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Estudo do processo de formação de nanopartículas de GeSi em matriz de sílica por técnicas de luz síncrotron / Study of the formation process of GeSi nanoparticles embedded in silica by synchrotron radiaton techniquesGasperini, Antonio Augusto Malfatti, 1982- 19 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Gustavo de Medeiros Azevedo, Ângelo Malachias de Souza, Eduardo Granado Monteiro da Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T08:06:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Neste trabalho estudamos a formação e estrutura de nanopartículas (NPs) de GeSi encapsuladas em sílica, utilizando técnicas baseadas em luz síncrotron, complementadas com imagens de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Obtivemos a forma, o diâmetro médio e a dispersão de tamanhos usando espalhamento de raios X a baixos ângulos em incidência rasante (GISAXS). A partir dos dados de difração de raios X (XRD) foi possível obter a fase cristalina, o parâmetro de rede e o tamanho médio dos cristalitos. Estes resultados serviram como dados de entrada em um modelo para análise através da técnica de estrutura fina de absorção de raios X (EXAFS), a qual forneceu informações sobre a estrutura local na vizinhança dos átomos de Ge. Apesar dos resultados de cada uma das técnicas acima serem comumente analisados de forma separada, a combinação destas técnicas leva a uma melhor compreensão das propriedades estruturais das NPs. Através da combinação dos resultados tivemos acesso a informações tais como a deformação da rede cristalina (strain), a fração de átomos cm ambientes cristalino e amorfo, a fração de átomos de Ge diluída na matriz e a possibilidade de formação de estruturas do tipo core-shell cristalino-amorfo. Resultados adicionais como a origem do strain e a temperatura de solidificação das NPs, dentre outros, foram obtidos através de um experimento in situ de absorção de raios X em energia dispersiva (DXAS), inédito na análise deste sistema. Por fim, utilizamos as técnicas acima citadas para acompanhar a evolução dos parâmetros estruturais em amostras tratadas termicamente durante diferentes intervalos de tempo / Abstract: In this work we study the formation and structure of GeSi nanoparticles embedded in silica matrix using synchrotron-based techniques complemented by TEM images. Shape, average diameter and size dispersion were obtained from grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering. X-ray diffraction measurements were used to obtain crystalline phase, lattice parameter and crystallite mean sizes. By using these techniques as input for extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis, the local structure surrounding Ge atoms is investigated. Although the results for each of the methods mentioned above are usually analyzed separately, the combination of such techniques leads to an improved understanding of nanoparticle structural properties. Crucial indirect parameters that cannot be quantified by other means are accessed in our work, such as local strain, possibility of forming core-shell crystalline-amorphous structures, fraction of Ge atoms diluted in the matrix and amorphous and crystalline Ge fraction. Additional results as the origin of the strain and temperature of solidification of NPs, among others, were obtained through an in situ energy dispersive X-ray absorption experiment (DXAS), unheard in this system. Finally, we use the techniques mentioned above to monitor the evolution of the structural parameters of samples annealed during different time intervals / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências
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Molecular-beam epitaxy growth and structural characterization of semiconductor-ferromagnet heterostructures by grazing incidence x-ray diffractionSatapathy, Dillip Kumar 05 December 2006 (has links)
Diese Arbeit behandelt das Wachstum des ferromagnetischen Metalls MnAs auf halbleitendem GaAs. Die MnAs-Filme werden auf GaAs mittels der Molekularstrahlepitaxie (MBE) abgeschieden. Nukleation, Entwicklung von Gitterverzerrungen, Morphologie und Grenzflächenstruktur werden in-situ während des MBE Wachstums mit Hilfe von Beugung unter streifendem Einfall (GID) und der Beugung hochenergetischer Elektronen (RHEED) untersucht. Mit azimuthalen RHEED Messungen wurden vier Abschnitte des Nukleationsprozesses von MnAs auf GaAs(001) bestimmt. GID Messungen zeigen, dass das weitere Wachstum des MnAs Films bei einer nominellen Bedeckung von 2.5 ML über die Bildung relaxierter Inseln erfolgt, welche an Größe zunehmen und schließlich einen durchgängigen Film bilden. In einem Frühstadium bildet sich ein geordnetes Versetzungsnetzwerk an der Grenzfläche, welches die Verzerrungen aufgrund der Fehlanpassung bereits vor der vollständigen Ausbildung des durchgängigen Films abbauen. Der faszinierend komplexe Nukleationsprozess von MnAs auf GaAs(0 0 1) beinhaltet sowohl Elemente von Volmer-Weber, als auch von Stranski-Krastanov Wachstum. Die nicht einheitliche Gitterfehlanpassung beträgt 0.66% entlang der [1 -1 0] Richtung und 0.54% entlang der [1 1 0] Richtung, wie sich aus den Röntgenbeugungsmessungen ergibt. Entlang der [1 1 0] Richtung wird eine hohe Korrelation der Defekte beobachtet. Ein hochgradig periodisches Versetzungsnetzwerk mit einer Periode von 4.95 +- 0.05 nm entlang der [1 1 0] Richtung wird an der Grenzfläche gebildet und relaxiert 7.5% der Fehlanpassung. Die inhomogenen Verzerrungen aufgrund dieser periodischen Versetzungen an der Grenzfläche sind auf eine Schicht von 1.6nm Dicke beschränkt. Die Fehlanpassung entlang der [1 -1 0] Richtung wird durch die Bildung eines Koinzidenzgitters abgebaut. / The present work is devoted to the growth of the ferromagnetic metal MnAs on the semiconductor GaAs by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE). The MnAs thin films are deposited on GaAs by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE). Grazing incidence diffraction (GID) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) are used in situ to investigate the nucleation, evolution of strain, morphology and interfacial structure during the MBE growth. Four stages of the nucleation process during growth of MnAs on GaAs(001) are revealed by RHEED azimuthal scans. GID shows that further growth of MnAs films proceed via the formation of relaxed islands at a nominal thickness of 2.5 ML which increase in size and finally coalesce to form a continuous film. Early on, an ordered array of misfit dislocations forms at the interface releasing the misfit strain even before complete coalescence occurs. The fascinatingly complex nucleation process of MnAs on GaAs(0 0 1) contains elements of both Volmer-Weber and Stranski-Krastanov growth. A nonuniform strain amounting to 0.66%, along the [1 -1 0] direction and 0.54%, along the [1 1 0] direction is demonstrated from x-ray line profile analysis. A high correlation between the defects is found along the GaAs[1 1 0] direction. An extremely periodic array of misfit dislocations with a period of 4.95 +- 0.05 nm is formed at the interface along the [1 1 0] direction which releases the 7.5% of misfit. The inhomogeneous strain due to the periodic dislocations is confined at the interface within a layer of 1.6 nm thickness. The misfit along the [1 -1 0] direction is released by the formation of a coincidence site lattice.
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Chemical biology approaches to study toxin clustering and lipids reorganization in Shiga toxin endocytosis / Etude de la condensation et de la réorganisation des lipides lors de l’endocytose de la toxine de Shiga via une approche de biologie chimiqueGao, Haifei 12 November 2015 (has links)
La toxine bactérienne de Shiga se lie au glycosphingolipide (GSL) globotriaosylcéramide (Gb3) afin d’entrer par endocytose dans les cellules en utilisant une voie dépendante et indépendante de la clathrine. Dans la voie indépendante de la clathrine, la toxine de Shiga réorganise les lipides de la membrane de façon à imposer une contrainte mécanique sur la bicouche, conduisant ainsi à la formation de pic d’invagination d'endocytose profonds et étroits. Mécaniquement ce phénomène n’est pas encore compris, notamment il reste énigmatique, comment se traduisent les propriétés géométriques de l’agrégation des glycosphingolipides GSLS et de la toxine. Dans mon travail de thèse, via l’utilisation de la sous-unité B de la toxine de Shiga (STxB) comme un modèle, différentes espèces moléculaires de son récepteur Gb3 ont été synthétisés avec des structures délibérément choisis. Les études réalisées par imagerie de haute résolution et par la modélisation informatique ont permis d’élucider les contraintes mécano-chimique sous-jacente conduisant à une réorganisation efficace qui a pour résultat l’agrégation de la toxine et la réorganisation des lipides. En combinant des expériences de simulation sur ordinateur de dynamique des particules dissipatives (DPD) et des expériences sur des modèles de membranes cellulaires, nous avons fourni la preuve de l’induction d’une force de fluctuation-membrane, de type « force de Casimir », conduisant à l'agrégation des molécules de toxines associées à la membrane à des échelles de longueur mésoscoiques. Nous avons observé et mesuré, en outre la condensation lipidique induite par la toxine, quantitativement sur des monocouches de Langmuir en utilisant la réflectivité des rayons X (XR) et par la mesure de la diffraction des rayons X par incidence rasante (GIXD), fournissant ainsi une preuve directe de l'hypothèse que la toxine a le potentiel de réduire de façon asymétrique la surface moléculaire sur la partie membranaire exoplasmique, ce qui conduit à une déformation locale de la membrane. Durant ma thèse, nos efforts ont été consacrés à la réalisation de nouveaux glycosphinolipides (GSL) comme outils chimiques à visée biologique. Par ailleurs, une nouvelle stratégie de reconstitution de GSL fonctionnels sur la membrane cellulaire, basée sur une réaction de ligation de type « click » entre un glycosyl-cyclooctyne et un azido-sphingosine a été étudiée. Les résultats obtenus sur les cellules se sont avérés beaucoup moins efficace que ceux in vitro. Une poursuite de l'optimisation de cette méthodologie est actuellement en cours. Une sonde fluorescente du glycosphinolipide Gb3, marquée à l’Alexa Fluor 568 lui-même lié par l'intermédiaire d'un bras PEG-α à la position de la chaîne acyle, a été synthétisée. Cette sonde se lie à la STxB sur couche mince de TLC, mais pas sur des membranes modèles. D'autres améliorations sont discutées. / Bacterial Shiga toxins bind to the glycosphingolipid (GSL) globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) to enter cells by clathrin-dependent and independent endocytosis. In the clathrin-independent pathway, Shiga toxin reorganizes membrane lipids in a way such as to impose mechanical strain onto the bilayer, thus leading to the formation of deep and narrow endocytic pits. Mechanistically how this occurs is not yet understood, and notably how the geometric properties of toxin-GSLs complexes translate into function has remained enigmatic. In my thesis work, using the B-subunit of Shiga toxin (STxB) as a model, different molecular species of its receptor Gb3 have been synthesized with deliberately chosen structures, coupled with high resolution imaging and computational modeling, to understand the underlying mechano-chemical constraints leading to efficient toxin clustering and lipids reorganization. By combining dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) computer simulation and experiments on cell and model membranes, we provided evidence that a membrane fluctuation-induced force, termed Casimir-like force, drives the aggregation of tightly membrane-associated toxin molecules at mesoscopic length scales. Furthermore, toxin-induced lipid condensation was observed and measured quantitatively on Langmuir monolayers using X-ray reflectivity (XR) and grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXD), thereby providing direct evidence for the hypothesis that the toxin has the potential to asymmetrically reduce the molecular area of the exoplasmic membrane leaflet, leading to local membrane deformation. During my PhD, effort was also invested to develop new GSL tools applied to the biological setting. A novel strategy based on the Cu-free click reaction between glycosyl-cyclooctyne and azido-sphingosine was designed with the goal to functionally incorporate GSLs into cellular membranes. Following the synthesis work, click reactions have been performed in solution and on cells. Compared to the former, results on cells were far less efficient. Further optimization is currently ongoing. A fluorescently labeled Gb3 probe with Alexa Fluor 568 coupled via a PEG linker to the α-position of the acyl chain, was synthesized, to which STxB bound on TLCs, but not on model membranes. Further improvements are discussed.
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Kirkpatrick-Baez Microscope for Hard X-Ray Imaging of Fast Ignition ExperimentsFriesen, Hal Unknown Date
No description available.
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