This thesis aims to contribute to the knowledge of the regulation and function of the natriuretic peptide (NP) system during follicular dominance, ovulation, oocyte meiosis resumption and cumulus cells expansion in cattle. In the first study, the NP system was characterized in bovine COC. Moreover, NPPA and NPPC increased cGMP levels in cumulus cells and oocyte after 3 hours of culture, preventing the increase of cAMP in oocyte in the presence of forskolin. In the second study, using in vivo experimental models, none of the three NPs were detected in the granulosa cells during follicular deviation in cattle. However, NPR-3 is highly expressed at the expected time of follicular deviation, and all three NP receptors are expressed in granulosa cells of the dominant follicle. FSH injection maintained the expression of the three NP receptors after follicular deviation in the largest and second largest follicles. However, only NPR-1 mRNA decreased after inhibition of estradiol receptors by intrafollicular injection of fulvestrant. In the granulosa cells of pre ovulatory follicles, only NPPB mRNA was not detected. Nevertheless, after the administration of a GnRH analog, NPPC mRNA expression increased within 3 and 6 hours and NPR-3 mRNA gradually decreased after 3 hours. NPPA and NPR-2 mRNA was not regulated by GnRH, but NPR-1 mRNA increased at 24 hours after GnRH. In the third study, abundance of mRNA for NPR-1, NPR-2 and NPR-3 was not altered by LH and/or AG1478 (EGFr inhibitor) after 6 hours of culture in vitro. Also, LH stimulated NPPC mRNA expression and AG1478 prevented this increase in granulosa cultured in vitro. To confirm the in vitro results, was used an in vivo model and observed that the NPPC mRNA expression increased and NPR-3 mRNA decreased in granulosa cells after 6 hours of GnRH challenge. However, intrafollicular injection of AG1478 prevented the effect of GnRH on NPPC and NPR-3 mRNA expression. In addition, it we obseved that ANP in association with LH stimulated COX2 expression in comparison with LH alone or absence of this gonadotropin. It was observed that the EGFr blockade in vivo did not prevent ovulation in cattle. In the fourth study, it was observed that NPR-3 mRNA expression decreases in bovine cumulus cells after treatment of COCs with FSH or FSH+LH via EGFr. Forskolin, an adenylate cyclase stimulator, also decreased NPR-3 mRNA expression in cumulus cells. Expression of NPR-1 mRNA was very low in bovine cumulus cells and NPR-2 mRNA was not regulated in the proposed treatments. In addition, it was observed that the activation of NPR-3 by a specific agonist (cANP4-23) did not interfere in bovine oocyte nuclear maturation, but it inhibited the complete expansion of cumulus cells FSH+LH-stimulated. Additionally, the association of cANP4-23 with CNP further decreased cumulus cell expansion. / Esta tese tem como objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento da regulação e função do sistema dos peptídeos natriuréticos (NP) durante a dominância folicular, ovulação, retomada da meiose oocitária e expansão das células do cumulus em bovinos. No primeiro estudo, caracterizou-se o sistema NP no CCO de bovino e foi demonstrado que o NPPA e o NPPC aumentam os níveis de cGMP no cumulus e no oócito após 3 horas de cultivo, impedindo o aumento de cAMP no oócito na presença de forskolin. No segundo estudo, utilizando modelos experimentais in vivo, os três NPs não foram detectados nas células da granulosa durante a divergência folicular em bovinos. Contudo, demonstrou-se que o NPR-3 apresenta maior expressão no momento esperado da divergência folicular, sendo que após este momento os três receptores NPs apresentavam alta expressão nas células da granulosa do folículo dominante. A administração de FSH manteve a expressão dos três receptores NPs após a divergência folicular no maior e segundo maior folículo. Porém, somente a expressão do NPR-1 diminui após a inibição dos receptores de estradiol pela injeção intrafolicular de fulvestrant. Nas células da granulosa de folículos pré ovulatórios, somente o NPPB não foi detectado. De modo que, após a administração de um análogo de GnRH, a expressão de NPPC aumentou em 3 e 6 horas e a de NPR-3 gradualmente diminuiu após 3 horas. NPPA e NPR-2 não foram regulados pelo GnRH, e o NPR-1 teve a expressão aumentada somente 24 horas após o GnRH. No terceiro estudo, a abundância de mRNA para NPR-1, NPR-2 e NPR- 3 nas células da granulosa não foi alterada por LH e/ou por AG1478 (inibidor do EGFr) após 6 horas de cultivo in vitro. Também em cultivo in vitro de células da granulosa, o LH estimulou a expressão de NPPC, sendo que o AG1478 impediu este aumento. Como forma de comprovar esses resultados in vitro, utilizamos um modelo in vivo e observamos que a expressão do NPPC aumentou e a do NPR-3 diminuiu após 6 horas do desafio com GnRH, nas células da granulosa. De maneira que, a injeção intrafolicular de AG1478 preveniu o efeito do GnRH sobre a expressão do NPPC e NPR-3. Além disso, foi demonstrado que o ANP em associação com o LH estimulou a expressão de COX2 em comparação com LH isoladamente ou ausência desta gonadotrofina. Também foi demonstrado que o bloqueio do EGFr in vivo não foi suficiente para bloquear a ovulação em bovinos. No quarto estudo, foi observado que a expressão do NPR-3 diminui nas células do cumulus pelo tratamento dos CCOs com FSH ou FSH+LH via EGFr em bovinos. Forskolin (estimulador adenilato ciclase) também induziu a diminuição da expressão do NPR-3. A expressão do NPR-1 foi muito baixa no cumulus de bovino e o NPR-2 não apresentou regulação nos tratamentos propostos. Além disso, foi observado que a ativação do NPR-3 por um agonista específico (cANP4-23) não interferiu na maturação nuclear oocitária em bovinos, porém, inibiu a completa expansão das células do cumulus estimulada por FSH+LH. De maneira que, a associação do cANP4-23 com CNP potencializou a inibição da expansão das células do cumulus.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Endocrine and locally produced factors are involved in the selection of the dominant ovarian follicle in the cow. Studies have been conducted to elucidate the precise mechanism by which, in most cases, only one follicle becomes dominant in monovulatory species. A better understanding of the factors involved in this period can serve as a basis to better exploit the reproductive potential in cattle. A complete knowledge of these factors remains unknown. The receptor peroxisome proliferator activated gamma (PPARγ, also called NR1C3) is a member of the PPAR nuclear receptors family. This family of receptors has been shown to be expressed in reproductive tissues of different species and their role in steroidigenesis and regulation of apoptosis. However, involvement of this receptor in folliculogenesis in cattle remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the role of PPARγ during the period of follicle deviation in cattle. At first, the PPARγ mRNA expression was evaluated in granulosa cells of the two largest growing follicles, before (day 2 of the follicular wave), during (day 3) and after (day 4) the follicle deviation period. The mRNA abundance was unchanged during follicular growth in both granulosa and theca cells. In a second experiment, the PPARγ agonist (TZD) was injected intrafollicularly in the dominant follicle in vivo in cows. The agonist caused follicular atresia, demonstrating that the activation of PPARγ in the dominant follicle prevent follicle growth. To determine the mechanism underlying the effects of PPARγ in granulosa cells in vivo, the dominant follicle of each cow was injected with PBS or TZD and the animals were ovariectomized 24 hours post injection. The stimulation of the PPARγ in the dominant follicle reduces the abundance of mRNA encoding the aromatase (CYP19A1) gene, the enzyme responsible for converting androgens to estradiol in granulosa cells and important for follicular development. In conclusion, the increased signaling of PPARγ downregulates aromatase and induces follicular atresia in cattle. / Fatores endócrinos e fatores produzidos localmente estão envolvidos na seleção do folículo dominante. Estudos têm sido realizados no intuito de elucidar o completo mecanismo pelo qual, na maioria das vezes, apenas um folículo torna-se dominante nas espécies monovulatórias. O melhor entendimento dos fatores envolvidos neste período pode servir como base para melhor explorar o potencial reprodutivo dos bovinos. No entanto, o completo entendimento desses fatores permanece desconhecido. O receptor ativado por proliferador de peroxissomo gama (PPARγ, também conhecido como NR1C3) pertence à família de receptores nucleares PPAR e tem sido demonstrado a expressão dessa família de receptores no tecido reprodutivo de diferentes espécies, bem como sua atuação na esteroidogênese e regulação da apoptose. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre o envolvimento deste receptor na foliculogênese em bovinos. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar o papel e a regulação do PPARγ durante o período da divergência folicular na espécie bovina. Em um primeiro momento, foi avaliada a expressão de RNAm do PPARγ nas células da granulosa dos dois maiores folículos em crescimento, antes (dia 2 da onda folicular), durante (dia 3) e após (dia 4) o período da divergência folicular. Observou-se que a expressão deste receptor permanece inalterada durante o crescimento folicular nas células da teca e granulosa. Em um segundo experimento, a injeção intrafolicular com o agonista do receptor em estudo (TZD) no folículo dominante ocasionou a atresia dos folículos injetados. Assim, a ativação do PPARγ no folículo dominante impede o crescimento folicular. Para determinar o efeito da ativação do PPARγ, o folículo dominante de cada vaca foi injetado com TZD ou PBS e os animais foram ovariectomizados após 24 horas. A estimulação do PPARγ no folículo dominante diminui a abundância de RNAm que codifica para o gene aromatase (CYP19A1), enzima responsável pela conversão de andrógenos em estradiol nas células da granulosa e importante para o desenvolvimento folicular. Em conclusão, o aumento da sinalização do PPARγ diminui a expressão da enzima aromatase e induz atresia folicular em bovinos.

OBJETIVO: avaliação da expressão gênicado receptor do fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina de (Insulin-Like Growth Factor- IGF) 1 em células da granulosa luteinizadas do cumulusde mulheres não obesas, com sensibilidade à insulina normal, com síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) tratadas e não tratadas com metformina. MODELO DO ESTUDO: prospectivo, longitudinal, randomizado. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: avaliamos 12 mulheres com ciclosovulatórios, 9 mulheres com SOP e 8 mulheres com SOP e tratadas com metformina, ao menos 8 semanas na dose de 1.700 mg/dia. Todos os grupos foram similares com relação ao peso, ao índice de massa corporal (IMC), à circunferência da cintura e com sensibilidade à insulina normal. Todas as mulheres foram submetidas à estimulação ovariana controlada com uso de agonista de GnRH em protocolo longo e gonadotrofinas para ciclos de FIV/ICSI. As células da granulosa do cumulusforam obtidas por microdissecção dos cinco maiores folículos pré-ovulatórios. A expressão gênica do receptor de IGF-1 foi determinada com técnica da Reação da Polimerase em Cadeia a partir da Transcrição Reversa (Reverse transcriptase - Polymerase Chain ReactionRT-PCR) emiquantitativa. Foram avaliadas as concentrações séricas e foliculares de estradiol, progesterona, testosterona, hormônio folículo estimulante (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone- FSH), hormônio luteinizante (Luteinizing Hormone - LH), Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin(SHBG), glicose, insulina e IGF-1. Para análise estatística, foram utilizados os testes: ANOVA, Newman-Keuls, coeficiente de Pearsone regressão linear múltipla, sendo considerado nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: não foram observadas diferenças com relação à expressão gênica do receptor de IGF-1 nos três grupos analisados (P>0,05). O número de oócitos (20,4 vs. 13,1 vs.11,5, P= 0,009), os níveis séricos de estradiol (1.896,00 pcg/mL vs. 985,20 pcg/mL vs.908,10 pcg/mL,P = 0,03) e testosterona (1,43 ng/mL vs.0,89 ng/mL vs. 0,82 ng/mL pcg/mL,P = 0,02) foram maiores no grupo de mulheres com SOP não tratadas com metformina em comparação com as mulheres com ciclos ovulatórios e tratadas com metformina, respectivamente. As mulheres com ciclos ovulatórios (50.710±42.520 ng/mL) apresentaram maiores concentrações foliculares de progesterona quando comparados com as mulheres com SOP tratadas (13.660±5.212 ng/mL) e não tratadas com metformina (17.680±6.644 ng/mL) (P=0,01). Na avaliação da regressão múltipla, a testosterona sérica não sofreu influência da expressão gênica do receptor de IGF-1 ou do IMC. CONCLUSÕES: as altas concentrações séricas de estradiol e testosterona, maior número de oócitos no grupo de mulheres com SOP não tratadas com metformina nos levam a concluir que mulheres com SOP provavelmente têm uma maior sensibilidade à estimulação da esteroidogênese ovariana quando comparadas com mulheres sem essa doença, embora não tenhasido encontrada diferença na expressão do receptor de IGF-1 nos trêsgrupos analisados. A similaridade dos resultados deste estudo entre mulheres com SOP tratadas com metformina e com ciclos ovulatórios nos levam a \"hipotetizar\" que um dos possíveis mecanismos de ação da metformina no sistema IGF-1 nas células da granulosa do cumulus poderia ser por mecanismos pós-receptores. / OBJECTIVE: evaluation of the gene expression of the IGF-I receptor in luteinized cumulus granulosa cells from non-obese women with normal insulin sensitivity and with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)treated or nor with metformin. STUDY MODEL: prospective,longitudinal, randomized. PATIENTS AND METHODS: we evaluated 12 women withovulatory cycles and 9 women with PCOS who had been treated for at least 8 weeks with a metformin dose of 1700 mg/day. All groups were similar interms of weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference and all had normal insulin sensitivity. All women were submitted to controlled ovarian stimulation with a GnRH agonist in a long protocol and with gonadotropins for IVF/ICSI cycles. Cumulus granulosa cells were obtained by microdissection of the five largest pre-ovulatory follicles. Gene expression of the IGF-1 receptor was determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Serum and follicular concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, FSH, LH, insulin, SHBG, and IGF-1 were determined. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and by the Newman-Keuls test and the Pearson coefficient and linear multiple regression were calculated, with the level of significance set at 5%. RESULTS: no difference in geneexpression of the IGF-I receptor were observed between the three groups studied (P>0.05). The number of oocytes (20.4 vs. 13.1 vs. 11.5, P= 0.009) and the serum levels of estradiol (1,896.00 pcg/mL vs. 985.20 pcg/mL vs.908.10 pcg/mL,P = 0.03) and testosterone (1.43 ng/mL vs.0.89 ng/mL vs. 0.82 ng/mL pcg/mL,P = 0.02) were higher in the group of women with PCOS not treated with metformin than in women with ovulatory cycles and in women treated with metformin, respectively. The women with ovulatory cycles (50.710±42.520 ng/mL) presented higher follicular concentrations of progesterone compared with women with PCOS treated (13.660±5.212 ng/mL) or not with metformin (17.680±6.644 ng/mL) (P=0.01). Multiple regression revealed that serum testosterone was not affected by the gene expression of the IGF-1 receptor or by BMI. CONCLUSIONS: the high serum concentrations of estradiol and testosterone and the larger number of oocytes in the group ofwomen with PCOS not treated with metformin lead us to conclude that women with PCOS probably have greater sensitivity to stimulation ofovarian steroidogenesis than women without the disease, although no difference was detected in the expression of the IGF-I receptor between the three groups studied. The similarity ofthe present results for the women with PCOS treated with metformin and for the women with ovulatory cycles leads us to hypothesize that one of the possible mechanisms of action of metformin on the IGF-1 system in cumulus granulosa cells may be of the post-receptor type.

The mechanisms causing luteolysis of the primate corpus luteum are unknown. There is an increase in expression of liver x receptor (LXR) target genes and reduced low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) during spontaneous luteolysis in primates. The LXRs belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily and increase cholesterol efflux by inducing transcription of their target genes. Uptake of cholesterol into primate luteal cells occurs primarily via LDL, and LDLR transcription is regulated by sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2 (SREBF2). Luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) maintain luteal function by binding to the LH/CG receptor (LHCGR), which stimulates progesterone (P4) synthesis via protein kinase A (PKA). It has also been previously reported that there is an increase in 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OH) concentrations during spontaneous luteolysis in primates. Pregnenolone and P4 inhibit the enzyme activity of CYP27A1 (cytochrome p450, family 27, subfamily A, polypeptide 1), which converts cholesterol into 27OH, an oxysterol that is a natural LXR agonist and SREBF2 inhibitor. Therefore, the overall hypothesis is that LXR-induced cholesterol efflux and reduced LDL uptake via inhibition of SREBF2 activity mediate luteolysis of the human CL. The objective of study 1 is to determine the effects of LXR activation and SREBF2 inhibition on P4 production, cholesterol metabolism and gene expression; and how hCG signaling via PKA regulates these effects in human luteinized granulosa cells. Basal and hCG-stimulated P4 secretion were significantly decreased by the combined actions of the LXR agonist T0901317 (T09) and the SREBF2 inhibitor fatostatin, which was associated with alterations in cholesterol metabolism leading to reduced intracellular cholesterol storage. Expression of LXR target genes in the presence of T09 was significantly reduced by hCG, while hCG significantly increased LDLR expression. These effects of hCG were reversed by a specific PKA inhibitor. Chronic hCG exposure had similar effects on LXR target gene and LDLR expression without an exogenous LXR agonist. The objective of study 2 is to determine the effects of 27OH on P4 production and cholesterol metabolism; and to determine if inhibiting the conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone increases LXR and decreases SREBF2 target gene expression via CYP27A1 in human luteinized granulosa cells. During luteolysis in primates and sheep, CYP27A1 expression significantly increased. 27OH significantly decreased hCG-stimulated P4 secretion and enhanced cholesterol efflux. Aminoglutethimide, which inhibits the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, significantly increased ABCA1 and decreased LDLR. Knock-down of CYP27A1 resulted in a significant increase in P4 secretion, but did not prevent aminoglutethimide-induced effects on ABCA1 and LDLR. Knock-down of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR), which controls cholesterol transport into the mitochondria where CYP27A1 resides, significantly decreased LDLR transcription. Collectively, the data from study 1 support the hypothesis that LXR-induced cholesterol efflux and reduced LDL uptake via inhibition of SREBF2 activity mediates luteolysis in primates, which is reversed by hCG. Data from study 2 indicates that 27OH produced via CYP27A1 may contribute to reductions in P4 synthesis during luteolysis, partially by serving as a dual LXR agonist and SREBF2 inhibitor, although other oxysterols are also likely involved.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-04T17:40:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 sabinewohlresviana.pdf: 8250469 bytes, checksum: d5749466ebaf01dd23c74317cbef4a6a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-07T03:23:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sabinewohlresviana.pdf: 8250469 bytes, checksum: d5749466ebaf01dd23c74317cbef4a6a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-07T03:23:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sabinewohlresviana.pdf: 8250469 bytes, checksum: d5749466ebaf01dd23c74317cbef4a6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-27 / O objetivo geral deste estudo foi investigar variações genômicas e transcriptômicas do receptor de hormônio luteinizante (LHR) e seu papel nos processos de dominância folicular e resposta à superovulação em bovinos. Foram realizados três experimentos, sendo que em todos se utilizou cDNA sintetizado a partir do RNA total extraído de células da granulosa (CG) folicular. Para a caracterização do transcrito do LHR, CG foram recuperadas de folículos dominantes de vacas das raças Gir (n=16) e Holandês (n=16). Após a PCR e o sequenciamento, os dados foram analisados para a presença de polimorfismos, frequência alélica, conteúdo de informação polimórfica (PIC) e Equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg (HWE). Vinte e um polimorfismos de base única (SNPs) foram identificados, sendo 17 em Gir e 14 em Holandês. A classificação dos SNPs de acordo com os valores de PIC identificou 12 como altamente informativos em Gir e cinco em Holandês. Em relação a HWE, oito SNPs não estavam em equilíbrio em Gir e 10 em Holandês. Duas isoformas derivadas de splicing alternativo também foram identificadas, uma no éxon 1 e outra no éxon 10. Conclui-se que o LHR em bovinos leiteiros apresenta uma alta frequência de polimorfismos e múltiplas isoformas. Para avaliar o papel das isoformas do LHR nas CG durante a divergência folicular, a emergência da onda folicular foi sincronizada em novilhas Gir (n=10) e Holandês (n=10) e os folículos foram aspirados individualmente em diâmetros correspondentes aos períodos de pré-divergência, divergência, e pós-divergência. A expressão relativa das isoformas de LHR foi determinada por PCR em Tempo Real e os resultados foram relacionados com as concentrações intrafoliculares de estradiol (E2if). Em ambas as raças, houve um aumento progressivo na concentração de E2if ao longo do desenvolvimento folicular. O E2if foi maior em Holandês quando comparado com Gir antes, durante, e depois da divergência; mas foi similar em folículos de mesmo diâmetro nas duas raças. Observou-se um pico de expressão de LHR total após o início da divergência folicular. A expressão das isoformas de LHR foi ou baixa (Holandês) ou sub-regulada (Gir) durante este mesmo período. Os resultados sugerem que a divergência precoce do folículo dominante em raças de Bos indicus podem estar relacionados à maior sensibilidade ao feedback negativo do estradiol. Além disso, mudanças sequenciais na expressão das isoformas de LHR podem regular a função do LHR durante da divergência folicular em bovinos. A avaliação do comportamento das isoformas de LHR durante a indução exógena do crescimento folicular foi realizada em novilhas Gir caracterizadas com boa (n=5) ou má (n=5) resposta à superovulação. Em ambos os grupos, foram coletadas CG de folículos (8 mm) cujo crescimento ocorreu sem (Controle) ou com estimulação por FSH (SOV). No grupo de boa resposta, não houve diferença na expressão de LHR total entre os tratamentos Controle e SOV. No grupo de má resposta, a expressão de LHR total foi menor em SOV comparado com Controle, mas não houve diferença na expressão das isoformas. Conclui-se que o LHR é diferencialmente expresso em folículos dominantes de novilhas caracterizadas com boa ou má resposta a superovulação. / The aim of this study was to evaluate genomic and transcriptomic variations at the luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) and its role at the follicular dominance establishment and superovulation outcome in bovine. Three experiments were performed, and for all evaluations cDNA synthesized from total RNA extracted from follicular granulosa cells (GC) were used. To characterize the LHR transcript, GC were recovered from dominant follicles from Gir (n=16) and Holstein (n=16) cows. After PCR and sequencing, data were analized to identify polymorphisms, allelic frequency, polymorphic information content (PIC) and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE). Twenty one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) were identified, being 17 in Gir and 14 in Holstein. The classification of SNP according to PIC values identified 12 as highly informative in Gir and five in Holstein. Considering HWE, eight SNP were not in equilibrium in Gir and 10 in Holstein. Two isoforms were also identified, one in exon 1 and other in exon 10. We concluded that LHR in dairy cattle shows a high frequency of polymorphism and multiple isoforms. To evaluate the LHR isoforms role in GC during follicular divergence, the follicular wave emergence was synchronized in Gir (n=10) and Holstein (n=10) heifers and follicles were individually aspirated at the corresponding sizes of pre-, divergence, and post-. The relative expression of LHR isoforms was determined by real time PCR and results were correlated to the intrafollicular estradiol (E2if) concentrations. In both breeds, there was a progressive increase in E2if concentration during follicular development. The E2if in Holstein was higher when compared to Gir before, during, and after divergence; but was similar in follicles of same size in both breeds. We observed a peak for the total LHR expression after the beginning of the follicular divergence. The expression of LHR isoforms was low (Holstein) or under-regulated (Gir) during this same period. The results suggest that the early follicular divergence of the dominat follicle in Bos indicus breeds can be related to a higher sensitivity to the estradiol negative feedback. Besides, sequential changes in LHR isoforms expression can act regulating the LHR function during folicullar divergence in bovine. The evaluation of LHR isoforms behavior during the exogenous induction of follcilualr development was performed in Gir heifer previously characterized as good (n=5) or poor (n=5) responders to superovulation. In both groups, GC were collected from follicles (8 mm) which growth occurred without (Control) or with FSH stimulation (SOV). In good responders group, there was no difference in the LHR expression between the Control and SOV treatments. In the poor responders group, the total LHR expression was lower in SOV when compared to Control, but there was no difference in the expression of the isoforms. We concluded that LHR is differentially expressed in dominant follicles from heifers characterized as good or poor responders to superovulation.

Unfruchtbarkeit stellt heutzutage einen wichtigen Themenschwerpunkt der modernen Medizin dar. Häufig sind es gerade adipöse Frauen, die von Anovulation und Infertilität betroffen sind. Ein Grund hierfür ist der vermehrte oxidative Stress, welcher durch eine erhöhte Aktivität von Lipidperoxidasen, Anstieg der reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) sowie frei zirkulierendem, oxidierten Low Densitiy Lipoprotein (oxLDL) verursacht wird. OxLDL wiederum kann über die Bindung an spezielle Scavenger-Rezeptoren, wie Lectin-like oxidierte LDL Rezeptor 1 (LOX-1), Toll-like Rezeptor 4 (TLR4) und Cluster of Differentiation 36 (CD36), den „programmierten“ Zelltod u. a. von Granulosazellen (GCs) im Ovar induzieren. Damit stellt oxidativer Stress einen wichtigen Ansatzpunkt bei der Frage nach möglichen Therapiekonzepten bei der Infertilität dar. Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand darin, den Einfluss von Antioxidantien auf den oxidativen Status in den Follikelzellen, sowie deren Wirkungsweise auf die oxLDL induzierte Zellschädigung von GCs zu untersuchen. Hierfür wurden die Follikelflüssigkeiten mit den darin enthaltenen GCs von Frauen, welche sich in einer IVF-Therapie befanden, isoliert und verwendet. Als Vertreter der Antioxidantien wurden Resveratrol (RES) und Desferoxamin (DFO) für unsere Untersuchungen genutzt. Die GCs wurden sowohl ausschließlich mit oxLDL als auch in Kombination mit einem der jeweiligen Antioxidantien behandelt. Die Effekte beider Antioxidantien auf die Reproduktion und die ovarielle Funktion ist bis jetzt noch ungeklärt. In unserer Studie konnten wir erstmalig zeigen, dass RES und DFO über unterschiedliche Mechanismen einen protektiven Effekt auf humane GC-Subtypen ausüben. In den in vitro Untersuchungen an humanen GCs konnten wir nachweisen, dass die Behandlung mit RES und DFO die oxLDL induzierte Degeneration verhindert und durch eine Senkung des oxidativen Stresses Schäden sogar präventiv vorbeugt. Dies konnte zum einen über eine stark reduzierte Apoptose-Rate bei gleichzeitiger Induktion einer protektiven Autophagie und damit einer gesteigerten Überlebensrate der oxLDL-behandelten GCs bei simultaner Behandlung mit beiden Antioxidantien gezeigt werden. Auch die Proliferationsrate stieg unter dem Einfluss von RES und DFO in allen 3 GC-Subtypen an. Untersuchungen des Einflusses beider Reagenzien auf Rezeptor-Ebene ergab eine deutlich verminderte Expression der Scavenger Rezeptoren (LOX-1, TLR4, CD36) und des 60-kDa-Hitzeschockproteins (Hsp60) trotz gleichzeitiger Behandlung mit oxLDL. Eine weitere Frage hinsichtlich des Einflusses von RES und DFO auf bekannte oxidative Stressmarker (8-iso-PGF2α, AGEs, Protein-Carbonyl) wurde durch Analysen im Lysat untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die Hochregulation dieser Marker unter oxidativen Stress durch die Antioxidantien auf „normalem“ Ausgangs-Niveau verblieb. Zusammenfassend konnten wir anhand dieser Ergebnisse demonstrieren, dass sowohl RES als auch DFO den oxidativen Stress in humanen GCs effektvoll senken und damit einen protektiven Effekt auf menschliche GCs in vitro ausüben. Auch konnten wir zeigen, dass die Steroid-Synthese in cytokeratin-positiven (CK+) GCs durch RES mittels einer signifikanten Induktion des Regulierungsproteins Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) wiederhergestellt wird. Morita et al. (2012) haben bereits gezeigt, dass RES, u. a. über eine gesteigerte Expression von StAR, eine wichtige Rolle bei der Aktivierung der Luteinisierung und damit bei der terminalen Differenzierung von GCs spielt. Daraus lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass die Steroidgenese eine wichtige Schlüsselfunktion bei den Überlebensmechanismen der GCs unter oxidativem Stress darstellt. In Zusammenschau der Ergebnisse stellen beide Antioxidantien daher einen potenziellen therapeutischen Ansatzpunkt gegen oxidativen Stress in GCs und damit in der Behandlung der bereits oben genannten zum Teil Adipositas-assoziierten Krankheitsbilder und Infertilitätsproblemen dar. Um diese Hypothese zu unterstützen, wird aktuell an einem Adipositas-induzierten Infertilitäts-Modell an Mäusen gearbeitet, um so die Wirkung von RES und DFO in vivo zu untersuchen. Aufgrund der vielversprechenden protektiven Wirkungen wäre zukünftig dann u. a. der Einsatz beider Substanzen bei der Behandlung von adipösen Frauen in der in vitro Fertilisation (IVF) denkbar. Schlussfolgernd lässt sich hypothetisch annehmen, dass eine frühzeitige, präventive Behandlung mit Antioxidantien Komplikationen vor, während und nach der Schwangerschaft reduzieren und sogar verhindern kann.

Le récepteur nucléaire Nr5a2, également connu sous le nom de liver receptor homolog-1 (Lrh-1), est exprimé au niveau de l’ovaire chez la souris, exclusivement dans les cellules lutéales et de la granulosa. La perturbation de Nr5a2, spécifique aux cellules de la granulosa chez la souris à partir des follicules primaires dans la trajectoire du développement folliculaire a démontré que Nr5a2 est un régulateur clé de l’ovulation et de la fertilité chez la femelle. Notre hypothèse veut que Nr5a2 régule les évènements péri- et post-ovulatoires dans une séquence temporelle lors de la folliculogénèse. Afin d'étudier l’implication de Nr5a2 lors de l’ovulation et de la lutéinisation à différents stades du développement folliculaire, nous avons généré deux modèles de souris knockout spécifiques aux cellules de la granulosa pour Nr5a2: 1) Nr5a2Amhr2-/-, avec une réduction de Nr5a2 à partir des follicules primaires et subséquents; 2) Nr5a2Cyp19-/-, avec une réduction de Nr5a2 débutant au stade antral de développement en progressant. L’absence de Nr5a2 à partir des follicules antraux a résulté en une infertilité chez les femelles Nr5a2Cyp19-/-, de même qu’en des structures non-fonctionnelles similaires aux structures lutéales au niveau des ovaires, en une réduction des niveaux de progestérone synthétisée ainsi qu’en un échec dans le support d’une pseudo-gestation. La synthèse de progestérone a été entravée suite à l’absence de Nr5a2 par l’entremise d’une régulation à la baisse des gènes reliés au transport du cholestérol, Scarb1, StAR et Ldlr, démontré par qPCR. Les complexes cumulus-oocytes des femelles Nr5a2Cyp19-/- immatures super-stimulées ont subi une expansion in vivo, mais l’ovulation a été perturbée, possiblement par une régulation à la baisse du gène du récepteur de la progestérone (Pgr). Un essai d’expansion du cumulus in vitro a démontré une expansion défectueuse du cumulus chez les Nr5a2Amhr2-/-, associée à un dérèglement de la protéine des jonctions communicantes (Gja1; Cx43). Cependant, l’expansion du cumulus chez les Nr5a2Cyp19-/- n’a pas été autant affectée. Des résultats obtenus par qPCR ont démontré une régulation à la baisse dans l’expression des gènes Areg, Ereg, Btc et Tnfaip6 chez les deux modèles de cellules ovariennes knockout à 2h et 4h post hCG. Nous avons observé que 85% des oocytes, chez les deux génotypes mutants, peuvent subir une rupture de la vésicule germinative, confirmant leur capacité de maturation in vivo. La technique d’injection intra-cytoplasmique de spermatozoïdes a prouvé que les oocytes des deux génotypes mutants sont fertilisables et que 70% des embryons résultants ont poursuivi leur développement vers le stade de blastocyste, et ce, indépendamment du génotype. En conclusion, Nr5a2 régule la fertilité chez les femelles tout au long du processus du développement folliculaire. Il a été démontré que Nr5a2 est essentiel à la lutéinisation et que sa perturbation dans les cellules somatiques ovariennes ne compromet pas la capacité des oocytes à être fertilisés. En vue d’ensemble, nous avons fourni une investigation inédite et complète, utilisant de multiples modèles et techniques afin de déterminer les mécanismes par lesquels Nr5a2 régule les importants processus que sont l’expansion du cumulus, l’ovulation ainsi que la formation du corps jaune. / The nuclear receptor Nr5a2, also known as liver receptor homolog-1 (Lrh-1), is expressed in the mouse ovary, exclusively in granulosa and luteal cells. Granulosa-specific disruption of Nr5a2 in mice from primary follicles onward in the follicle development trajectory has shown that Nr5a2 is a key regulator of ovulation and female fertility. We hypothesized that Nr5a2 modulates peri- and post-ovulatory events in a temporal sequence during folliculogenesis. To examine the role of Nr5a2 in ovulation and luteinization at different stages of the follicular development, we generated two Nr5a2 granulosa-specific knockout mice models: 1) Nr5a2Amhr2-/-, with Nr5a2 depletion from primary follicles forward; and 2) Nr5a2Cyp19-/-, with Nr5a2 depletion from the antral stage of development forward. The lack of Nr5a2 beginning in antral follicles resulted in infertility in Nr5a2Cyp19-/- females, with ovaries displaying non-functional luteal-like structures, synthesizing reduced progesterone levels and failing in supporting pseudopregnancy. Progesterone synthesis was affected by the lack of Nr5a2 through the downregulation of the cholesterol transport-related genes, Scarb1, StAR and Ldlr, as shown by qPCR. The cumulus-oocyte complexes of superstimulated Nr5a2Cyp19-/- immature females underwent expansion in vivo, but ovulation was disrupted, likely due to the downregulation of the progesterone receptor (Pgr) gene. An in vitro cumulus expansion assay showed defective cumulus expansion in Nr5a2Amhr2-/- associated with a dysregulation in the gap junction alpha-1 (Gja1; Cx43). In vitro cumulus expansion in Nr5a2Cyp19-/- was less affected than in Nr5a2Amhr2-/- cumulus-oocyte complexes. Data from qPCR showed a downregulation in the gene expression of Areg, Ereg, Btc and Tnfaip6 in both knockout ovarian cells at 2 h and 4 h post hCG. We found that 85% of the oocytes in both mutant genotypes can undergo germinal vesicle breakdown, confirming their capability to mature in vivo. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) showed the oocytes in both mutant models to be fertilizable and 70% of the resulting embryos proceeded to a blastocyst stage, independent of the genotype. In conclusion, Nr5a2 regulates female fertility along the entire process of the follicular development. Nr5a2 is shown to be essential for luteinization and its disruption in ovarian somatic cells does not compromise oocyte fertilizability. In overview, we provided a novel and comprehensive investigation, using multiple models and techniques to determine the mechanisms by which Nr5a2 regulates the important processes of cumulus expansion, ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum.

Les « Facteurs de croissance des fibroblastes» (FGF) agissent comme des régulateurs locaux sur la qualité des follicules et sont connus pour promouvoir la prolifération des cellules de granulosa, réduire l’apoptose et la stéroïdogenèse. Parmi la sous-famille FGF8, FGF18 est une exception puisqu’il semblerait avoir une fonction pro-apoptotique alors que FGF8 n’a pas été jusqu’à présent rapporté comme altérant la viabilité des cellules de la granulosa. Ces deux ligands ont un mode d’activation similaire et il pourrait être proposé que toute la sous-famille FGF8 ait la même réponse. L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer si FGF8 et FGF18 activaient la même réponse précoce de gènes dans des cultures de granulosa bovine. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons cultivé des cellules de la granulosa dans du milieu de culture sans sérum pendant 5 jours. Le jour 5, les cellules ont été traitées avec FGF8 ou FGF18. Nous avons eu recours à une approche de « puce à ADN » afin d’identifier la réponse précoce de gènes induite par FGF8 et FGF18, et les données ont été confirmées par des PCRs en temps réel lors d’une expérience in vitro où les cellules de granulosa ont été traitées avec FGF8 et FGF18 pendant différents temps. L’analyse du puce à ADN a identifié 12 gènes surexprimés par FGF8, incluant SPRY2, NR4A1, XIRP1, BAMBI, EGR1, FOS et FOSL1. A l’inverse, FGF18 n’a régulé aucun gène de manière significative. Les analyses de PCR ont confirmé l’augmentation d’ARNm codant pour EGR1, EGR3, FOS, XIRP1, FOSL1, SPRY2, NR4A1 et BAMBI après 2 h de traitement. FGF18 a entrainé seulement une augmentation de l’expression de EGR1 après 2 h de traitement parmi tous les gènes testés. Ces résultats démontrent donc que FGF8 et FGF18, malgré leur similarité dans le mode d’activation de leurs récepteurs, agissent sur les cellules de la granulosa via différentes voies de signalisation. FGF8 et FGF18, sont donc tous les deux capables de stimuler l’expression de EGR1, mais les voies de signalisation induites par la suite divergent. / Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) act as local regulators of follicular health and are known to increase granulosa cell (GC) proliferation, reduce apoptosis and decrease steroidogenesis. One exception is FGF18, which appears to be a pro apoptotic member of the FGF8-subfamily while FGF8 has not been reported to alter GC health. These two ligands have similar activation patterns and it could be proposed that all FGF8-subfamilies would have the same response. The objective of this study was to determine if FGF8 and FGF18 activate the same early response genes in cultured bovine GC. To address this we cultured GC in serum free medium for five days. On day 5, cells were challenged with FGF8 or FGF18. We used a microarray approach to identify early response genes altered by FGF8 and FGF18, and data were confirmed by real-time PCR in an independent time-course experiment. Microarray identified 12 genes up-regulated by FGF8, including SPRY2, NR4A1, XIRP1, BAMBI, EGR1, FOS and FOSL1. In contrast FGF18 did not result in significant regulation of any gene. PCR analysis confirmed the stimulation of abundance of mRNA encoding EGR1, EGR3, FOS, XIRP1, FOSL1, SPRY2, NR4A1 and BAMBI after 2 hours of challenge. FGF18 resulted in an increase of EGR1 mRNA abundance at 2 h, but not of the other genes tested. These results demonstrate that FGF8 and FGF18, despite reportedly similar receptor activation patterns, act on granulosa cells through different intracellular pathways. Both FGF8 and FGF18 stimulate EGR1 expression, but thereafter their signaling pathways diverge.

Les Wnts représentent une famille de glycoprotéines de signalisation qui sont connues pour les nombreux rôles qu'ils jouent durant le développement embryonnaire et dans la cancerogénèse. Plusieurs Wnts, leurs récepteurs (Fzd) et d'autres composants des voies de signalisation des Wnt sont exprimés dans l’ovaire postnatal, et il a été démontré que l’expression de certains de ces gènes est régulée pendant le développement et l'ovulation/luteinization folliculaires. Toutefois, leurs rôles physiologiques dans l’ovaire demeurent mal définis. Pour étudier le rôle de WNT4 dans le développement folliculaire, nous avons entrepris d’identifier ses cibles transcriptionnels dans les cellules de la granulosa. Pour ce faire, nous avons employé la souris Catnbflox(ex3)/flox(ex3), chez laquelle une activation constitutive de la voie de Wnt/β-catenin a lieu suite à l’action de la recombinare Cre. Des cellules de la granulosa de ces souris ont été mises en culture et infectées avec un adenovirus pour causer la surexpression de WNT4 ou l’expression de Cre. L’ARN a alors été extrait de ces cellules et analysé par micro-puce. Les résultats ont démontré qu’une forte proportion des gènes induits par WNT4 étaient des gènes impliqués dans la réponse cellulaire au stress. Presque tous gènes induits par WNT4 ont également été induits par Cre, indiquant que WNT4 signale via la voie Wnt/β-catenin dans ces cellules. Nos résultats suggèrent donc que WNT4 favorise la survie des follicules par l’induction de gènes de réponse au stress dans les cellules de la granulosa, augmentant ainsi la résistance cellulaire à l'apoptose. / The Wnts comprise a large family of local-acting, secreted glycoprotein signaling molecules that are known mostly for the numerous roles they play in embryonic development and cancer. Several Wnts, their cognate receptors of the Frizzled (Fzd) family and other components of the Wnt signaling pathways are expressed in the postnatal ovary, and several have been shown to exhibit specific patterns of regulation in response to gonadotropin stimulation. Nonetheless, their role(s) in ovarian physiology remain poorly defined. To study the role of WNT4 in follicle development, we endeavoured to identify its transcriptional targets in granulosa cells. To this end, we used the Catnbflox(ex3)/flox(ex3) mouse model, in which constitutive activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is obtained following Cre-mediated genetic recombination. Cultured granulosa cells from these mice were infected with adenoviruses to either overexpress WNT4 or to express Cre. RNA from these cells was then extracted and subjected to microarray analysis. Results revealed that a large proportion of the genes induced by WNT4 were genes previously shown to mediate cellular stress responses. Nearly all genes that were up-regulated by WNT4 were also induced by the Cre, indicating that WNT4 signals via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in these cells. Our findings suggest that WNT4 mediates ovarian follicle survival by inducing a stress response in granulosa cells, thereby increasing their resistance to apoptosis.

La régulation transcriptionnelle des gènes est un processus indispensable sans lequel la diversité phénotypique des cellules ainsi que l’adaptation à leur environnement serait inexistant. L’identification des éléments de régulation dans le génome est d’une importance capitale afin de comprendre les mécanismes gouvernant l’expression des gènes spécifiques à un type cellulaire donné. Ainsi, suite au pic de LH, le follicule ovarien entre dans un programme intensif de différentiation cellulaire, orchestré par des modifications majeures du profile transcriptionnel des cellules de granulosa, déclenchant ultimement l’ovulation et la lutéinisation, processus indispensables à la fertilité femelle. L’hypothèse supportée par cette étude stipule qu’une réorganisation de la structure chromatinienne survient aux régions régulatrices d’une panoplie de gènes dans les heures suivant le pic de LH et qu’en isolant et identifiant ces régions, il serait possible de retrouver des éléments essentiels aux processus d’ovulation et de lutéinisation. Ainsi, en utilisant un protocole standard de superovulation chez la souris, les éléments de régulation se modifiant 4h suivant l’administration de hCG ont été isolés et identifiés dans les cellules de granulosa en utilisant la méthode FAIRE (Formaldehyde-Assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements) combinée à un séquençage haut débit. Cette étude a démontré que suite au stimulus ovulatoire, les cellules de granulosa subissent une reprogrammation majeure des éléments de régulation, qui est corrélée avec une modification drastique de leurs fonctions biologiques. De plus, cette étude a mis en évidence une association majoritaire des éléments de régulation à des régions intergéniques distales et à des introns, indiquant que ces régions ont une importance capitale dans la régulation transcriptionnelle dans les cellules de granulosa. Cette étude a également permis d’identifier une panoplie de régulateurs transcriptionnels reconnus pour être essentiels à la fonction ovarienne, ainsi que leur sites de liaison dans le génome, démontrant que la méthode FAIRE est une méthode assez puissante pour permettre la prédiction d’événements moléculaires précis ayant un sens physiologique réel. / Identification of regulatory elements in the genome is of paramount importance to understanding the mechanisms governing the expression of specific genes in a given cell type. Following the LH surge, the ovarian peri-ovulatory follicle enters an intensive program of cellular differentiation, orchestrated by major changes in the transcriptional profile of granulosa cells, ultimately triggering ovulation and luteinization, processes essentials for fertility in females. In the mouse, several genes essential to the success of this program are induced 2 to 6 hours after the ovulatory stimulus. Using a standard protocol for superovulation in mice, the regulatory elements were isolated and identified in granulosa cells 4h after administration of hCG using the method FAIRE (Formaldehyde-Assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements) combined with next generation sequencing. The results of this analysis demonstrate that after the ovulatory stimulus, granulosa cells undergo a major reprogramming of regulatory elements, which is correlated with the extensive changes in their biological functions. In addition, this study showed that most regulatory elements were associated with distal intergenic regions and introns, indicating that these regions are important in transcriptional regulation in granulosa cells. A variety of transcriptional regulators known to be essential for ovarian function, and their binding sites were also identified in this analysis, demonstrating that the FAIRE method has the power to predict molecular events that have correlates in the known physiology of ovarian processes.