published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT : Section 25 of the South African Constitution authorises and sets the limits for two forms of legitimate regulatory interference with property, namely deprivation and expropriation. The focus of this dissertation is on the requirement in section 25(1) that no law may authorise arbitrary deprivation of property. According to the Constitutional Court, deprivation is arbitrary when there is insufficient reason for it. The Court listed a number of factors to consider in determining whether there is a sufficient relationship between the purpose to be achieved by deprivation and the regulatory method chosen to achieve it. The outcome of the arbitrariness question depends on the level of scrutiny applied in a particular case. The level of scrutiny ranges from rationality review to proportionality review. Deprivation that results in an excessively harsh regulatory burden for one or a small group of property owners will probably be substantively arbitrary and in conflict with section 25(1). Courts generally declare unconstitutional regulatory interferences with property rights invalid. However, invalidating legitimate regulatory measures that are otherwise lawful purely because they impose a harsh and excessive burden on some property owners may not always be justified if the regulatory measure fulfils an important regulatory purpose. Invalidating excessive regulatory measures may in some instances also be meaningless and may not constitute appropriate relief in vindicating the affected rights. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the appropriateness of alternative solutions to invalidating otherwise lawful and legitimate but excessive regulatory deprivations of property. The goal is to identify remedies that allow courts to uphold the regulatory measure and simultaneously balance out the excessive regulatory burden it imposes on property owners. One alternative solution is to transform the excessive regulatory measure into expropriation and require the state to pay compensation to the affected owner. This approach is referred to as constructive expropriation. However, in view of the Constitutional Court’s approach to and the wording of section 25 it seems unlikely that it will adopt constructive expropriation as a solution. Another alternative solution is for the legislature to include a statutory provision for compensation in the authorising statute. Examples from German, French, Dutch and Belgian law show that this approach balances out the excessive regulatory burden and allows courts to uphold the otherwise lawful and legitimate but excessive regulatory statute without judicially transforming the deprivation into expropriation. An overview of South African law indicates that there is legislation that includes non-expropriatory compensation provisions. In cases where the regulatory statute does not contain a compensation provision, the courts might consider reading such a duty to pay compensation into the legislation or awarding constitutional damages. In conclusion, it is possible for the state to deprive owners of property in a manner that may result in an excessive regulatory burden being suffered by one or a small group of property owners if the regulatory purpose is necessary in the public interest, provided that the legislature explicitly or implicitly provides for non-expropriatory compensation in the regulatory statute. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Artikel 25 van die Suid Afrikaanse Grondwet magtig en stel grense daar vir twee regmatige vorme van regulerende staatsinmenging met eiendom, naamlik ontneming en onteiening. Die fokus van hierdie proefskrif is op die vereiste in artikel 25(1) dat geen wet arbitrêre ontneming van eiendom mag toelaat nie. Volgens die Grondwetlike Hof is ʼn ontneming arbitrêr as daar nie ʼn voldoende rede daarvoor is nie. Die Hof het faktore gelys wat oorweeg moet word om te bepaal of daar ʼn voldoende verhouding bestaan tussen die doel wat die staat met ontneming van eiendom nastreef en die regulerende maatreël wat vir die doel gebruik word. Die uitkoms van die toets vir arbitrêre ontneming hang af van die hersieningsstandaard wat die howe in ʼn spesifieke geval gebruik. Die standaard wissel van ʼn redelikheidstoets tot ʼn proporsionaliteitstoets. ʼn Ontneming wat ʼn oormatige swaar las op een of ʼn beperkte groep eienaars plaas sal waarskynlik arbitrêr en teenstrydig met artikel 25(1) wees. Die howe se benadering is om ongrondwetlike ontnemings van eiendom ongeldig te verklaar, maar dit is nie altyd geregverdig om toelaatbare en andersins regmatige ontnemings wat ʼn oormatige las op sommige eienaars plaas ongeldig te verklaar nie. Die ongeldigverklaring van wetgewing wat ʼn oormatige ontneming magtig mag soms ook nutteloos wees en nie ʼn gepaste remedie wees om die eienaar se regte te herstel nie. Die doel van hierdie proefskrif is om die geskiktheid van alternatiewe oplossings tot die ongeldigverklaring van andersins regmatige maar oormatige ontnemings van eiendom te ondersoek Die doel is om remedies te identifiseer wat die howe toelaat om regulerende ontnemings in stand te hou en terselfdertyd die oormatige las op enkele eienaars uit te balanseer. Een alternatiewe oplossing is om die oormatige ontneming te omskep in onteiening en die staat sodoende te verplig om aan die eienaar vergoeding te betaal. Hierdie benadering staan bekend as konstruktiewe onteiening. Gegewe die Grondwetlike Hof se benadering tot en die bewoording van artikel 25 is dit onwaarskynlik dat die howe konstruktiewe ontneming as ʼn oplossing sal aanvaar. ʼn Ander alternatiewe oplossing is vir die wetgewer om ʼn statutêre bepaling vir vergoeding in die magtigende wetgewing in te voeg. Voorbeelde uit die Duitse, Franse, Nederlandse en Belgiese reg toon aan dat hierdie benadering ʼn oormatige las kan uitbalanseer en die howe toelaat om die andersins geldige en regmatige ontneming in stand te hou sonder om dit in onteiening te omskep. ʼn Oorsig van Suid Afrikaanse reg dui aan dat daar wetgewing bestaan wat wel voorsiening maak vir sodanige vergoeding. In gevalle waar die magtigende wetgewing nie vergoeding voorsien nie kan die howe oorweeg om ʼn vergoedingsplig in die wet in te lees of om grondwetlike vergoeding toe te ken. Hierdie proefskrif kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat dit grondwetlik moontlik is vir die staat om eienaars van eiendom te ontneem op ʼn wyse wat soms daartoe kan lei dat enkele eienaars ʼn oormatige swaar las moet dra, mits die ontneming ʼn belangrike openbare doel dien en die wetgewer uitdruklik of implisiet voorsiening maak vir vergoeding.

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to assess transparency in Supply Chain Management (SCM) at local government. The case study of eThekwini Municipality as an institution at the local sphere of government was used to explore the objectives of the study. Fundamentally, institutions such as municipalities and municipal entities, by virtue of being the closest to the people, play an important role of rendering basic services that are aimed at improving living standards of local communities. Therefore, purchasing of goods and/ or services through SCM should strictly comply with specific legislation, policies and regulations which are implemented to achieve standard norms and principles in execution of these duties. One of these requirements is achieved by adhering to transparency in procurement processes. Ultimately, adherence to the principle of transparency in SCM results to openness in decision-making and integrity of the entire process. In this study, these considerations were explored at eThekwini Municipality’s SCM and qualitative analysis of secondary data against SCM legislation, policies and regulations were extensively investigated to establish the extent to which the SCM processes had adhered to transparency. The findings of the analysis as primarily guided by the Auditor-General’s (AG’s) audit outcomes since the launch of “Operation Clean Audit” established that the municipality had not received a clean audit during the period of review from the 2009/2010 to 2011/2012 financial years. The findings pointed to a number of issues regarding SCM irregularities, exceptionally high irregular expenditure (with a net regression of 12% in the financial year 2010/2011), abuse of contract deviations, failure of the accounting officer to give reasons in writing for irregular expenditure and non-compliance with applicable laws and regulations. This state of affairs had led to the municipality making a prognosis of the internal issues which placed them at risk. These issues informed the development of a strategy to implement austerity systemic and financial management measures to mitigate the identified risks. The findings of the study concluded that the importance of adherence to transparency results in sound decision-making, promotes access to information to the public and other stakeholders, increases integrity of processes, and prevents opportunities of fraud and maladministration. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie is uitgevoer om deursigtigheid te evalueer in Voorsieningskettingbestuur op plaaslike regering. Die gevallestudie van eThekwini Munisipaliteit as 'n instelling op die plaaslike vlak van regering is gebruik om die doelwitte van die studie te verken. Fundamenteel speel instansies soos munisipaliteite en munisipale entiteite ‘n belangrike rol in die lewering van basiese dienste wat gemik is op die verbetering van lewensstandaarde van plaaslike gemeenskappe, omdat hulle die naaste aan die mense is. Daarom moet die aankoop van goedere en / of dienste deur Voorsieningskettingbestuur streng voldoen aan spesifieke wetgewing, beleid en regulasies wat geïmplementeer is om standaard norme en beginsels in die uitvoering van hierdie pligte te bereik. Een van die vereistes kan aan voldoen word deur deursigtigheid in die verkryging prosesse. Uiteindelik sal die nakoming van die beginsel van deursigtigheid in Voorsieningskettingbestuurdie openheid in besluitneming en integriteit van die hele proses tot gevolg hê. In hierdie studie, was die oorwegings ondersoek by die eThekwini Munisipaliteit se Voorsieningskettingbestuur en ‘n kwalitatiewe analise van sekondêre data teen Voorsieningskettingbestuur wetgewing, beleid en regulasies was intens ondersoek om die mate waarin die Voorsieningskettingbestuur prosesse voldoen het aan deursigtigheid, te bepaal. Die bevindinge van die analise was hoofsaaklik gelei deur die Ouditeur-Generaal se oudituitkomste sedert die bekendstelling van "Operasie Skoon Oudit ", en dit het gewys dat die munisipaliteit nie 'n skoon oudit gehad het gedurende die tydperk van die hersiening van die 2009/2010 tot 2011/2012 finansiële jaar nie. Die bevindinge het gewys op 'n aantal kwessies rakende Voorsieningskettingbestuur ongerymdhede, buitengewoon hoë onreëlmatige uitgawes (met 'n netto agteruitgang van 12 % in die finansiële jaar 2010/2011), die misbruik van kontrak afwykings, nalating van die rekenpligtige beampte om redes te gee vir die afskryf van onreëlmatige uitgawes en nie- nakoming van die toepaslike wette en regulasies. Hierdie toedrag van sake het daartoe gelei dat die munisipaliteit 'n prognose gemaak het van die interne kwessies wat vir hulle ‘n risiko was. Hierdie kwessies het gelei tot die ontwikkeling van 'n strategie om sistemiese en finansiële bestuur maatreëls in te stel om die geïdentifiseerde risiko's te verminder. Die bevindings van die studie dui daarop dat die nakoming van deursigtigheid lei tot gesonde besluitneming, bevordering van toegang tot inligting aan die publiek en ander belanghebbendes, en dat dit die integriteit van prosesse verhoog, en geleenthede vir bedrog en wanadministrasie voorkom.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Expenditure on South African public sector projects is vital to infrastructure development and creating employment opportunities in the country. The submission of tenders by contractors is the traditional procurement method utilised in awarding contracts. The traditional tender procurement method is not only costly, but the lowest-bid method does not ensure that the eventual project at completion is the most cost effective. Although regulatory frameworks are in place to ensure that public sector projects are awarded to suitable contractors, there are numerous examples of public sector projects that have been awarded to incompetent contractors. The traditional tender procurement method is non-collaborative in its composition, as the contractors executing the work are not part of the design team. Furthermore, industry stakeholders’ perceptions influence procurement method preferences. This research project investigates whether the tender procurement method is best suited to meet the South African public sector’s requirements and achieve infrastructural development so desperately required, or whether it needs to be replaced in its entirety or adapted.

Thesis (MPA.) --University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2012 / This study focused on the impact of implementation of Supply Chain Management Policy (SCM) in Limpopo Department of Local Government and Housing (The Department of Local Government and Housing is officially known as the Department of Co-operative Governance, Human Settlements and Traditional affairs as from the 16 August 2011).The study analyzed the impact of implementation of SCM policy including the implications of non-compliance with this policy. The study also provides an analysis of the perceptions of officials of the Department of Local Government and Housing with regard to the impact of implementation of Supply Chain Management policy. The study also looked at Supply Chain Management in a public sector context including mechanisms that can be employed in order to improve implementation of Supply Chain Management policy. Qualitative research methods were used in this study. This means that primary data was collected using interviews and questionnaires. The findings from the study indicated that the Department experienced challenges in implementing the SCM policy and that there was a significant change in the behavioural patterns of the certain employees after the SCM policy was implemented. The study also revealed that the implementation of SCM policy had both positive and negative effects on the employees of the Department, service providers as well as the public. Furthermore, the research revealed that violation of SCM policy has a negative impact on service delivery. The study has provided answers to both the main research question and sub-questions. From the findings made, the study concluded that the implementation of Supply Chain Management policy has both the negative and positive impact on the Department.

Offentlig upphandling används av den offentliga sektorn för att ingå avtal eller teckna kontrakt med leverantörer av varor och tjänster. Rapporter har visat att småföretag inte deltar i offentlig upphandling i samma utsträckning som större. Kostnader för företagen att ta fram anbud har angivits som orsak liksom att förfrågningsunderlagen är krångligt utformade och att kraven som ställs är irrelevanta. Kommunikationen mellan upphandlande myndigheter och företagen har beskrivits som otillräcklig och att kunskapen om det som upphandlas därmed blir lidande. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka kommunikationen mellan myndigheter och småföretag i samband med offentlig upphandling. Hur aktörerna kommunicerar, vilka hinder av kommunikativ karaktär som eventuellt förekommer samt hur dessa hinder kan övervinnas är de frågeställningar som använts. Med kvalitativ metod har aspekter av kommunikationen kunnat belysas. Sju halvstrukturerade samtalsintervjuer har genomförts med respondenter från både myndigheter och småföretag i Jönköpings län. Resultatet från undersökningen visar att aktörerna kommunicerar främst genom skriftliga former. Muntlig kommunikation undviks av myndigheterna för att värna om likabehandlingsprincipen. Det förekommer dock i vissa faser. Elektroniska kanaler används i många situationer. Företagen lämnar dock ofta sina anbud i fysisk form. Direkt kommunikation mellan aktörerna förekommer men det är indirekt kommunikation som är mest framträdande. Att formulera komplex information på ett tydligt sätt är ett av de hinder som framkommit. Hela processen måste tänkas ut i förväg av myndigheterna och förfrågningsunderlaget får normalt inte ändras i efterhand. Underlagen upplevs ibland vara väldigt omfattande och fulla av upprepningar. Oenighet om kravens betydelse för upphandlingens utgång råder. En del företagsrespondenter upplever att det ställs krav som inte tas hänsyn till, medan någon myndighetsrespondent menar att dessa krav ställs för att skapa en hög lägstanivå. Företagsrespondenterna vittnar om att det är enkelt att få svar på frågor angående otydligheter i förfrågningsunderlaget. Diskussioner om bättre lösningar på myndigheternas behov efterfrågas dock av leverantörer. Att använda ett elektroniskt upphandlingssystem kan underlätta för myndigheter i utvärderingsfasen. Systemet kan också ge anbudsgivaren en form av feedback på anbudet då det varnar för om krav har missats. / Public procurement is conducted by public sector to purchase supplies and services. Studies show that small businesses do not participate in public procurement at the same extension as big businesses. Bureaucratic formulated tender specifications and irrelevant requirements are given as some possible reasons. The communication between procurers and suppliers has been described as unsatisfactory and as a consequence, the products being asked for by the procurers are seldom the best for satisfying their needs. The purpose for this thesis is to examine the communication between public authorities and small business in public procurement. The issues for the study are how the participants communicate, which communicative obstacles might occur and how these obstacles can be overcome. A qualitative approach has been used to illuminate different aspects of the communication. Seven long interviews with representatives from both public authorities and small businesses in Jönköping county has been conducted. The result shows that the participants communicate mostly through written communication. Verbal communication is being avoided by the authorities to protect the principle of equal treatment, though it was found in some phases of the procurement process. Electronic channels are used in many situations but the tenders are often delivered in physical form. Direct communication does exist even though indirect communication is more dominant. To formulate complex information in an explicit way is one of the obstacles that was observed in the study. The whole process has to be conceived by the procurers from the start, since the tender specification as a rule cannot be changed afterwards. The tender specifications are considered very extensive by respondents from small businesses, and recurrences of information are common. They also experience that some requirements being asked for do not fill a purpose for the outcome of the process. On the other hand, some authorities refer to that the requirements creates a high lowest level and that they do have a great importance. Respondents from the small businesses seem to consider it being easy to get their questions about uncertainties in the tender specification answered, but they also want greater possibilities to discuss alternative solutions to the authorities needs. The use of an electronic procurement tool can make the evaluation phase easier for the procurers. It can also give the suppliers a kind of feedback since the system alert if some requirements in the tender are not being fulfilled.

<p>Offentlig upphandling används av den offentliga sektorn för att ingå avtal eller teckna kontrakt med leverantörer av varor och tjänster. Rapporter har visat att småföretag inte deltar i offentlig upphandling i samma utsträckning som större. Kostnader för företagen att ta fram anbud har angivits som orsak liksom att förfrågningsunderlagen är krångligt utformade och att kraven som ställs är irrelevanta. Kommunikationen mellan upphandlande myndigheter och företagen har beskrivits som otillräcklig och att kunskapen om det som upphandlas därmed blir lidande.</p><p>Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka kommunikationen mellan myndigheter och småföretag i samband med offentlig upphandling. Hur aktörerna kommunicerar, vilka hinder av kommunikativ karaktär som eventuellt förekommer samt hur dessa hinder kan övervinnas är de frågeställningar som använts. Med kvalitativ metod har aspekter av kommunikationen kunnat belysas. Sju halvstrukturerade samtalsintervjuer har genomförts med respondenter från både myndigheter och småföretag i Jönköpings län.</p><p>Resultatet från undersökningen visar att aktörerna kommunicerar främst genom skriftliga former. Muntlig kommunikation undviks av myndigheterna för att värna om likabehandlingsprincipen. Det förekommer dock i vissa faser. Elektroniska kanaler används i många situationer. Företagen lämnar dock ofta sina anbud i fysisk form. Direkt kommunikation mellan aktörerna förekommer men det är indirekt kommunikation som är mest framträdande.</p><p>Att formulera komplex information på ett tydligt sätt är ett av de hinder som framkommit. Hela processen måste tänkas ut i förväg av myndigheterna och förfrågningsunderlaget får normalt inte ändras i efterhand. Underlagen upplevs ibland vara väldigt omfattande och fulla av upprepningar. Oenighet om kravens betydelse för upphandlingens utgång råder. En del företagsrespondenter upplever att det ställs krav som inte tas hänsyn till, medan någon myndighetsrespondent menar att dessa krav ställs för att skapa en hög lägstanivå.</p><p>Företagsrespondenterna vittnar om att det är enkelt att få svar på frågor angående otydligheter i förfrågningsunderlaget. Diskussioner om bättre lösningar på myndigheternas behov efterfrågas dock av leverantörer. Att använda ett elektroniskt upphandlingssystem kan underlätta för myndigheter i utvärderingsfasen. Systemet kan också ge anbudsgivaren en form av feedback på anbudet då det varnar för om krav har missats.</p> / <p>Public procurement is conducted by public sector to purchase supplies and services. Studies show that small businesses do not participate in public procurement at the same extension as big businesses. Bureaucratic formulated tender specifications and irrelevant requirements are given as some possible reasons. The communication between procurers and suppliers has been described as unsatisfactory and as a consequence, the products being asked for by the procurers are seldom the best for satisfying their needs.</p><p>The purpose for this thesis is to examine the communication between public authorities and small business in public procurement. The issues for the study are how the participants communicate, which communicative obstacles might occur and how these obstacles can be overcome. A qualitative approach has been used to illuminate different aspects of the communication. Seven long interviews with representatives from both public authorities and small businesses in Jönköping county has been conducted.</p><p>The result shows that the participants communicate mostly through written communication. Verbal communication is being avoided by the authorities to protect the principle of equal treatment, though it was found in some phases of the procurement process. Electronic channels are used in many situations but the tenders are often delivered in physical form. Direct communication does exist even though indirect communication is more dominant.</p><p>To formulate complex information in an explicit way is one of the obstacles that was observed in the study. The whole process has to be conceived by the procurers from the start, since the tender specification as a rule cannot be changed afterwards. The tender specifications are considered very extensive by respondents from small businesses, and recurrences of information are common. They also experience that some requirements being asked for do not fill a purpose for the outcome of the process. On the other hand, some authorities refer to that the requirements creates a high lowest level and that they do have a great importance.</p><p>Respondents from the small businesses seem to consider it being easy to get their questions about uncertainties in the tender specification answered, but they also want greater possibilities to discuss alternative solutions to the authorities needs. The use of an electronic procurement tool can make the evaluation phase easier for the procurers. It can also give the suppliers a kind of feedback since the system alert if some requirements in the tender are not being fulfilled.</p>

Univ., Diss.-2004--Jena, 2003. / Literaturverz. S. 147 - 170.

Thesis (LL.M.)--George Washington University, 2003. / Title from title screen (viewed Sept. 9, 2005). "August 31, 2003." "ADA417077"--URL. Includes bibliographical references. System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Also issued in paper format.

Public procurement is the government activity most vulnerable to corruption. Lack of transparency and accountability are recognised as a major threat to integrity in public procurement. Repeated findings by the Auditor- General(SA) on poor document management and lack of compliance with the Public Finance Management Act ( No1 of 1999) by the SCM units in departments of the Eastern Cape Provincial Administration necessitates the use of e-procurement for purposes of accountability and proper documentation of transactions. The study assessed the current status of e-procurement in the Eastern Cape Provincial government. This entailed an overview of IFMS, identifying its implementation and shortcomings. Also reviewed was implementation of the Logistical Information System ( LOGIS) in the Eastern Cape Provincial Administration (Department of Health) as its e-procurement platform, as well as e-procurement at the Department of Social development and Special Programmes .The status of government suppliers’ internet connectivity was also assessed.