Die Arbeit liefert ein umfassendes Verständnis der (1) Auswirkungen auf Landnutzung und Treibhausgas (THG)-emissionen im Zusammenhang mit der deutschen Milchproduktion im Zeitraum von 2000 bis 2015 und bis 2030, (2) Unsicherheiten hinsichtlich der Bewertung der THG-emissionen der Milchproduktion und (3) Bewertung der Anwendbarkeit des zugrundeliegenden Modells für andere Länder als Deutschland. Landnutzung stellt die Anbaufläche von Futter für bestimmte Milchleistungen dar. Die Arbeit konzentrierte sich auf die Landnutzungsänderung zwischen Grün- und Ackerland durch Änderung der Milchkuhrationen. Ein Ökobilanz-Modell wurde entwickelt, um die Auswirkungen der Entwicklung der deutschen Milchproduktion und -leistung (typische Rationen unter deutschen Bedingungen) bis 2030 für drei Weidesysteme (ohne Weide, Halbtags- und Ganztagsweide) zu simulieren. THG-emissionen wurden für die gesamte Produktionskette berechnet, beginnend mit dem Pflanzenbau. Eingangsdaten für Ökobilanz-Studien von Lebensmitteln werden von Variabilität und Unsicherheiten beeinflusst. Ein systematischer Ansatz (Kombination aus lokaler und globaler Sensitivitätsanalyse) wurde verwendet, um wesentliche Eingangsparameter für die Bewertung der THG-emissionen der Milchproduktion zu identifizieren. Zu diesem Zweck wurden drei Rationen, welche die Weidesysteme im Jahr 2030 repräsentieren, ausgewählt. Die lokale Sensitivitätsanalyse diente der Identifikation der einflussreichsten Parameter, die globale der Identifikation der wichtigsten Parameter. Die USA dienen der Prüfung der Anwendbarkeit des Modells für andere Länder. Produktionssystem, verfügbare Daten und IPCC Tier-Methoden werden mit dem deutschen System und zugehörigen Daten verglichen. Diese Arbeit liefert wichtige Erkenntnisse zur künftigen Intensivierung der Milchproduktion sowie zu Klimaschutzpotenzialen in Abhängigkeit der Fütterungsstrategie. Darüber hinaus trägt sie zur Verringerung der Unsicherheiten künftiger Studien zur Milchproduktion bei. / This thesis provides an comprehensive understanding of: (1) impacts on land use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to the German milk production in the period from 2000 to 2015 and further until 2030, (2) uncertainties with regard to the assessment of GHG emissions of milk production and (3) evaluation of applicability of the underlying life cycle assessment (LCA) model for countries other than Germany. Land use represents the acreage needed to provide sufficient feed for certain milk yields. This research focusses on land use change between grassland and cropland as an effect of changing dairy cow diets. A LCA model, which reflects typical dairy cow diets under German conditions, was developed to simulate the impact of the German development of milk production and yield until 2030 for three grazing systems (zero-, restricted and unrestricted grazing). GHG emissions have been calculated for the whole production chain, beginning with crops cultivation. Input parameter of LCA studies of food products are affected by variability and uncertainty. A systematic approach (combining local and global sensitivity analysis) was used to identify essential input parameters for the assessment of GHG emissions of milk production. Three diets representing the grazing systems in the year 2030 were selected for this purpose. Local sensitivity analysis was used to identify the most influential parameters, global sensitivity analysis was used to identify the parameters which are most important. The United States of America are taken as example to verify the applicability of the LCA model for other countries. Production system, available data, and IPCC tier methods were compared with the German system and data. This thesis provides important insights on future intensification of milk production along with climate change mitigation potentials depending on the feeding strategy. Moreover, it contributes to the reduction of uncertainties of future LCA studies of milk production.

Background and discussion of the problem: At present, it is not possible to compare the greenhouse gas emissions in the third-party logistics sector on an equal basis, as there are different methods of calculating greenhouse gas emissions to be applied to third-party logistics companies. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to highlight the challenges that arise for the 3PL company and its business-to-business customers when there are different greenhouse gas emission calculation methods available for application. Method: A qualitative study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with the 3PL company, the government agency, and three business-to-business customers. In addition, a text analysis of five different third-party logistics companies was conducted.  Conclusion: The study has determined that the current calculation methods are insufficient as individual calculation methods and are not suitable for comparison. As a result, inequity in the third-party logistics industry is likely to persist, as third-party logistics companies may report distorted results. The study also shows that when third-party logistics providers are unsure about which calculating method to use, their business-to-business customers are impacted.  The study contributes to practical usefulness as the 3PL company gains a clearer insight into how other stakeholders relate to the different calculation methods, which is also relevant for other third-party logistics companies. The study has also contributed to theoretical usefulness through several different articles, creating an extended theoretical availability for the third-party logistics industry. / Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: För närvarande går det inte att likställt jämföra växthusgasutsläpp inom tredjepartslogistikbranschen, eftersom det finns olika beräkningsmetoder av växthusgasutsläpp att tillämpa för tredjepartslogistikföretagen.  Syfte: Studiens syfte är att belysa utmaningar som uppstår för 3PL företaget och dess business-to-business kunder när det finns olika beräkningsmetoder av växthusgasutsläpp att tillämpa. Metod: En kvalitativ studie har genomförts genom semi-strukturerad intervjustudie med 3PL företaget, myndigheten och tre business-to-business kunder. Samt har en textanalys på fem olika tredjepartslogistikföretag genomförts.  Slutsats: Studien fastställer att de beräkningsmetoder som tillhandahålls idag inte lämpar sig för jämförande och är otillräckliga som enskilda beräkningsmetoder. Slutsatsen av detta är att orättvisan inom tredjepartslogistikbranschen kommer kvarstå då tredjepartslogistikföretagen kan redovisa förvrängda resultat. Studien fastställer även att tredjepartslogistikföretagens business-to-business kunder påverkas när tredjepartslogistikföretagen känner sig osäkra kring valet av beräkningsmetod. Studien bidrar till praktisk användbarhet då 3PL företaget får en klarare insyn i hur andra intressenter förhåller sig till de olika beräkningsmetoderna, vilket även är relevant för andra tredjepartslogistikföretag. Studien har även bidragit till teoretisk användbarhet genom att användning av flera olika artiklar skapat en utökad teoretisk tillgänglighet inom tredjepartslogistikbranschen.

Elektroautos gelten als Hoffnungsträger, um die verkehrsbezogenen Treibhausgasemissionen in Deutschland drastisch zu reduzieren. Aus bisheriger Forschung geht hervor, dass Elektroautos über den Lebenszyklus im Durchschnitt eine geringere Menge an Treibhausgasen verursachen als konventionelle Pkw mit Verbrennungsmotoren. Jedoch betrachtet bisherige Forschung nicht, welchen Einfluss verschiedene Fahrzyklen der Pkw auf die Ökobilanz haben, was zur Folge hat, dass technologische Unterschiede, die nur auf einem Teil des Straßennetzes Anwendung finden, nicht berücksichtigt werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht den Einfluss verschiedener Fahrzyklen auf die Höhe der Treibhausgasemissionen von Elektroautos und Pkw mit Benzin- bzw. Dieselmotor. Grundlage der Emissionsbestimmung sind je ein Autobahn-Fahrzyklus und ein Stadt-Fahrzyklus, anhand derer der Strom- bzw. Kraftstoffverbrauch modelliert wird. Die Modellierung erfolgt anhand eines mikroskopischen Verbrauchsmodells, welches physikalische Kräfte, Fahrzeugparameter sowie wesentliche technologische Unterschiede berücksichtigt. Neben den Emissionen der Nutzungsphase werden die Emissionen der Produktions- und der Recyclingphase bestimmt, um den Lebenszyklus eines Pkw zu komplettieren. Die Ergebnisse bisheriger Forschung werden bestätigt, da das Elektroauto für beide Fahrzyklen geringere Emissionen aufweist. In der Stadt fällt der Unterschied deutlich höher aus, hier verursacht das Elektroauto 45,7 % weniger Treibhausgasemissionen als der Benziner bzw. 34,1 % weniger als der Diesel. Im Vergleich dazu lassen sich auf der Autobahn Treibhausgasemissionseinsparungen von 27,9 % bzw. 17,9 % realisieren, wobei die Treibhausgasemissionen in der Stadt für Elektroautos und für Autos mit Benzin- bzw. Dieselmotor höher sind als auf der Autobahn. Eine abschließende Sensitivitätsanalyse zeigt, dass ein weniger emissionsintensiver Strommix sowie die Reduktion des Leergewichts Hebel zur weiteren Reduktion der Emissionen des Elektroautos sind. Daraus erschließt sich, dass Elektroautos im Vergleich zu Pkw mit Benzin- bzw. Dieselmotor ökobilanziell zurecht als Hoffnungsträger gelten, doch ihr Einsparpotenzial durch den Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien sowie durch die Verwendung kleinerer und leichterer Pkw in der Stadt erhöht werden kann.:Abbildungsverzeichnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII Tabellenverzeichnis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX Abkürzungsverzeichnis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI Symbolverzeichnis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII 1 Einleitung. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2 Aktueller Forschungsstand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 3 Vorstellung des Konzepts der LCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 4 Methodik: Festlegung des Ziels und des Untersuchungsrahmens. . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 4.1 Batterieelektrische Pkw (BEV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.2 Pkw mit Verbrennungsmotor (ICEV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.3 Fahrzyklen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.4 Modellierung der Produktionsphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.5 Modellierung der Nutzungsphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.6 Modellierung der Recyclingphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 4.7 Modellierung der Aggregation der einzelnen Phasen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.8 Betrachtete Emissionen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.9 Funktionelle Einheit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 5 Sachbilanz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 6 Ergebnisse: Wirkungsabschätzung. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6.1 Treibhausgasemissionen der Produktionsphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6.2 Treibhausgasemissionen der Nutzungsphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 6.3 Treibhausgasemissionen der Recyclingphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 6.4 Aggregierte Treibhausgasemissionen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 7 Sensitivitätsanalyse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 7.1 Definition und Arten von Sensitivitätsanalysen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 7.2 Methodik der lokalen Sensitivitätsanalyse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 7.3 Variation des Leergewichts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 7.4 Variation des Luftwiderstandsbeiwertes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 7.5 Variation der Lebensfahrleistung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 7.6 Variation des Strommixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 7.7 Variation des Rekuperationsgrads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 7.8 Variation der Betriebs- und Verlustleistung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 7.9 Aggregation der Ergebnisse der Sensitivitätsanalyse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 8 Diskussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 9 Zusammenfassung und Implikationen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Literaturverzeichnis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV Anhang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII A.1 Input für die Produktionsphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII A.2 Input für die Nutzungsphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI A.3 Ergebnisse der Wirkungsabschätzung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII A.4 Ergebnisse der Sensitivitätsanalyse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII / Electric cars are seen as a beacon of hope regarding the drastic reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector in Germany. Previous research shows that electric vehicles are emitting a smaller amount of greenhouse gases than cars with a petrol or a diesel engine. However, previous research does not consider the influence of different use cases of passenger cars, which means that technological differences which only apply to parts of the road network are not accounted for. The goal of this thesis is to extend previous research by investigating the influence of different drive cycles on the amount of greenhouse gas emissions emitted by electric cars and cars with a petrol or a diesel engine. Specifically, a highway drive cycle and an urban drive cycle are used to model the consumption of electricity, petrol or diesel. In other words, it is a microscopic model utilizing physical forces, car parameters, and significant technological differences. Besides the emissions during driving the emissions caused by production and recycling are taken into account to complete the life cycle of cars. The results of previous research can be confirmed by this thesis as the amount of greenhouse gas emissions caused by electric cars is smaller than that caused by cars with petrol or diesel engines for both drive cycles. In the urban area, the difference among the investigated technologies is significantly greater over the entire lifecycle; the electric car emits 45.7 % less than a car with a petrol engine and 34.1 % less than a car with a diesel engine. In comparison, on the highway the electric car emits just 27.9 % less than a car with a petrol engine and 17.9 % less than a car with a diesel engine. A final sensitivity analysis shows that a less emission-intensive electricity mix and a reduced vehicle weight are key levers for further reducing greenhouse gas emissions of electric cars. In summary, the results of this thesis lead to the conclusion that electric cars are rightfully seen as a beacon of hope for drastically reducing greenhouse gas emissions; nevertheless, their impact could be further enhanced by expanding renewable energies and by focussing on lighter electric vehicles in urban areas.:Abbildungsverzeichnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII Tabellenverzeichnis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX Abkürzungsverzeichnis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI Symbolverzeichnis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII 1 Einleitung. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2 Aktueller Forschungsstand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 3 Vorstellung des Konzepts der LCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 4 Methodik: Festlegung des Ziels und des Untersuchungsrahmens. . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 4.1 Batterieelektrische Pkw (BEV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.2 Pkw mit Verbrennungsmotor (ICEV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.3 Fahrzyklen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.4 Modellierung der Produktionsphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.5 Modellierung der Nutzungsphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.6 Modellierung der Recyclingphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 4.7 Modellierung der Aggregation der einzelnen Phasen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.8 Betrachtete Emissionen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.9 Funktionelle Einheit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 5 Sachbilanz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 6 Ergebnisse: Wirkungsabschätzung. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6.1 Treibhausgasemissionen der Produktionsphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6.2 Treibhausgasemissionen der Nutzungsphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 6.3 Treibhausgasemissionen der Recyclingphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 6.4 Aggregierte Treibhausgasemissionen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 7 Sensitivitätsanalyse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 7.1 Definition und Arten von Sensitivitätsanalysen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 7.2 Methodik der lokalen Sensitivitätsanalyse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 7.3 Variation des Leergewichts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 7.4 Variation des Luftwiderstandsbeiwertes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 7.5 Variation der Lebensfahrleistung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 7.6 Variation des Strommixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 7.7 Variation des Rekuperationsgrads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 7.8 Variation der Betriebs- und Verlustleistung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 7.9 Aggregation der Ergebnisse der Sensitivitätsanalyse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 8 Diskussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 9 Zusammenfassung und Implikationen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Literaturverzeichnis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV Anhang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII A.1 Input für die Produktionsphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII A.2 Input für die Nutzungsphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVI A.3 Ergebnisse der Wirkungsabschätzung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII A.4 Ergebnisse der Sensitivitätsanalyse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXVIII

Methane (CH4) source of Greenhouse Gases should be considered; CH4 is formed by composting under anaerobic conditions. Using microbial Methane oxidation is a solution with low cost and effective. In this study, 27 bio-filters and 18 laboratory-scale bioreactors were used to investigate the potential for CH4 removal in biogas. The CH4, Dinitrogen monoxide (N2O) and Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations at the inlet and outlet of the air purifier were measured by gas chromatography. The results showed that the CH4 concentration decreased in experiments while the CO2 and N2O content increased in all experiments. An experiment was conducted with 1 kg of biofilter material with the input of 800 ppm CH4 contained in a 5-liter flask for 49 hours containing. The results also showed that the CH4 concentration decreased by 71% after 20 hours and N2O was formed in the reactor. / Mê-tan (CH4) là nguồn khí gây nên hiệu ứng nhà kính cần được quan tâm, khí CH4 được sinh ra trong quá trình ủ vi sinh trong điều kiện kị khí. Một giải pháp với chi phí thấp là sử dụng vi sinh vật oxy hóa khí CH4 cố định trên giá thể là vật liệu sử dụng trong thiết bị lọc sinh học. Trong nghiên cứu này, 27 thiết bị lọc sinh học trên thực tế và 19 bình lọc tại phòng thí nghiệm đã được sử dụng nhằm mục đích khảo sát khả năng loại bỏ CH4 có trong khí sinh học. Nồng độ khí CH4, N2O và CO2 ở đầu vào và đầu ra bể lọc khí được đo đạc bằng phương pháp sắc ký khí. Kết quả cho thấy nồng độ khí CH4 giảm sau khi qua hệ thống lọc sinh học ở một số bình, trong khi nồng độ khí CO2 và N2O lại tăng lên ở tất cả các bình. Khi khảo sát khả năng oxi hóa CH4 ở nồng độ 800 ppm của 1kg vật liệu thiết bị lọc sinh học chứa trong bình phản ứng thể tích 5L với thời gian 49 giờ. Kết quả cho thấy nồng nồng độ CH4 giảm 71% sau 20 giờ. Tuy nhiên, N2O đã được ghi nhận có hình thành trong bình phản ứng đó.

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På grund av antropogena utsläpp av växthusgaser sker stora förändringar i klimatet. Dessa kan leda till förödande konsekvenser för både människor, djur och natur. För att olika företag och verksamheter ska kunna mäta, hantera och eventuellt reducera sina växthusgasutsläpp används Greenhouse Gas Protocol som standard för växthusgasrapportering. Röda Korset Sverige har påbörjat ett klimatbokslut enligt Greenhouse Gas Protocol men inte inkluderat sina cirka 600 lokalföreningar runt om i landet. Syftet med detta arbete är därför att identifiera och kategorisera vilka aktiviteter Röda Korsets lokalföreningar bedriver som är av relevans i en växthusgasrapportering. Detta sker enligt Greenhouse Gas Protocol Scope 3, som är uppdelat i 15 olika kategorier och innefattar de indirekta växthusgasutsläppen genererade av den rapporterande verksamheten. Arbetet ämnar även leda till en enkät med generella frågor som ska kunna ställas till olika lokalföreningar för att mäta deras utsläpp av växthusgaser.  För att besvara syftet studerades inledningsvis Greenhouse Gas Protocol. Vidare genomfördes ett studiebesök inkluderat en intervju med ansvarig vid Röda Korsets lokalförening i Örebro samt en intervju med ansvarig vid Röda Korsets lokalförening i Piteå. Informationen om lokalföreningarnas aktiviteter som anskaffades kategoriserades sedan enligt kategorierna som Scope 3 innefattar, vilket sammanställdes i en tabell. En enkät utformades baserat på de kategoriserade aktiviteterna.  Resultatet visar att lokalföreningen i Örebro bedriver aktiviteter som platsar i Scope 3 kategorierna 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 och 11, medan lokalföreningen i Piteå bedriver aktiviteter som platsar i kategorierna 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 och 9. Frågeenkäten som skapades innehåller frågor baserade på de aktiviteter som platsade i någon av kategorierna som ingår i Scope 3, det innebär alltså att aktiviteter som inte tagits i beaktande i samband med kategoriseringen inte heller behandlats i frågeenkäten. Slutsatsen är att det saknas mycket information för att göra en fullständig Scope 3 rapportering. Förbättringar som behövs göras är bland annat att kartlägga verksamheterna mer noggrant. Det borde också undersökas huruvida lokalföreningarna bör ingå i Scope 1 och 2 som innefattar de direkta växthusgasutsläppen, i stället för Scope 3. / Due to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, major changes are taking place in the climate. These can lead to devastating consequences for both humans, animals, and nature. For various companies and businesses to be able to measure, manage and possibly reduce their greenhouse gasemissions, the Greenhouse Gas Protocol is used as a standard for greenhouse gas reporting. The Red Cross Sweden has started a greenhouse gas accounting according to the Greenhouse Gas Protocol but has not included its approximately 600 local associations around the country. The purpose of this report is to identify and categorize which activities the Red Cross local associations carry out that are relevant in a greenhouse gas accounting. This was done according to the Greenhouse Gas protocol, Scope 3 which is divided into 15 different categories that includes indirect greenhouse gasemissions generated by the reporting companies. The report also intends to lead to a questionnaire with general questions that can be asked to local associations to measure their greenhouse gasemissions.  To answer the purpose of the report, the Greenhouse Gas Protocol was initially studied. Furthermore, a study visit including an interview at the Red Cross Örebro was done and an interview with the Red Cross Piteå. Information about the local associations' activities that were acquired was then categorized according to the categories included in Scope 3, which were summarized in a table. The questionnaire was then designed based on the categorized activities.  The results show that the activities of the Red Cross Örebro fit in categories 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 11, while the activities of Red Cross Piteå fit in categories 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 9. The questionnaire that was created contains questions based on the activities that were placed in at least one of the categories included in Scope 3, which means that activities not taken in account during the categorization were not included in the questionnaire. However, it can be stated that there is a lack of information in order to make a complete greenhouse gas accounting. Further improvements that need to be made are to map the activities more accurately. It should also be examined whether the local associations should be included in Scope 1 and 2, instead of Scope 3.

To strengthen support for climate action initiatives, this study analyzes how municipalities manage their stakeholders as part of the NetZeroCities mission, which is an initiative targeting selected European cities aiming to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. This research utilizes the method of a case study, focussing on the process of a major city in Sweden, transitioning to net zero by 2030. Through the lens of Stakeholder and Network Theory it discovers how collaboration and networks within the city are established and maintained. The study uses a qualitative approach and utilizes three types of data collection methods: semi-structured Interviews with members of the municipality as well as stakeholders; Document Analysis of the NetZeroCities Contract of the municipality; a group Interview with local politicians. To analyze the empirical data we used the process of coding and a further categorization, which built the base for data analysis. The research highlights the importance of inclusive engagement, education, and awareness in promoting collaborative sustainability efforts. It underscores the value of sufficient communication channels, broad participation, strong networks and creative problem-solving. It also reveals gaps in the municipality's performance: a lack of communication strategies targeting the general public, limited networking opportunities for businesses, and a lack of unified management across departments and organizations, highlighting the need for unified leadership to integrate climate goals into daily practice. The study advocates for a closer, more structured collaboration between municipalities and stakeholders and stresses the need for strong interdisciplinary networks. It also emphasizes the necessity for education and communication efforts aimed at the general public in order to increase awareness and a sense of ownership of climate actions.

Objective: Researches which studied the relation of dietary greenhouse gas emissions with health outcomes are few, inconsistent and most of them are modelling studies which have not investigated empiric dietary emission patterns. In this study, we employ a posteriori data dimension reduction method, treelet transform, to identify dietary and diet related emission patterns concurrently. We aim to evaluate if these patterns are correlated, if they areassociated with diabetes and if emission patterns can be used as a proxy for dietary patterns for assessment of association with diabetes. Design: Food items from dietary questionnaire were aggregated to 34 food groups. GHGE was estimated by linking food intakes with life cycle assessment data on emission. Dietary and emission patterns were identified by employing treelet transform on food intake and corresponding greenhouse gas emission data. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to investigate associations between quintiles of dietary patterns and diabetes. Adjusted mean values of emission estimates were obtained for the identified dietary patterns. Adjusted proportions of diabetes across quintiles of emission patterns were computed. Setting: Västerbotten Intervention Program Subjects: women (n 38,118); men (n 36,042) between the age of 35 and 65 years Results: Four dietary and four corresponding emission patterns in women, five dietary and five corresponding emission patterns in men were identified. Moderate to strong correlations were observed between dietary and corresponding emission patterns. Prudent dietary pattern (PP) in women was inversely associated with dysglycemia [ORQ5 vs. Q1 = 0.82 (95% CI 0.69—0.97, Ptrend =0.003)]. PP in women was also inversely associated with diabetes [ORQ5 vs.Q1 = 0.37 (95% CI 0.17—0.78, Ptrend = 0.002)]. However, adherence to this dietary pattern was associated with higher dietary emission. Finally, none of the corresponding emission patterns, were associated with adjusted proportions of either dysglycemia or diabetes. Conclusion: Treelet transform produces correlated dietary and emission patterns which are sparse and easily interpretable. However, some differences in loading structures between dietary and emission patterns result in different conclusion regarding the association with diabetes, rendering the usage of emission patterns as proxies of dietary patterns inappropriate. Results from our study also show that healthy dietary patterns do not necessarily reduce greenhouse gas emission.

Countries and governments around the world have accepted the scientific argument on the prevalence and the possible effect of global warming and climate change on the environment, world economy and ultimately human life (Nhamo, 2011). Amongst all industrial corporations, the mining industry is the biggest environmental polluter due to its extractive nature and energy intensive operations. However because of its economic importance, it cannot be abandoned, instead it needs to find a win-win situation, where it continues to succeed but minimizes environmental damage. This thesis aims to examine the possible impact of clean technology on the sustainability of South African gold mining sector. Specifically, the study aims to determine the drivers behind the move towards clean technologies and methods, identify challenges and opportunities associated with this transition at Harmony Gold’s Kusasalethu mine. This was achieved through using Kusasalethu as a case study to which investigations of the effectiveness of clean technology and methods were carried out. The case study was multidimensional; exploring the effect of clean technology on energy consumption, greenhouse gas emission (GHG), water consumption, cyanide management and Kusasalethu’s financial performance. While the case study was largely qualitative it involved quantitative data analysis that had to be triangulated with other data sources and data gathering instruments to achieve legitimacy. This meant that the study had to adopt the mixed research methods. The instruments used included; key informant interviews, and document analysis, structured questionnaire and a set of open ended questions that served as interview guide. The qualitative data were analyzed by means of coding, descriptions, typologies, taxonomies and visual representations, whilst quantitative data were processed through Microsoft Excel to generate various forms of descriptive statistics. The findings indicate that resource consumption (energy, water, cyanide) depends on the mine design and gold output rate. Clean technology implementation at Kusasalethu helped the mine reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions. However scope 2 (indirect GHG emissions associated with energy consumption) is also determined by coal production technologies and methods used by coal mines. Although data on Kusasalethu water and cyanide management and related technologies was not available, the aggregate data for all Harmony Gold mines indicated higher annual water and cyanide consumption during 2010 and 2012. In terms of Kusasalethu’s financial performance and clean technology adaptation, acquisition of clean technologies increased capital expenditure temporarily. However, the positive effects of the clean technology transition and implementation minimized operational cost and increased operational profit greatly. Although adopting clean technologies calls for increased capital expenditure, this study reveals that this expenditure pays off in lower operation costs for the mine and the environment benefits through lower GHG emission. However, clean technologies are yet to impact significantly in lowering water and cyanide consumption levels as they do with energy consumption. The study concluded that clean technology and methods played a positive role on Kusasalethu’s environmental impact and financial performance by reducing energy consumption and GHG emissions. Though, more need to be done in terms of water and cyanide management. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)