravados pelo crescimento da população urbana, pela crise no modelo de mobilidade adotado nas grandes cidades brasileiras e pelo aumento da complexidade do processo de distribuição urbana de carga. Nesse sentido, alguns atributos podem contribuir para a melhoria do desempenho logístico dos agentes participantes na distribuição de carga e outros podem dificultar a sua competitividade A investigação dos atributos de distribuição urbana de carga e dos papéis desses agentes são o ponto de partida deste estudo. A presente dissertação tem o objetivo identificar os atributos de distribuição urbana de carga, levando-se em conta os diferentes pontos de vista dos principais responsáveis pela distribuição de carga na RMSP e que atuam no mercado varejista: Embarcador, Operador Logístico, Transportador e Cliente. Para tanto, foi feita a análise do referencial teórico sobre o tema distribuição urbana de carga, foram desenvolvidos dois estudos de caso em Operadores logísticos que atuam na logística de distribuição de carga na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Foi também realizado um levantamento de dados com 119 prestadores de serviços logísticos, Operador logístico e Transportador, obtidas pela aplicação de questionário de pesquisa com esses agentes. Por meio das informações obtidas, verificou-se que os atributos relevantes e unânimes entre os prestadores de serviços logísticos, são: filas e local para carga e descarga, flexibilidade, restrição de circulação por tamanho de veículo, local regulamentado para estacionar veículos de carga, congestionamento e roubo de carga. Adicionalmente, o consumo sazonal e o comprometimento no recebimento são os problemas mais relevantes segundo os Operadores logísticos e Transportadores, respectivamente. / The negative externalities generated by the urban distribution of cargo, such as traffic jams, pollution and noise, are widely known and experienced by the population living in large urban centers. These problems have been aggravated by the growth in urban population, by the crisis in the mobility model adopted in the large Brazilian cities and by the growth in complexity of the urban cargo distribution process. In this sense, some attributes may contribute to improving the logistic performance of the agents participating in the cargo distribution and others may hinder its competitiveness. The investigation into the urban cargo distribution attributes and of these agents roles is the starting point of this study. The present thesis aims to analyze the urban cargo distribution attributes, taking into account the different points of view of the major actors in the cargo distribution in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region (SPMR) and acting in the retail market: Shipper, Logistic Operator, Carrier and Client. For this, an analysis of the theoretical referential was performed regarding the theme urban cargo distribution; two case studies were conducted with Logistic Operators acting in the cargo distribution logistics in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region and, lastly, the descriptive measures of the problems faced by Logistic Service Renderers, Logistic Operators and Carriers were analyzed, obtained from the application of a research questionnaire to these agents. From the information obtained, the relevant and unanimous attributes among the logistic service renderers were verified to be: lines and places for loading/ unloading, flexibility, circulation constraints as per the size of the vehicle, regulated place to stop cargo vehicles, traffic jam and cargo theft. Added to these attributes are seasonal consumption and product compromised at receipt, which are considered relevant by Logistic Operators and Carriers, respectively.

In the increasingly frequent distribution of the Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry, there is an evident need of improving supply chain operations to ensure sustainability. As part of the supply chain, the distribution of goods often accounts for a major part of costs and resources. Therefore, focus needs to be directed toward ensuring a continuously functional distribution network. Performance measures of high asset utilization and high customer service level are often contradictory to some extent, making the improvement work even more complex. One way of increasing the performance of distribution operations is to take part in an interorganizational collaboration. The purpose of this master thesis is to investigate how the distribution operations of a FMCG company connected to a collaborative distribution network could be improved. Through a single case study, the researchers identify shortcomings in the distribution operations of a cross-docking network with a focus on a specific customer segment flow. By using concepts of demand management, supply chain collaboration, and customer satisfaction, the findings are analysed to highlight shortcomings in the distribution. Researchers discuss how distribution performance consequences could be related to certain managerial actions by presenting three different scenarios. The scenarios show a distinct effect on the number of shipments conducted towards cross-dock. As the number of shipments are reduced, economic benefits could be realized. However, these benefits must be carefully compared with the potential reduction in the level of customer service. The conclusion of this study suggests that managerial action is necessary to increase the economic sustainability of the distribution. / Med den allt mer ökande distributionsfrekvensen inom dagligvaruhandeln finns det ett tydligt behov av att av att förbättra värdekedjeoperationerna för att säkerhetsställa hållbarhet. Distribution av det fysiska varuflödet är en viktig del av värdekedjan och står för en stor del av de totala kostnaderna och resursanvändningen. Det är därför väsentligt att fokusera på att säkerhetsställa ett funktionellt distributionsnätverk som presterar kontinuerligt. Hög nyttjandegrad samt hög kundnöjdhet är två prestationsgrundade objekt som är svåra att uppnå parallellt vilket försvårar ett förbättringsarbete. En metod för förbättring är att flera dagligvaruhandelsbolag går in i ett distributionssamarbete. Syftet med denna masteruppsats är att undersöka hur distributionsverksamheten i ett dagligvaruhandelsbolag som är kopplat till ett kollaborationsdistributionsnätverk kan förbättras. Genom en fallstudie identifierades flera tillkortakommanden i distributionsverksamheten i en del av varuflödet kopplat till en kundgrupp. Resultaten analyserades med hjälp av koncept från kundnöjdhet, kollaborationsvärdekedjor samt hantering av efterfrågan för att belysa tillkortakommanden inom distributionsverksamheten. Genom tre olika scenarion diskuteras olika konsekvenser på distributionsverksamheten som kan kopplas till olika åtgärder. Scenarierna visar att antalet genomförda leveranser till mellanlager har en stor inverkan på hur väl distributionsverksamheten presterar ekonomiskt. Studien föreslår sammanfattningsvis att olika beslutsåtgärder är nödvändiga för att öka den ekonomiska hållbarheten i distributionen.