L’introduzione di agro-ecosistemi conservativi viene indicata come strategia per aumentare il sequestro del carbonio organico nel suolo (SOC) e migliorarne la fertilità. La continua applicazione di concimi organici, come il compost e il sovescio, favorisce il sequestro di SOC (+ 1.3 ÷ 2.5 Mg C ha-1 anno-1) e l'accumulo di azoto totale del suolo (STN) (+ ~ 1 Mg N ha-1 anno-1). Tuttavia, quando le fertilizzazioni organiche vengono interrotte, il SOC diminuisce rapidamente. Negli agro-ecosistemi intensivi, il no till (NT) garantisce rese comparabili a quelle dei sistemi convenzionali (CT) immediatamente dopo la transizione. Il NT aumenta la sostanza organica (SOM) e il STN principalmente nei primi 5 cm di terreno, sebbene la cover crop di segale assicuri l'accumulo di SOM fino a 30 cm di profondità (+ 30% rispetto alla CT). Il NT e la minima lavorazione (MT) portano ad un aumento del SOC e del STN nei primi 30 cm di suolo, rispetto al CT. Gran parte di tale aumento è dovuto ai macroaggregati, all'interno dei quali, i pool di C e N associati ai microaggregati (mM) rappresentano tra il 41 e il 65% del contenuto totale di C e N nei sistemi NT e MT. / The introduction of conservation agro-ecosystems has been suggested for increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and enhancing soil fertility. Continuous organic fertilization such as compost distribution and cover crops incorporation promotes SOC sequestration (+1.3÷2.5 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) and soil total nitrogen (STN) accumulation (+~1 Mg N ha-1 yr-1). However, when the organic fertilization is stopped, SOC rapidly decreases. In intensive agro-ecosystems, no till (NT) can ensure yields comparable to conventional tillage (CT) immediately after transition. The major contribution of NT to soil organic matter (SOM) and STN increase is detected in the top 5 cm of soil, although the cultivation of rye as cover crop ensures SOM accumulation down to 30 cm depth (+30% than CT). No till and minimum tillage (MT) may increase SOC and STN levels in the 0-30 cm soil layer, both as concentration and as mass, compared with CT. Most of such a SOC and STN increase is due to C- and N-rich macroaggregates. Within macroaggregates, microaggregates (mM) are of primary importance for soil organic matter stabilization since C and N pools associated to mM account for between 41 and 65% of total C and N content in the NT and MT systems.

Thesis (MSc. Agriculture (Agronomy)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / The traditional practice of farmers in Limpopo Province is to mixed and broadcast crops at planting without definite row arrangement. This practice hinders farm input application and results in low crop yields. Strip intercropping, where crops are planted with definite row arrangement, has the advantage of reducing inter-species competition, optimise plant population and increasing crop yield. This study aimed at improving cowpea-maize cropping systems using strip intercropping. The experiment was conducted at University of Limpopo farm and Ga-Thaba village. Five cowpea varieties (Glenda (check)), IT86K-499-35, IT82E-16, IT86D -1010, TVu-13464 and maize (PAN 6479) were evaluated using randomised complete block design with three replications. Data collected were days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, canopy width, peduncle length, pod length, number of pods/plant, 100 seed weight, grain yield, fodder weight and land equivalent ratio was also determined. Data were analysed using the Statistix 9.0. The results revealed that in both locations TVu 13464 flowered early (50 days) respectively. At University of Limpopo farm TVu 13464, IT82E-16 and IT86D-1010 matured early (89, 88 and 91 days). At University of Limpopo farm, IT82E-16 had high cowpea grain yield (2230 kg/ha) under monocropping and also produced high grain yield of 1373 kg/ha during 2016/17 season. At Ga-Thaba, IT86D-1010 produced high cowpea grain yield of 1085 kg/ha under monocropping and during 2015/16 (660 kg/ha) while IT86K-499-35 also produced high grain yield of 915 kg/ha during 2016/17. The varieties showed yield stability depending on different locations. At University of Limpopo farm, strip intercropping achieved high maize grain yield of 3961 kg/ha during 2016/17. At Ga-Thaba, strip intercropping produced high maize grain yield 747 and 1024 kg/ha during 2015/16 and 2016/17, respectively. Monocropping produced low maize grain yield during 2015/16 with a mean of 425 kg/ha and mixed intercropping had mean of 499 kg/ha during 2016/17. The calculated LER for two crops over two seasons under strip intercropping ranged from 1.25 and 2.14, whereas under mixed intercropping, it ranged between 0.73 and 1.05 over two seasons at University of Limpopo farm. TVu 13464, IT82E-16 and IT86D-1010 are promising varieties for strip intercropping in low rainfall areas because of their early maturity and high grain yield. The calculated LER for two crops over two seasons xx under strip intercropping ranged from 1.62 and 2.98, whereas under mixed intercropping, it ranged between 0.76 and 1.67 in both seasons at Ga-Thaba. / National Research Foundation (NRF) and Water Research Commission (WRC)

<p>Wheat is a major source of calories and protein for humans worldwide. Wheat is the most widely grown crop, with cultivation areas and production systems on every continent. The cultivated land area is vast because of its importance and adaptability to various environmental conditions. Global wheat production has not kept up with the growing population, provoking the need to develop new methods and techniques to increase genetic gains. The first research chapter of this Ph.D. dissertation involves performing genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify and examine transferability of marker-trait associations (MTAs) across environments. I evaluated yield and yield components traits among 270 soft red winter (SRW) wheat varieties. The population consists of experimental breeding lines adapted to the Midwestern and eastern United States and developed by public university breeding programs. Phenotypic data from a two-year field study and a 45K-SNP marker dataset were analyzed by FarmCPU model to identify MTAs for yield related traits. Grain yield was positively correlated with thousand kernel weight, biomass, and grain weight per spike while negatively correlated with days to heading and maturity. Sixty-one independent loci were identified for agronomic traits, including a region that with <i>–logP</i> of 16.35, which explained 18% of the variation in grain yield. Using 12 existing datasets from other states and seasons, in addition to my own data, I examined the transferability of significant MTAs for grain yield and days to heading across homogenous environments. For grain yield and days to heading, I only observed 6 out of 28 MTAs to hold up across homogenous environments. I concluded that not all marker-trait associations can be detected in other environments.</p><p>In the second research chapter of this Ph.D. dissertation, I dissected yield component traits under contrasting nitrogen environments by using field-based low-throughput phenotyping. I characterized grain yield formation and quality attributes in soft red winter wheat. Using a split-block design, I studied responses of 30 experimental lines, as sub-plot, to high nitrogen and low nitrogen environment, as main-plot, for two years. Differential N environments were imposed by the application, or lack thereof, of spring nitrogen application in a field, following a previous corn harvest. In this study, I measured agronomic traits, in-tissue nitrogen concentrations, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen harvest index and end-use quality traits on either all or subset of the germplasm. My data showed that biomass, number of spikes and total grain numbers per unit area were most sensitive to low nitrogen while kernel weight remained stable across environments. Significant genotype x N-environment interaction allowed me to select N-efficient germplasm, that can be used as founding parents for a potential breeding population specifically for low-N environments. I did this selection on the basis of superior agronomic traits and the presence of the desirable gluten quality alleles such as <i>Glu-A1b </i>(<i>2*</i>) and <i>Glu-D1d </i>(<i>5+10</i>).</p>

Thesis (M.Sc. Agriculture (Agronomy)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Limpopo Province is a semi-arid region prone to drought. Crop yields continue to decline due to low soil fertility and poor cropping systems. Cowpea is nutritionally rich in proteins essential for human consumption and livestock feeding. It fixes N2 which becomes available for the succeeding crop in rotation. For this reason, it is used as a companion crop in cereal-legume intercropping systems. Maize is one of the most important grain crops in South Africa, it serves as the major staple food for many households. Phosphorus is one of the macro-nutrient elements required by crops to produce satisfactory yields. The interactions between different rates of P fertilisation and cowpea-maize strip intercropping have not been studied in detail under rain-fed maize-cowpea strip intercropping in Limpopo Province. Many smallholder farmers in Limpopo Province obtain low yields due to the practice of mixed intercropping. Two season (2014/15 and 2015/16) experiments were laid out in a split-split plot design at Syferkuil farm to determine the performance of cowpea and maize varieties in cowpeamaize strip intercropping at varying P application rates. Treatments consisted of factors namely, P levels (0, 15, 30, 45 kg/ha), cropping system (monocropping and intercropping), maize varieties (WE3127 and ZM1423) and cowpea varieties (PAN311, TVu13464, IT86D-1010 and IT82D-889). Data were collected from growth and yield parameters that included (number of days to flowering, plant height, number of days to physiological maturity, root weight, number of pods per plant, unshelled net pod weight, number of cobs per plant, unshelled net cob weight and grain yield) in order to determine their performance. Results obtained revealed that P application levels significantly influenced most of the measured growth and yield parameters of both crops. PAN311 flowered earliest (49 days) across P levels. Increasing P application hastened the maturity of the varieties of PAN 311 and TVu13464 in both seasons. The P levels of 30 and 45 kg/ha reduced the number of days to maturity as compared to 0 and 15 kg/ha. TVu13464 variety produced more pods per plant (30) than other varieties. PAN311 yielded more grains (2491 kg/ha) than other varieties. Maize varieties performed well between P applications of 30 and 45 kg/ha. WE3127 yielded 3462 kg/ha whereas ZM1423 yielded 3306 kg/ha. Intercropping vi system performed better than monocropping system based on the measured growth and yield parameters. Two promising cowpea varieties (PAN311 and TVu13464) performed well and were selected based on their early maturity, drought tolerance and high yielding. Increasing P application levels increased crop yield. Optimum P levels for cowpea-maize strip intercropping were between 30 and 45 kg/ha. The calculated LER values were greater than one which indicates that intercropping was advantageous in land utilisation. The study showed the importance of P application in improving cowpea yield in cowpeamaize strip intercropping. / National Research Foundation (NRF) and University of Missouri, USA

No description available.

Environmental concerns about winter nitrogen (N) leaching loss limit the amount of biosolids applied to winter small grains in Virginia. Ten field studies were established 2012-2014 in Virginia to determine the agronomic and environmental feasibility of fall biosolids applications to soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Eight studies were located in the Coastal Plain physiographic province and two in the Ridge and Valley physiographic province. The effects of eight biosolids and urea N treatments on 1) biomass production at Zadoks growth stage (GS) 25-30, 2) soil inorganic N at GS 25-30, 3) soil mineralizable N at GS 25-30,4) N use efficiency (NUE) at GS 58, 5) grain yield, 6) end-of-season soil inorganic N, and 7) estimated N recovery were studied. Anaerobically digested (AD) and lime stabilized (LS) biosolids were fall applied at estimated plant available N (PAN) rates of 100 kg N ha⁻¹ and 50 kg N ha⁻¹. The 50 kg N ha⁻¹ biosolids treatments were supplemented with 50 kg N ha⁻¹ as urea in spring. Urea N was split applied at 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹, with 1/3 applied in fall and 2/3 in spring. Biomass at GS 25-30 increased with urea N rate and biosolids always resulted in equal or greater biomass than urea. Soil mineralizable N at GS 25-30 rarely responded to fall urea or biosolids N rate, regardless of biosolids type. Biosolids and urea applied at the agronomic N rate resulted in equal grain yield and estimated N recovery in soils where N leaching loss risk was low, regardless of biosolids type or application strategy. Lime stabilized biosolids and biosolids/urea split N application increased grain yield and estimated N recovery in soils with high or moderate N leaching loss risk. Therefore, AD and LS biosolids can be fall-applied to winter wheat at the full agronomic N rate in soils with low N leaching loss risk, while LS biosolids could be applied to winter wheat at the full agronomic N rate in soils with moderate or high N leaching loss risk. / Master of Science

Dans l'optique de produire des agro‐carburants, le sorgho sucré est aujourd'hui proposé comme une alternative à d'autres espèces cultivées à grande échelle comme la canne à sucre et le maïs car il présente plusieurs avantages : le sorgho est résistant à la sécheresse et à la chaleur, il nécessite peu d'intrants, a en moyenne un cycle de culture relativement court (3‐4 mois) comparé à la canne à sucre. Il offre une grande diversité génétique à explorer et exploiter, tout en étant génétiquement moins complexe que la canne à sucre. Finalement, il peut être cultivé pour un double usage, le grain pouvant être utilisé comme source d'alimentation pour l'homme ou le bétail (à partir du grain) et le jus sucré contenu par les tiges comme source d'agrocarburant. Cette polyvalence en fait une culture idéale pour lutter contre la compétition entre cultures énergétiques et cultures vivrières et assurer des rendements dans des environnements de culture sujets au stress hydrique et thermique comme c'est le cas en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cependant, le caractère sucré du sorgho est complexe, car sous l'influence d'interactions Génotype X Environnement (GxE). Aussi, les mécanismes métaboliques, morphologiques ou phénologiques constituant la cinétique d'accumulation des glucides dans la tige et son éventuelle compétition avec le remplissage des grains restent mal connus ou très controversés dans la littérature. La présente thèse, réalisée dans le cadre du projet européen Sweetfuel, vise à comprendre ces mécanismes, afin de contribuer à la définition d'idéotypes de sorgho double usage, pour les environnements soudano‐sahéliens.Sur la base d'études expérimentales au champ au Mali et en serre en France, il a pu être démontré que les glucides sont accumulés dans les entrenoeuds des tiges par un jeu d'activités enzymatiques (favorisant l'accumulation d'hexoses puis de saccharose) dès le début de leur élongation, donc potentiellement avant la floraison. Au Mali, l'étude au champ de 14 génotypes adaptés aux conditions locales, plus ou moins sensibles à la photopériode et semés à trois dates différentes, a démontré le bénéfice d'un rallongement de la phase végétative sur la quantité de sucre accumulée dans les tiges de la plante à floraison, du fait d'un plus grand nombre d'entrenoeuds allongés et du temps à leur disposition pour accumuler des glucides avant ce stade. Ce bénéfice était cependant plus lié à la plus grande quantité de biomasse accumulée (taille des tiges) qu'à la concentration en sucre dans les entrenoeuds (plutôt stable entre dates de semis).Ainsi, la durée de la phase végétative et la sensibilité à la photopériode sont proposés comme des paramètres clés favorisant la quantité de glucides accumulée dans les tiges de la plante à floraison. D'autre part, il a été montré que la quantité de glucides présente à maturité dans les tiges des mêmes génotypes ne différait pas ou peu de celle à floraison, une éventuelle réduction pour quelques génotypes n'étant généralement pas significative et évitable par l'allongement du cycle. De plus, cette quantité de glucides dans les tiges à maturité n'a tiré aucun bénéfice de l'ablation de la panicule à floraison chez les mêmes génotypes. Ces résultats suggèrent que la compétition entre le remplissage du grain et la production de sucre est faible chez le sorgho, d'autant plus faible que la plante présente de grandes tiges et donc un grand compartiment de stockage des glucides, tamponnant cette éventuelle compétition. D'ailleurs, à une échelle plus fine, aucune différence n'a pu être mise en évidence en termes d'activité des principales enzymes du métabolisme carboné dans la tige d'un génotype dans sa version stérile (pas de remplissage du grain) et fertile.Ce travail a démontré le potentiel du sorgho pour une double utilisation dans un contexte soudano‐sahélien et la pertinence d'exploiter la diversité génétique de cette espèce pour cette objectif de sélection. Les résultats ob / Sweet sorghum offers many advantages as an alternative to widely cultivated crops such as corn and sugarcane to produce biofuels: it is resistant to water stress, it requires few inputs; it has a shorter growth cycle compared to sugarcane in particular. Sorghum also exhibits a great genetic diversity and is genetically less complex than sugarcane. Finally, sorghum can be cultivated for dual‐purpose uses, using grains for food or feed and sweet juice for biofuel production. Hence, sorghum is a promising option to reduce the competition for land and (water) resource use between food and fuel, in particular in cropping environments with high drought and heat stress frequency, as in West Africa. However, stem sweetness is a complex trait prone to genotype x environment interactions (GxE). The metabolic, morphological and phenological mechanisms involved in the kinetic of stem sugar accumulation and its possible competition with grain filling are largely unknown or controversial in the literature. The present work is part of the European project Sweetfuel and aims at better understanding these mechanisms and contributing to define dual‐purpose sorghum ideotypes for soudano‐sahelian conditions.Based on field and greenhouse experiments respectively in Mali and France, it was found that sugars start accumulating in stem internodes at the onset of their elongation, i.e. potentially soon before the plant flowers. The successive accumulation of hexose and then sucrose in internodes could be dynamically explained by changes in the activity of key enzymes related to sucrose metabolism. In Mali, a field experiment performed on 14 genotypes, contrasted for photoperiod sensitivity and sown at three planting dates, highlighted the interest of increasing vegetative phase duration to increase sugar yield. This was explained first of all by the higher number of internodes that could expand during a longer vegetative phase, and thus, by the higher production of stem biomass, and, to a minor extent, by the longer time for internodes to mature and accumulate sugar (sugar concentration in the stem was however fairly stable across sowing dates). Also, vegetative phase duration and photoperiod sensitivity can be considered as two key parameters promoting stem sugar content before grain filling. In the same time, it was shown that stem sugar content kept remarkably constant between anthesis and maturity in most of studied genotypes and that the reduction observed for some genotypes was overcome with an early sowing. Moreover, sugar accumulation in the stem between flowering and maturity did not benefit from panicle pruning. These results together suggest that the competition for carbohydrates between stem sugar reserves and grain filling is weak; it is even weaker for big/large stem genotypes with huge sugar reserves in the stem that would buffer a post‐flowering allocation of sugar from the stem to the grains if required. This low competition was confirmed at a finer scale, as no differences were observed in the activity of key enzymes of sucrose metabolism between the sterile and the fertile line of a same genotype.This work demonstrates the potential of sorghum for dual‐purpose in particular for soudano‐sahelian cropping conditions and the interest of using its genetic diversity for this breeding purpose. It provides further knowledge for revisiting the phenotyping strategies to be adopted to investigate the genetic basis of sugar and grain production and their combination. The results are also currently used to improve the way the source‐sink relationships underlying this dual production are formalized in crop and plant models at CIRAD. Such models will be then useful to assist sorghum ideotype exploration for dual purpose.

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Auswirkungen verschiedener Bodennutzungssysteme auf ausgewählte physiko-chemische Bodeneigenschaften und pflanzenbauliche Parameter auf sandigen Böden auf den Dauerfeldversuchsflächen in Berlin-Dahlem und Dedelow zu untersuchen. Ein erster Arbeitsschwerpunkt am Standort Berlin-Dahlem bestand darin, die Wirkungen verschiedener Bodenbearbeitungstiefen (17 cm und 28 cm) in Abhängigkeit der drei Faktorstufen - mit und ohne Kalkdüngung, mit und ohne Stallmistdüngung, flache und tiefe Bodenbearbeitung - zu ermitteln. Im zweiten Arbeitsschwerpunkt wurden in einer fünffeldrigen Fruchtfolge am Standort Dedelow Vergleiche verschiedener Verfahren der konventionellen und konservierenden Bodenbearbeitung und deren Effekte untersucht. Die Durchdringungswiderstandmessungen in Berlin-Dahlem zeigten nach langjähriger Bodenbearbeitung höhere Bodenfestigkeitswerte in der tieferen Bodenbearbeitungsvariante als in der flachen Variante. Die wasserstabilen Aggregate in Berlin-Dahlem wiesen in der flachen Bodenbearbeitung höhere Werte auf. Die ermittelten Wasserspeicherkurven in Berlin-Dahlem zeigten in der flachen Bodenbearbeitungsvariante für die ausgewählten Parzellen in 10-15 cm Bodentiefe im Vergleich zu der tieferen Variante tendenziell höhere nutzbare Feldkapazitätswerte. In Dedelow zeigten die Wasserretentionskurven unter verschiedenen Bodenbearbeitungsverfahren unregelmäßige Streuungen auf. Die höchsten Gesamtkohlenstoffgehaltswerte wurden in der flachen Bodenbearbeitung unter dem Prüfglied „mit Kalk- und mit Stallmist“ gedüngten Parzellen erzielt. In Dedelow zeigten die Gesamtkohlenstoffgehalte zwischen konservierender und konventioneller Bodenbearbeitung in 10-15 cm Bodentiefe kaum Unterschiede. Der Einfluss von Düngung und Bodenbearbeitungstiefen auf den Kornertrag bei Hafer war mit einem Ertrag von 29,2 dt ha-1 am stärksten am Standort Dedelow in der tiefen Bodenbearbeitung unter dem Prüfglied „mit Kalk- und ohne Stallmistdüngung“. / On the basis of various long-term field trials it was the goal to investigate the influence of different tillage systems on soil physical, soil chemical and crop parameters on sandy loamy locations in Berlin-Dahlem and Dedelow. The first focus of the work in Berlin-Dahlem was to investigate the effects between different tillage depths (17 cm and 28 cm) and the selected factors “with and without liming”, “with and without manure fertilization” and “shallow and deep tillage”. The second focus was on a five-field crop rotation site in Dedelow to compare different methods of conventional and conservation tillage and their effects. The penetration resistance values in Berlin-Dahlem showed after long-time tillage in the deep soil tillage system higher compactions compared to shallow tillage systems. The soil aggregate stability values in Berlin-Dahlem showed in the shallow tillage higher values. The obtained soil water retention curves in Berlin-Dahlem showed an increase of the available water capacity for the selected plots in the shallow soil tillage system compared to the deep tillage system in the 10 - 15 cm soil depth. The soil water retention curves showed irregular variations under the different tillage systems in Dedelow. The highest total carbon content were observed in the shallow tillage system in the "with lime and with farmyard manure" treatments. In general, however, the total carbon content predominate nearly the same amounts in 10 - 15 cm soil depth in both conservation and conventional tillage systems in Dedelow. The influence of fertilization and tillage depth on grain yield in oats showed the maximum value as 29,2 dt ha-1 in the deep tillage system in the "with lime and without farmyard manure" treatments.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2018-09-19T14:33:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016- Rodolfo Cond? Fernandes.pdf: 1891258 bytes, checksum: d3f6f4175d22736ad9299a9acbcef3c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-19T14:33:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016- Rodolfo Cond? Fernandes.pdf: 1891258 bytes, checksum: d3f6f4175d22736ad9299a9acbcef3c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Cap. I The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth, nodulation, production and technological analysis of grains of common bean cultivars under organic and conventional fertilization. Two field experiments were conducted at the research site of Embrapa Agrobiologia, Serop?dica - RJ, during April and July 2013 and April and August 2014. A 4x4 factorial split plot design (4 bean cultivars and 4 fertilization) with four replications was used, the fertilizations in the plots and cultivars in the subplots. The cultivars were Apor?, Constanza, Manteig?o e Valente. The fertilizer treatments were: absolute control, chemical fertilizer and two levels of cattle manure applied at planting and castor seed meal applied at top dressed. The subplots were 4 lines of 4 m spaced by 0.5 m, using 12 seeds per meter. The seeds were inoculated with rhizobium commercial inoculant for bean with peat as a means of inoculation. Plants were sampled at two growth stages, for biomass and nodulation at flowering, and for grain yield and yield components at maturity of each cultivar. In order to determine the influence of fertilization on the cooking time and grain water absorption, a field experiment was carried out When? with 6 bean cultivars with chemical or organic fertilization. In both years, the lower dose of organic fertilizer had higher nodulation than higher organic dose and the control treatment and chemical fertilizer did not differ between themselves and had the lowest values for number and mass of nodules. In both years, cultivars Apor? and Valente showed higher number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and harvest index than the other cultivars. However, there were no differences between cultivars for grain yield in the two years. Organic fertilization associated with inoculation in the two years provided yields ranging from 209.9 to 262.4 g m-2, considered satisfactory and similar to those obtained by chemical fertilizer, arising as a promising technology. The organic fertilization provided N, P, K and Mg contents in grains similar to treatment with chemical fertilization. At experiment of 2015, the percentage of water absorption in grains and baking time was higher in beans that received chemical fertilizers for most cultivars Cap. II The production of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in small growing areas, coupled with the use of technologies that provide a reduction in the production cost and increase the economic returns of farmers, demand the identification of cultivars better suited to this type of management and accepted in the regional consumer market. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production of different bean cultivars of different types of commercial grain and the techniques of low cost management used by family farmers in Cachoeiras de Macacu region - RJ. Two experiments were conducted between April and July 2014 (winter crop) in two family farm properties. The sites were "Dois Irm?os" and "Santa Monica". Five bean cultivars were evaluated at ?Dois Irm?os? (Constanza, Kaboon, Manteig?o, Radiante and Valente) and two fertilization treatments (chemistry fertilizer at farmers? applied rate and organic fertilizer). At the Santa Monica site 6 cultivars were evaluated (Valente, Constanza, Radiante, Bolinha, Pitanga and Jalo Precoce) without any fertilization, with four replicates per treatment. The plots were spaced lines of 4 m by 0.5 m, using 12 seeds per meter. Seeds were inoculated with peat based commercial rhizobia inoculants. At maturity, grains of each cultivar were harvested from an area of 2 m2 in the two central lines of each plot for productivity assessment. Grain yield of the five cultivars did not differ among the fertilizer treatments at ?Dois Irm?os?. Grain production of the six cultivars did not differ from each other at ?Santa Monica?. The Valente and Radiante cultivars reached the highest production for the two sites; ?Dois Irm?os? and ?Santa Monica?, respectively. In general, all cultivars showed good performance for the different types of management, with average yield above 2000 kg ha-1 in the two properties. Technique of inoculation of seeds with rhizobia was well evaluated by farmers by the ease implementation and low cost of deployment. / Cap. I O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento, produ??o e a an?lise tecnol?gica de gr?os de cultivares de feijoeiro comum (Phaseolus vulgaris), sob aduba??o org?nica e convencional. Dois experimentos foram realizados em campo na Embrapa Agrobiologia, em Serop?dica ? RJ, entre abril e julho de 2013 e abril e agosto de 2014, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4x4 em parcelas subdivididas (4 cultivares e 4 tipos de aduba??o) com quatro repeti??es, as aduba??es dispostas nas parcelas e as cultivares nas subparcelas. Foram utilizadas as cultivares Apor?, Constanza, Manteig?o e Valente. Os tratamentos de aduba??o foram testemunha absoluta, aduba??o qu?mica e duas doses de aduba??o org?nica com esterco bovino no sulco de plantio e torta de mamona em cobertura. As subparcelas foram constitu?das por 4 linhas de 4 m espa?adas de 0,5 m, empregando-se 12 sementes por metro linear. As sementes foram inoculadas com inoculante comercial contendo riz?bio para feijoeiro com turfa como meio de inocula??o. Efetuaram-se duas amostragens, uma de biomassa e nodula??o na flora??o e outra na matura??o dos gr?os de cada cultivar para avalia??o do rendimento e componentes de produ??o. No mesmo campo experimental, com o objetivo de se determinar a influ?ncia do manejo sobre a qualidade tecnol?gica dos gr?os, instalou-se um ensaio a campo, entre setembro e dezembro de 2015, para produzir gr?os de 6 cultivares comerciais de feijoeiro comum, sob 2 tipos de aduba??o, qu?mica e org?nica. Comparando-se as m?dias da nodula??o quanto ao tipo de aduba??o Nos dois anos, a menor dose de aduba??o org?nica apresentou valores superiores de nodula??o que a maior dose org?nica e, por sua vez os tratamentos testemunha e aduba??o qu?mica n?o diferiram entre si e apresentaram os menores valores para o n?mero e massa de n?dulos. Nos dois anos, as cultivares Apor? e Valente apresentaram valores superiores de n?mero de vagens por planta, n?mero de gr?os por vagem e ?ndice de colheita que as demais. Entretanto n?o houve diferen?as das cultivares para a 19 produ??o de gr?os os dois anos avaliados. A aduba??o org?nica associada ? inocula??o nos dois anos proporcionou rendimentos variando de 209,9 a 262,4 g m-2, considerados satisfat?rios e semelhantes aos obtidos pela aduba??o qu?mica, mostrando-se uma tecnologia promissora. As aduba??es org?nicas proporcionaram conte?dos de N, P, K e Mg nos gr?os similares ao tratamento com aduba??o qu?mica. No experimento de 2015, a porcentagem de absor??o de ?gua nos gr?os e o tempo de cozimento foram menores quando os gr?os foram provenientes da aduba??o org?nica para a maioria das cultivares. Cap. II A produ??o de feijoeiro comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) em pequenas ?reas de cultivo, aliado ao uso de tecnologias que proporcionem redu??o no custo de produ??o e aumento do retorno econ?mico para o agricultor, demanda a identifica??o de cultivares melhor adaptadas a este tipo de manejo e aceita??o no mercado consumidor regional. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a produ??o de diferentes cultivares de feijoeiro, de diferentes tipos comerciais de gr?o, e a utiliza??o t?cnicas de manejo de baixo custo por agricultores familiares da regi?o de Cachoeiras de Macacu ? RJ. Dois experimentos foram realizados entre abril e julho de 2014 (safra de inverno), em duas propriedades sob agricultura familiar, os s?tios ?Dois Irm?os? e ?Santa M?nica?. No s?tio Dois Irm?os adotou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso no esquema de parcelas subdivididas 2 x 5 (2 aduba??es e 5 cultivares), as aduba??es dispostas nas parcelas e as cultivares nas subparcelas. Foram avaliadas as cultivares (Constanza, Kaboon, Manteig?o, Radiante, Valente) sob os tratamentos de aduba??o (qu?mica praticada pelo agricultor e org?nica), com quatro repeti??es por tratamento. Para o s?tio Santa M?nica, adotou-se um delineamento em blocos ao acaso com quatro repeti??es, onde foram avaliadas 6 cultivares (Valente, Constanza, Radiante, Bolinha, Pitanga e Jalo Precoce) sem nenhum tipo de aduba??o. Em ambos experimentos, as parcelas foram constitu?das por linhas de 4 m espa?adas de 0,5 m, empregando-se 12 sementes por metro linear, cujas sementes foram inoculadas com inoculante comercial com riz?bio para feijoeiro, com turfa como meio de inocula??o. Na matura??o dos gr?os de cada cultivar, foi colhida uma ?rea de 2 m2 nas duas linhas centrais de cada parcela para avalia??o da produtividade. No S?tio dois Irm?os, a produ??o de gr?os das cinco cultivares n?o diferiu entre os tratamentos aduba??o org?nica e aduba??o qu?mica. No S?tio Santa M?nica, a produ??o de gr?os das seis cultivares n?o diferiu entre si. As cultivares Valente e Radiante atingiram a maior produ??o no S?tio Dois Irm?os e no 57 S?tio Santa M?nica, respectivamente. Em geral, nas duas propriedades, todas as cultivares avaliadas apresentaram bom desempenho para os diferentes tipos de manejo, com rendimento m?dio acima de 2 000 kg ha-1. A t?cnica de inocula??o das sementes com riz?bio foi bem avaliada pelos agricultores, pela facilidade de execu??o e pelo baixo custo de implanta??o.

<p>У раду је проучаван начин наслеђивања приноса зрна и морфолошких својстава биљке и клипа, као и садржај уља у зрну, у две групе хибрида које су настале укрштањем две инбред линије са повећаним садржајем уља у зрну (1109/IV НС и 1039/IV НС) и шест тестера (НС 27/18, 568/II НС, 922 НС, 15 А НС, А-1 и А-729-5). У наслеђивању приноса зрна по биљци, компонентни приноса и морфолошких својстава, главну улогу има доминантан ефекат гена. У наслеђивању садржаја уља у зрну једино је код хибрида 1109/IV НС x 568/II НС, у обе године проучавања установљен значајнији ефекат адитивних гена. Утврђено је и значајно присуство неповољне интеракције између доминантних гена. За масу 1000 зрна код четири хибрида (1039/IV НС x НС 27/18, 1039/IV НС x 568/II НС, 1039/IV НС x НС 15 А и 1039/IV НС x А-1), као и за висину биљке и клипа код 1039/IV НС x НС 15 А, односно за висину биљке код 1039/IV x 568/II НС установљена је интеракција условљена комплементарним деловањем гена. У раду је одређења херитабилност у ужем, односно ширем смислу. За принос зрна по биљци установљене су средње вредности херитабилности у ширем смислу, и ниске и средње вредности херитабилности у ужем смислу, док су за остала проучавана својства установљене средње и високе вредности херитабилности у ширем смислу, и средње вредности херитабилности у ужем смислу.</p> / <p>U radu je proučavan način nasleđivanja prinosa zrna i morfoloških svojstava biljke i klipa, kao i sadržaj ulja u zrnu, u dve grupe hibrida koje su nastale ukrštanjem dve inbred linije sa povećanim sadržajem ulja u zrnu (1109/IV NS i 1039/IV NS) i šest testera (NS 27/18, 568/II NS, 922 NS, 15 A NS, A-1 i A-729-5). U nasleđivanju prinosa zrna po biljci, komponentni prinosa i morfoloških svojstava, glavnu ulogu ima dominantan efekat gena. U nasleđivanju sadržaja ulja u zrnu jedino je kod hibrida 1109/IV NS x 568/II NS, u obe godine proučavanja ustanovljen značajniji efekat aditivnih gena. Utvrđeno je i značajno prisustvo nepovoljne interakcije između dominantnih gena. Za masu 1000 zrna kod četiri hibrida (1039/IV NS x NS 27/18, 1039/IV NS x 568/II NS, 1039/IV NS x NS 15 A i 1039/IV NS x A-1), kao i za visinu biljke i klipa kod 1039/IV NS x NS 15 A, odnosno za visinu biljke kod 1039/IV x 568/II NS ustanovljena je interakcija uslovljena komplementarnim delovanjem gena. U radu je određenja heritabilnost u užem, odnosno širem smislu. Za prinos zrna po biljci ustanovljene su srednje vrednosti heritabilnosti u širem smislu, i niske i srednje vrednosti heritabilnosti u užem smislu, dok su za ostala proučavana svojstva ustanovljene srednje i visoke vrednosti heritabilnosti u širem smislu, i srednje vrednosti heritabilnosti u užem smislu.</p> / <p>In the present study, a mode of inheritance of grain yield, plant and ear morphological traits, as well as kernel oil content was observed in two groups of test-crosses, made by crossing two inbred lines with high oil content (1109/IV NS and 1039/IV NS) and six testers (NS 27/18, 568/II NS, 922 NS, 15 A NS, A-1 i A-729-5). The dominance gene effects for grain yield and morphological traits of plant and ear were more important than additive gene effects. For kernel oil content dominance was more important for almost all studied test-crosses. Additive gene effect was more important than dominance only for hybrid 1109/IV NS x 568/II NS. A significant presence of duplicate type of epistasis was determined. Besides of duplicate epistasis complementary type of epistasis was detected at four hybrids (1039/IV NS x NS 27/18, 1039/IV NS x 568/II NS, 1039/IV NS x NS 15 A, 1039/IV NS x A-1) for 1000-kernel weight. Also this type of epistasis was detected for plant and ear height at 1039/IV NS x NS 15 A, and for plant height at 1039/IV NS x 568/II NS. In the present study broad- and narrow-sense heritability have been evaluated. Medium broad-sence heritability, and low and medium narrow-sence heritability was detected for grain yield per plant, while for the other medium and high broad-sence heritability, as well as medium narrow-sence heritability have been determined.</p>