O presente trabalho teve como objetivo discutir questões sobre memória e intertextualidade, a partir dos diferentes textos constituintes da obra Vulgo Grace da autora canadense Margaret Atwood. A autora recupera a trajetória verídica de Grace Marks, uma criada condenada à prisão perpétua por ser cúmplice no assassinato do patrão e da governanta da casa em que trabalhava. Grace apresenta sinais de amnésia sobre os fatos ocorridos nos assassinatos e, nessa situação, um comitê que acredita na sua inocência convida o jovem médico americano Simon Jordan para descobrir a verdadeira causa dessa aparente amnésia. Dentro desse contexto, foi observada a presença significativa da memória e da intertextualidade como itens essenciais na obra. O método utilizado na análise foi o enfoque de três partes: a narração em primeira pessoa de Grace, a narração em terceira pessoa sobre Simon e os paratextos. A análise se deu por meio do cotejo entre os diferentes tipos de texto, tendo como base os conceitos de intertextualidade de Júlia Kristeva e Tiphaine Samoyault e memória de Márcio Seligmann-Silva, Michael Pollak e Alba Olmi Outros conceitos como o significado dos sonhos de Sigmund Freud e a metaficção historiográfica de Linda Hutcheon também se fazem presentes na análise. Esse estudo comparativo resultou na descoberta de diferentes relações entre os textos sendo que conceitos além das questões de memória e intertextualidade foram descobertos. A memória te grande significado na construção das relações humanas e na relação do ser com o passado. O presente trabalho mostra-se relevante em relação aos estudos de memória pelo fato de discutir e apresentar outros meios e outras ligações entre os intertextos como também se insere nos estudos da autora Margaret Atwood no Brasil. / The present thesis intended to discuss some issues related to memory and intertextuality, taking as a starting point the different texts from Alias Grace (Vulgo Grace), written by the Canadian writer Margaret Atwood. The book retrieves the true story of Grace Marks, a maid sentenced to life imprisonment for being an accomplice to the murder of her employer and the housekeeper in the house where she used to work. Grace presented symptoms of amnesia, forgetting the facts that occurred in the murders. In that situation, a small committee who believe in Grace’s innocence hires the young American doctor Simon Jordan to discover the true reason for this apparent amnesia. In this context, a significant presence of memory and intertextuality as essential items of story could be observed. The method applied here was the focus on three parts: the first-person narration by Grace, the thirdperson narration about Simon and the paratexts. The analysis was made through the comparison between the different types of texts, based on intertextuality concepts stated by Júlia Kristeva and Tiphaine Samoyault and memory concepts presented by Márcio Seligmann-Silva, Michael Pollak, and Alba Olmi. Other concepts, such as the meanings of dreams, developed by Sigmund Freud, and the historiographic metafiction, elaborated by Linda Hutcheon, are also included in this analysis.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo discutir questões sobre memória e intertextualidade, a partir dos diferentes textos constituintes da obra Vulgo Grace da autora canadense Margaret Atwood. A autora recupera a trajetória verídica de Grace Marks, uma criada condenada à prisão perpétua por ser cúmplice no assassinato do patrão e da governanta da casa em que trabalhava. Grace apresenta sinais de amnésia sobre os fatos ocorridos nos assassinatos e, nessa situação, um comitê que acredita na sua inocência convida o jovem médico americano Simon Jordan para descobrir a verdadeira causa dessa aparente amnésia. Dentro desse contexto, foi observada a presença significativa da memória e da intertextualidade como itens essenciais na obra. O método utilizado na análise foi o enfoque de três partes: a narração em primeira pessoa de Grace, a narração em terceira pessoa sobre Simon e os paratextos. A análise se deu por meio do cotejo entre os diferentes tipos de texto, tendo como base os conceitos de intertextualidade de Júlia Kristeva e Tiphaine Samoyault e memória de Márcio Seligmann-Silva, Michael Pollak e Alba Olmi Outros conceitos como o significado dos sonhos de Sigmund Freud e a metaficção historiográfica de Linda Hutcheon também se fazem presentes na análise. Esse estudo comparativo resultou na descoberta de diferentes relações entre os textos sendo que conceitos além das questões de memória e intertextualidade foram descobertos. A memória te grande significado na construção das relações humanas e na relação do ser com o passado. O presente trabalho mostra-se relevante em relação aos estudos de memória pelo fato de discutir e apresentar outros meios e outras ligações entre os intertextos como também se insere nos estudos da autora Margaret Atwood no Brasil. / The present thesis intended to discuss some issues related to memory and intertextuality, taking as a starting point the different texts from Alias Grace (Vulgo Grace), written by the Canadian writer Margaret Atwood. The book retrieves the true story of Grace Marks, a maid sentenced to life imprisonment for being an accomplice to the murder of her employer and the housekeeper in the house where she used to work. Grace presented symptoms of amnesia, forgetting the facts that occurred in the murders. In that situation, a small committee who believe in Grace’s innocence hires the young American doctor Simon Jordan to discover the true reason for this apparent amnesia. In this context, a significant presence of memory and intertextuality as essential items of story could be observed. The method applied here was the focus on three parts: the first-person narration by Grace, the thirdperson narration about Simon and the paratexts. The analysis was made through the comparison between the different types of texts, based on intertextuality concepts stated by Júlia Kristeva and Tiphaine Samoyault and memory concepts presented by Márcio Seligmann-Silva, Michael Pollak, and Alba Olmi. Other concepts, such as the meanings of dreams, developed by Sigmund Freud, and the historiographic metafiction, elaborated by Linda Hutcheon, are also included in this analysis.

Die Kryosphäre interagiert mit verschiedenen anderen Subsystemen der Erde. Variationen der klimatischen Bedingungen führen zu kryosphärischen Massenänderungen und somit zu Änderungen des globalen Meeresspiegels. Gleichzeitig induzieren Massenvariationen des Eises und des Ozeans Deformationen der festen Erde, welche sich aus einer instantanen elastischen und einer möglichen verzögerten viskosen Reaktion (glazial-isostatischer Ausgleich – GIA) zusammensetzen. Der räumlich variable Effekt der Meeresspiegeländerung relativ zur sich deformierenden Erdkruste wird gravitativ konsistent durch die Meeresspiegelgleichung beschrieben. Er ist die entscheidende Größe zur Abschätzung des Einflusses der Meeresspiegeländerungen auf die Küsten. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich der Bestimmung rezenter Massenänderungen der Eisschilde Antarktikas (AIS) und Grönlands (GIS) mittels geodätischer Daten. Zur Ableitung der Massenbilanzen beider Eisschilde wurde auf Daten der Satellitenmission GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) zurückgegriffen. Für den Zeitraum 2003/10–2009/10 konnten die Beiträge von AIS und GIS zur globalen Meeresspiegeländerung zu 0,26 ± 0,08 bzw. 0,59 ± 0,06mm/a bestimmt werden. Auf Basis wiederholter Höhenmessungen durch das Satellitenaltimeter ICESat (Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite) stand eine zweite unabhängige Schätzung der Massenbilanzen zur Verfügung. Während für den GIS beide Massenbilanzen im Rahmen der zugehörigen Fehlermaße übereinstimmen, treten für den AIS regional größere Differenzen auf. Diese konnten auf mögliche Restfehler in einer instrumentellen Korrektion der ICESat-Mission, Limitierungen der angewendeten Volumen-Massen-Umrechnung sowie auf Fehler in den genutzten GIA-Modellen zurückgeführt werden. Für die Ableitung von Eismassenänderungen aus GRACE-Daten stellen GIA-Prädiktionen eine wichtige Reduktionsgröße dar. In Antarktika weisen verfügbare Modelle noch große Unsicherheiten auf. Für den Bereich des Amundsen-See-Sektors (Westantarktika), welcher den größten Teil zur negativen Massenbilanz des AIS beiträgt, konnte eine empirische GIA-Schätzung aus der Kombination von Massenänderungen aus GRACE und Volumenänderungen aus ICESat abgeleitet werden. Diese empirische Schätzung unterscheidet sich signifikant von den Prädiktionen verfügbarer GIA-Modelle. Eine Validierung der Ergebnisse mittels aus GPS-Beobachtungen abgeleiteten vertikalen Deformationen der Erdkruste bestätigte die empirische Schätzung. Die GPS-beobachteten Deformationen enthalten sowohl rezente eisinduzierte als auch GIA-bedingte Signalanteile. Zu deren Trennung wurden gravitativ konsistent modellierte elastische Krustendeformationen verwendet, welche auf hoch aufgelösten ICESat-Daten basieren. Insbesondere bei der Analyse von GRACE-Daten hat eine Änderung der GIA-Reduktion einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die bestimmte Massenbilanz. Im Vergleich zur Verwendung einer modellierten GIA-Reduktion ergab sich durch die Anwendung der empirischen Reduktion ein um ~40% größerer Eismassenverlust im Untersuchungsgebiet. Sowohl in den Zeitreihen der Massenänderungen als auch in den Variationen der Eisoberflächenhöhen konnten nichtlineare Signale detektiert werden. Die Analyse von GRACE-Monatslösungen im Zeitraum 2003–2012 belegt einen erhöhten Meeresspiegelbeitrag des AIS und des GIS in den letzten Jahren. Signale dieses erhöhten Massenverlusts sind auch durch andere Sensoren detektierbar. Am Beispiel des Jakobshavn Isbræ (GIS) wurde ein beschleunigtes Fließverhalten mittels optischer Satellitendaten (Landsat) nachgewiesen und mit der beschleunigten Krustenhebung an einer benachbarten GPS-Station korreliert. Darüber hinaus wurden beobachtete Krustendeformationen auch zur Validierung der aus ICESat-Daten modellierten elastischen Deformationen genutzt. Für den Thwaites-Gletscher (AIS) konnte der Nachweis über eine Zunahme der Fließgeschwindigkeit und eine verstärkte Eishöhenabnahme durch die Hinzunahme radarbasierter Satellitendaten (TerraSAR-X, TanDEM-X) erbracht werden. Auf diese Weise war es möglich, die durch Landsat und ICESat bereitgestellten Zeitreihen zu verlängern.

Aus Beobachtungsdaten der Satellitenmission GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) können Variationen des Erdschwerefeldes auf großen räumlichen Skalen mit hoher Genauigkeit abgeleitet werden. Die Variationen auf zeitlichen Skalen von mehreren Tagen bis Wochen und räumlichen Skalen von wenigen hundert Kilometern sind insbesondere auf Änderungen der kontinentalen Wassermassen zurückzuführen. Die vorliegende Promotionsarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Bestimmung hydrologischer Massenvariationen aus GRACE-Daten am Beispiel der vier größten sibirischen Flusseinzugsgebiete Ob, Jenissei, Lena und Kolyma. Darauf aufbauend sollen in Kombination mit atmosphärischen Daten der NCEP-Reanalyse Süßwassereinträge in den Arktischen Ozean abgeleitet werden. Die Süßwassereinträge beeinflussen nachhaltig den Salzgehalt und damit das ozeanographische Regime des Arktischen Ozeans, welcher wiederum einen Einfluss auf die globale thermohaline Zirkulation hat. Da die großen Strömungen des Weltozeans einen grundlegenden Faktor des globalen Klimageschehens darstellen, sind die Änderungen des Süßwassereintrages ein wichtiger Aspekt hinsichtlich prognostizierter Klimatrends. Der Abfluss kann an ausgewählten Messpunkten mit einer hohen zeitlichen Auflösung beobachtet werden. Die Datenreihen weisen jedoch immer wieder Lücken auf und die bodengebundenen Messungen sind oft schwierig und kostenintensiv. Messmethoden, die unabhängig vom Zugang ins Messgebiet sind, können einen großen Fortschritt bei der Beobachtung sich ändernder Massen und Süßwasserflüsse leisten und damit einen Beitrag für ein besseres Verständnis gekoppelter komplexer Prozesse der Arktis liefern. Da die Fehlerstruktur der GRACE-Daten komplex und bis heute nicht vollständig verstanden ist, erfolgt zunächst eine Untersuchung des GRACE-Fehlerhaushaltes. Zudem werden die Fehlereffekte aufgrund des begrenzten räumlichen Spektrums und damit einhergehender Leck-Effekte auf Ebene von Gebietsmittelwerten analysiert und Lösungsvorschläge diskutiert. Dabei sind folgende Aspekte von Bedeutung: Erweiterung der GRACE-Datenreihe um geeigente Terme ersten Grades und Abschätzung von Leck-Effekten, verursacht durch das begrenzte Spektrum der Kugelfunktionsentwicklung. Leck-Effekte aufgrund ozeanischer Signalanteile sind bzgl. der Einzugsgebiete sibirischer Flusssysteme klein (< 1%), wohingegen Leck-Effekte aufgrund kontinentaler Signalanteile je nach Gebietsgröße relative Fehler von 8-17% nach sich ziehen. Die größten Fehlereffekte resultieren jedoch aus den Koeffizienten hoher Grade. Die Filterung der GRACE-Daten ermöglicht die Glättung fehlerbehafterer Signalanteile. Neben den in der Literatur gängigen Filtern wurde im Rahmen der Arbeit ein Kombinationsfilter entwickelt, welches auf Basis von räumlichen Vorinformationen aus Hydrologiemodellen signifikante Signalstrukturen in den GRACE-Datenreihen detektiert. Somit muss lediglich ein Restsignal mittels Filterung gedämpft werden. Mit dem Kombinationsfilter können sowohl feinere Signalstrukturen als auch größere Signalamplituden auf Land erhalten werden. Im Vergleich zu reinen Filteranwendungen werden hier Gesamtsignalstärke, Amplitude und Phase des jährlichen Signals gut repräsentiert. Darauf aufbauend lassen sich, in Kombination mit atmosphärischen Daten, Abflüsse für die sibirischen Flusssysteme aus GRACE-Wasserspeichervariationen ableiten. Die Validierung der berechneten Abflüsse anhand beobachteter Abflüsse zeigt eine hohe Übereinstimmung von bis zu 83%. Eine Gegenüberstellung des berechneten Abflusses der Lena mit Wasserstandsmessungen im Mündungsbereich zeigt zudem einen Zusammenhang zwischen dem maximalen Abfluss im Frühjahr und einer Zunahme des Wasserstandes in der Laptewsee. / The satellite mission GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) observes the earth's gravity field on temporal scales of a few days to several weeks and spatial scales of a few hundred kilometers with high accuracy. A large part of the variations of the gravity field originate from hydrological mass changes on the continents. The dissertation discusses the determination of hydrological mass variations from GRACE for the Siberian water systems of the rivers Ob, Yenisey, Lena and Kolyma. The mass variations from GRACE data are combined with atmospheric data of the NCEP reanalysis to calculate the freshwater fluxes in the Arctic Ocean. The freshwater fluxes strongly influences the salinity and the oceanographic regime of the Arctic Ocean. In turn, the Arctic Ocean controls the global thermohaline circulation which is very important for the global climate. Because these large currents of the ocean influence the global climate, the changes of the freshwater fluxes in the Arctic Ocean are an important factor for the global climate change. The runoff can be measured pointwise with high temporal resolution, but measurements in the high latitudes are difficulty and expensive. Independent methods to measure the mass changes in the Arctic can help to determine the freshwater fluxes on large spatial scales, and contribute to understand the coupled and complex processes of the Arctic. Until present, the complex error structure of the GRACE data are not fully understand. The dissertation examines the errors and analysizes the leakage caused by the limited spectrum of the Stokes coefficients. A proposal for a solution will be discussed. The following steps are important: Expanding the GRACE data with adequate terms of degree one; Valuation of leakage errors because of the limited spectrum. Leakage due to oceanographic signals of the Arctic Ocean are small (< 1%). Leakage errors due to signals on land produces relative errors of basin averages of 8-17%. Beyond that, the largest errors are caused by the coefficients of higher degree. Filtering is an effective method to damp the error signals. In addition to the common filters described in the literature, a filter method, called composite filter, was created. Significant structures from hydrological models can be deteceted in the GRACE data without any other filtering. Only the residual signals should be filtered by using one of the common filters. In comparison to the common filters, the composite filter represents the signal strength, the signal structures, the amplitude and the phase of the saisonal signal on the continents much better. Combining hydrological mass variations from GRACE data with atmospheric data (for example the NCEP reanalysis) the runoff of the four Siberian river systems can be calculated. The validation of the calculated runoff using observations leads to a good agreement (83% for Yenisey and Lena). Furthermore, it is possible to combine the runoff of a river system with measurements of water level and salinity in the Arctic Ocean. The high runoff of the Lena river system in spring is visible in the water level changes in the Laptev sea.

No description available.

No description available.

God expresses Himself with emotions. This is well attested in Scripture, with statements of love (1Jn 4:8), anger (Ex 4:14), and delight (Isa 62:4). But the real question is not whether God has emotions, but what is the source of those emotions. If God emotes in the context of our suffering, and our suffering is not abated, does this mean that God is impotent or indifferent? Both possibilities yield a frightening conclusion. Rightly understanding the character and nature of God in this regard is paramount. For the past two thousand years, the prevailing doctrine was that God was in some way impassible, in that He is without passions or emotions with respect to his creation. This means that God does not change his feelings or thoughts about events on the earth. Even though certain passages called the “divine repentance” passages in the Old Testament (Ge 6:6-7; Ex 32:12-14; 1Sa 15:11, 35; Nu 23:19) appeared to contradict God’s impassibility, this was solved through the idea of anthropopathism, that is, the belief that God describes Himself with emotional terms. Prior to 1930, most of the English Bible renderings of the divine repentance passages preferred the word “repent,” because the prevailing theology was rooted in the impassibility of God, and these passages were deemed to be anthropopathic. But with the doctrine of God’s impassibility now in question, English Bible translations began to reflect the view that God actually reacts to our suffering with strong emotion. Words such as “sorry,” “grief,” “regret,” and even “changed his mind” were now used to describe the reaction of God whenever God appeared to be disappointed with his creation, or worse, if He was disappointed with his own plan. The purpose of this study is to provide an exegetical solution to the problem of God’s response in the divine repentance passages in four Old Testament historical texts. These passages are labelled as such because of the use of the Hebrew verb ~xn which describe God as “sorry” or “repenting.” For those who hold to God’s full immutability, the preferred view through the ages was that the Hebrew ~xn was to be taken as anthropopathically. This study will want to explore the possibilities of an alternative view for the Hebrew ~xn in the divine repentance passages which allow for God’s passibility while holding to his full immutability. Specifically, this study not only strives to answer the question “Does God repent?”, but through a sound methodology also wants to answer the larger question of the source of God’s emotion when his judgment or grace is in view. The methodology followed in this study is two-fold. First, it is biblical-theological, meaning that it utilises a whole-Bible theology, and following the work of Walter Kaiser and James Hamilton, posits that the Old Testament contains a theme or centre of grace within judgment. At the Fall in Ge 3, God simultaneously introduced judgment and grace into the world. That judgment and grace has never left. As one looks through the Bible, these are the two unbroken strands that weave their way through every chapter and every book. In addition, this study is also an exegetical study, and follows the grammaticalhistorical- lexical-syntactical methodology of Walter Kaiser. God disclosed Himself objectively through the words of a book. This book records actual historical events, as well as specific declarations and commands from God Himself. It is necessary that the words of this book be correctly understood in their context so that a correct understanding of God will result. Using this methodology, this study will explore the meaning of God’s ~xn in each divine repentance passage. The lexical study will be combined with the biblical-theological approach of a theme or centre of “grace within judgment” that flows through the Old Testament. Because of this, is it possible that God, who is fully immutable, provide us everything that we need to navigate a world of sin, suffering and uncertainty? The answer could very well be in the understanding of God’s ~xn in light of our suffering and sin. / PhD (Old Testament), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The story of the collaboration between the psychoanalyst Dr Grace Pailthorpe and the artist Reuben Mednikoff is indeed an extraordinary one. The aim of this thesis is to throw light upon their joint research project between 1935, when they first met, and 1940, when they were expelled from the British Surrealist group with which they had been closely involved since its official launch in 1936. The project that Pailthorpe and Mednikoff plunged into just days after they first met in February 1935 focused on how art could be used as a way of curing mental problems. Paintings and drawings produced ‘automatically’ were used as a means to bring memories to a conscious level. Many personal tensions, obsessions and fears that had lain dormant and repressed were released and detailed commentaries and explanations followed every work they produced in order for the exercise to be fully therapeutic. The aim was to externalise the unconscious and reintegrate it with the conscious. Despite the fact that Pailthorpe’s work was hailed as ‘the best and most truly Surrealist’ by the leader of the Surrealist movement, André Breton, at the 1936 International Surrealist exhibition in London, which brought the movement to Britain, the couple were expelled from the British Surrealist group just four years later and moved to America into relative obscurity. After their deaths, Pailthorpe and Mednikoff’s drawings and paintings were dispersed and their commentaries never read. My thesis provides biographies of Pailthorpe and Mednikoff before they met. It analyses the work they made together, discussing the impact on their thinking not only of Surrealism but also of psychoanalytic theory, notably the work of Melanie Klein. Apart from this, the thesis also reintegrates the couple into the history of Surrealism in England.

Résumé : Les eaux souterraines ont un impact majeur sur la vie terrestre, les besoins domestiques et le climat. Elles sont aussi un maillon essentiel du cycle hydrologique. Au Canada par exemple, plus de 30 % de la population est tributaire des eaux souterraines pour leur alimentation en eau potable. Ces ressources subissent de nombreuses pressions sous l’influence de certains facteurs comme la salinisation, la contamination et l’épuisement. La variabilité du climat et la demande croissante sur ces ressources imposent l'amélioration de nos connaissances sur les eaux souterraines. L’objectif principal du projet de recherche est d’exploiter les données d’anomalies (TWS) de la mission Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) pour localiser, quantifier et analyser les variations des eaux souterraines à travers les bassins versants du Bas-Mackenzie, du Saint-Laurent, du Nord-Québec et du Labrador. Il s’agit aussi d’analyser l’influence des cycles d’accumulation et de fonte de neige sur les variations du niveau des eaux souterraines. Pour estimer les variations des eaux souterraines, la connaissance des autres paramètres du bilan hydrologique est nécessaire. Ces paramètres sont estimés à l’aide des sorties du modèles de surface CLM du Système Global d’Assimilation des Données de la Terre (GLDAS). Les données GRACE qui ont été utilisées sont celles acquises durant la période allant de mars 2002 à août 2012. Les résultats ont été évalués à partir d’enregistrements de niveaux piézométriques provenant de 1841 puits localisés dans les aquifères libres du bassin des réseaux de suivi des eaux souterraines au Canada. Les valeurs de rendements spécifiques des différents types d’aquifères de chaque puits et celles des variations mensuelles du niveau d’eau dans ces puits ont été utilisées pour estimer les variations des anomalies des eaux souterraines in-situ. L’étude de corrélation entre les variations des anomalies des eaux souterraines estimées à partir de la combinaison GRACE-GLDAS et celles issues de données in-situ révèle des concordances significatives avec des valeurs de 𝑅=0,46 et 𝑅 = 0,50 entre ΔGW et ΔGWPiézo, respectivement pour le bassin du Bas-Mackenzie et celui du Saint-Laurent. Quant à la combinaison de tous les bassins, elle s’est caractérisée par une corrélation un peu plus faible (𝑅=0,44). Les valeurs des coefficients de corrélation calculée avec des données indépendantes de SWE venant des produits GlobSnow ; R = -0,68 sur le bassin du Bas-Mackenzie, R = -0,76 sur le bassin versant du Nord-du-Québec et du Labrador, R = -0,51 sur le bassin versant du Saint-Laurent et R = -0,52 pour les trois bassins réunis, montrent que ΔGW est très sensible à la quantité d’eau dans la neige, avec des spécificités pour chaque bassin versant étudié. / Abstract : Groundwater is an important component of the hydrological cycle. In Canada, more than 30% of the population relies on the main source of water for domestic use. These resources are under pressure factors such as salinization, contamination and exhaustion. Our knowledge on groundwater needs improvement because of climate variability and an increasing demand for these resources. The main objective of this project is to use the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission data (TWS) anomalies to locate, quantify and analyze the groundwater changes in Mackenzie St. Lawrence, North-Quebec and Labrador basins. Also this work aims to analyze the influence of accumulation cycles and snowmelt on groundwater level changes. For this groundwater changes estimation, it is necessary to estimate other water balance parameters. These parameters are estimated by using the outputs of the land surface model CLM of the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) Data Products. The TWS data used are from March 2002 to august 2012. The results were evaluated by using the groundwater levels records from 1841 wells located in the free aquifers of different Canadian groundwater monitoring networks. The Specific yields values of the different types of aquifers from each well and the monthly changes in the water level in these wells were used to estimate changes in the in-situ groundwater anomalies. The correlation study between changes in groundwater anomalies estimated from the combination GRACE-GLDAS and those from in-situ data reveals significant matches with values of R = 0,46 and R = 0,50 between ΔGW and ΔGWPiézo respectively for the Lower-Mackenzie and the St. Lawrence basins. The combination of all the basins is characterized by a slightly weaker correlation (R = 0, 44).The correlation coefficients calculated with an independent data coming from SWE GlobSnow products are R = -0, 68 for Lower-Mackenzie River Basin, R = -0, 76 for Nord-du-Québec and Labrador basin, R = -0, 51 for St. Lawrence basin and R = -0, 52 for the three basins taken together. These correlations show that ΔGW is very sensitive to the snowmelt water amount, but with specificities for each studied basin.

This thesis will explore whether Augustine of Hippo altered his theological views and what influences might have precipitated the alleged modifications. Augustine’s early "De libero arbitrio" argued for an individual’s ability to respond freely to God while his later anti-Pelagian writings rejected any human ability to believe until God infuses grace creating belief as his gift. Does his theology exhibit continuity or discontinuity? Four commonplace assertions within Augustinian studies are questioned in this thesis: 1.) Augustine changed his theology in AD 396; 2.) while he was writing the letter to Bishop Simplicianus (Simpl.); 3.) with his transition occurring through reading scripture (Rom.7, 9;1 Cor.15); 4.) which he developed through merely modifying prevalent doctrines. No scholarly work has researched Augustine’s entire corpus from AD 386–430 specifically analyzing his theology in the five final doctrines of: 1.) God giving initial faith as a gift, 2.) inherited damnable reatus from Adam, 3.) the gift of perseverance, 4.) unilateral pre-determination of persons’s eternal destinies independently of foreknowledge, and 5.) God’s neither desiring nor providing for the salvation of all persons. Only a comprehensive methodological approach—reading systematically, chronologically, and comprehensively through his entire corpus—can legitimately demonstrate changes. Did a Patristic consensus exist regarding post-Adamic free choice? What was Augustine’s contribution to this theology? To what degree did the combination of Stoicism, Neoplatonism, and Manichaeism contribute to his liberum arbitrium captivatum? Chapters include an introduction followed by chapters on free choice versus determinism in the: 1.) ancient philosophical-religious world, 2.) Christian authors AD 95–215, 3.) Christian authors AD 216–430, 4.) Augustine’s works AD 386–395, 5.) Augustine’s works AD 396–411, 6.) Augustine’s works AD 412–426, 7.) Augustine’s works AD 427–430, 8.) sermons and epistles, 9.) Augustine’s exegesis of scripture, and 10.) conclusion. Conclusions will be established via extensive primary quotations and references with supporting secondary sources.