La recherche scientifique biomédicale dans le domaine des cellules souches et plus largement de la médecine régénérative offre aujourd’hui des promesses d’applications thérapeutiques révolutionnaires pour de nombreuses maladies. Pourtant, il semble que pour certains, ces avancées pourraient servir d’autres desseins, notamment en ce qui concerne l’amélioration biologique de l’humain vers des objectifs de contrôle voire d’inversion du processus de vieillissement. Beaucoup de ceux qui tiennent à ces idées appartiennent à un mouvement, dit transhumaniste, où ils s’accordent sur des idées et valeurs communes concernant l’avenir de l’humain. Plus que cela, certains de ces acteurs transhumanistes prennent activement part à la recherche scientifique et orientent celle-ci vers les valeurs qu’ils soutiennent, touchant ainsi aux frontières de disciplines scientifiques établies et à la démarcation entre science et pseudoscience. En s’appuyant sur les concepts de recherche confinée / recherche de plein air, de forum hybride et de travail aux frontières, la présente recherche explore la place que les chercheurs transhumanistes occupent dans la recherche scientifique institutionnelle et se questionne sur la façon et les moyens qu’ils mettent en oeuvre pour y prendre part. À partir de la constitution et de l’analyse d’un corpus documentaire transhumaniste sur les cellules souches, mais aussi en décrivant le réseau auquel les chercheurs transhumanistes appartiennent, l’étude apporte une perspective nouvelle sur le mouvement transhumaniste. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les chercheurs transhumanistes ne se cantonnent pas à produire des discours et des représentations de leurs idées et de leurs valeurs, mais participent activement à la réalisation de celles-ci en menant eux-mêmes des recherches et en infiltrant la recherche scientifique institutionnelle. / Biomedical research in the field of stem cells and regenerative medicine promise a wide array of revolutionary therapeutic applications for many diseases. Yet for some those advances could serve other purposes, particularly in regards to the biological improvement of humans, means of control and even the reversing of aging process. Many of those who share these ideas belong to a movement called transhumanism. Some of these actors are actively involved in scientific research and steer it in accord with their personal values. Up to a point were they reach the outer limits of science into what we can only describe as pseudoscience. Based on the concepts of confined research / research in the wild, hybrid forum and boundary work, this master thesis explores the role of transhumanist researchers involved in institutional scientific research by questioning their ways and means. For this analysis, we produced a transhumanist documentary corpus on stem cells and studied the relations of transhumanist researchers as a network. This study provides a new perspective on the transhumanist movement. We agrue that transhumanist researchers are not confined to the representations of their ideas and values through discourse, but actively partake in the achievement of transhumanist’s objectives by conducting research within institutional scientific research structures.

Today, the issues related to the presence of bears and wolves in the Czech Republic are more frequently discussed due to their occasional occurrence. The significant part of the public still considers these predators dangerous and they even think that a man is supposed to be their potential prey. A lot of surveys confirming this have been already taken, but none of them was focused on the views of primary and secondary schools students. As they are a part of the school education system, their views on the large carnivores should be mainly shaped by it. A questionnaire-based survey was used to find the attitudes of students. The first part of the questionnaire focused on the students' opinions about the dangerousness of predators, its reasons and common wolf presence in the Czech Republic. The second part of the questionnaire is focused on the domestic dog, which has wolf origins. It deals mainly with the attitudes of students to selected dog breeds, dog domestication awareness and views on the so- called "fighting breeds". This work has been aimed at identification of attitudes of the primary and secondary school students from different regions of the Czech Republic to the selected predators. The survey was also taken at primary schools in the High Tatras Mountains, an area where all the large...

This theses focuses on olfactory and visual components of mate choice in grey partridge. The aim is to evaluate the importance of melanin-based ornametnation and olfaction in mate choice and to explain the role of sexual selection in the evolution of secondary ornamentation in this socially monogamous galliform bird. To do that several experiments were conducted to (1) assess the ability of individuals to recognize conspecific odour and (2) to estimate the significance of melanin based feather ornamentation in male-male and male-female interactions. In some experiments I manipulated the expression (size) of feather maleanin- based ornamentation while in others I used birds forced to pair randomly to find out how the size of ornament and similarity in ornament expression between males and females (assortative pairing) affects reproductive success and investments (egg hatchability and number of eggs laid).

Plus d’un millier d’exoplanètes ont été découvertes depuis une dizaine d’années. Plus incroyable encore, nous pouvons maintenant caractériser les atmosphères de ces mondes lointains. Des spectres de Jupiter-chauds tels que HD 189733b et HD 209458b et de planètes similaires à Neptune telles que GJ1214b sont déjà disponibles et ceux de planètes plus petites le seront bientôt. La plupart des observations caractérisent l’état moyen de l’atmosphère. Pour les cas les plus favorables, l’observation des courbes de phase et la technique de cartographie par éclipse secondaire permettent d’obtenir une résolution en longitude et en latitude. Les planètes les plus proches de leurs étoiles sont aussi les plus faciles à observer. Ces mondes chauds sont radicalement différents des exemples que nous avons dans le système solaire. Modéliser correctement leurs atmosphères est un défi à relever pour comprendre les observations présentes et à venir. Durant cette thèse, j’ai développé des modèles de différente complexité pour comprendre les interactions entre la structure thermique, la composition, la circulation atmosphérique et l’évolution à long terme des exoplanètes irradiées. La forte luminosité de leur étoile hôte détermine le climat de ces planètes. Elle engendre une circulation atmosphérique qui maintient l’atmosphère dans un état de déséquilibre thermique et chimique, affectant son évolution. Avec les futurs instruments de nombreuses autres planètes vont être découvertes et caractérisées. Nos modèles seront testés sur une large diversité de planètes, ouvrant les portes de la climatologie aux exoplanètes. / More than a thousand exoplanets have been discovered over the last decade. Perhaps more excitingly, probing their atmospheres has become possible. We now have spectra of hot Jupiters like HD 189733b and HD 209458b, of Neptune-like planets like GJ1214b and even smaller planets are within reach. Most exoplanet atmospheric observations are averaged spatially, often over a hemi- sphere (during secondary eclipse) or over the limb of the planet (during transit). For favorable targets, longitudinal and latitudinal resolution can also be obtained with phase curve and secondary eclipse mapping techniques respectively. The closer the planet orbits to its star, the easier it is to observe. These hot planets strongly differ from the examples we have in our solar-system. Proper models of their atmospheres are challenging yet necessary to understand current and future observations. In this thesis, I use a hierarchy of atmospheric models to understand the interactions between the thermal structure, the composition, the atmospheric circulation and the long-term evolution of irradiated planets. In these planets, the large stellar irradiation dominates the energy budget of the atmosphere. It powers a strong atmospheric circulation that transports heat and material around the planet, driving the atmosphere out of thermal and chemical equilibrium and affecting its long-term evolution. Future instruments (Gaia, SPIRou, CHEOPS, TESS, PLATO etc) will discover many more planets that the next generation of telescopes (GMT, TMT, E-ELT or JWST) will characterize with an unprecedented accuracy. Models will be tested on a large sample of planets, extending the study of climates to exoplanets.

Humans affect ecosystems by changing species compositions, landscape and climate. This thesis aims to increase our understanding of anthropogenic effects on mesopredator abundance due to changes in apex predator status, landscape and climate. I show that in Eurasia the abundance of a mesopredator, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), is limited top-down by the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) and bottom-up by winter severity. However, where lynx has been eradicated, fox abundance is instead related to bottom-factors such as cropland (paper I, II). Fox abundance was highest when croplands constituted 25% of the landscape (paper II). I also project red fox abundance in Sweden over the past 200 years and in future scenarios in relation to lynx density, land use and climate change. The projected fox abundance was highest in 1920, when lynx was eradicated and the proportion of cropland was 22%. In 2010, when lynx had recolonised, the projected fox abundance was lower than in 1920, but higher than in 1830. Future scenarios indicated that lynx abundance must increase in respond to climate change to keep fox at the same density as today. The results suggest a mesopredator release when lynx was eradicated, boosted by land use and climate change, and that changes in bottom-up factors can modify the relative strength of top-down factors (paper IV). From 1846-1922, lynx, wolverine (Gulo gulo) and grey wolf (Canis lupus) declined in Scandinavia due to persecution; however I show that the change in wolverine abundance was positively related to the changes in lynx and wolf abundance. This indicates that wolverine is subsidized by carrions from lynx and wolf kills rather than limited top-down by them (paper III). This thesis illustrates how mesopredator abundance is determined by a combination of top-down and bottom-up processes, and how anthropogenic impacts not only can change the structures of predator guilds, but also may modify top-down processes through changes in bottom-up factors. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p><p> </p>

O núcleo dorsal da rafe (NDR) é a principal fonte de projeções serotonérgicas que inervam o sistema límbico. Estudos mostram que o NDR é uma estrutura complexa, formada por distintas sub-regiões topograficamente organizadas e que apresentam diferentes propriedades neuroquímicas e funcionais. Tem sido proposto que duas vias serotonérgicas oriundas do NDR, o trato prosencefálico e o trato periventricular, modulam diferentemente a expressão de comportamentos defensivos associados aos transtornos de ansiedade generalizada e de pânico. O presente trabalho investigou se as respostas defensivas de esquiva e de fuga evocadas no modelo do labirinto em T elevado (LTE), relacionadas à ansiedade generalizada e ao pânico, respectivamente, recrutam diferentes sub-regiões do NDR. Na primeira etapa do trabalho, usando a técnica de imunoistoquímica para detecção da proteína Fos e da enzima triptofano hidroxilase, avaliamos a expressão da proteína Fos por neurônios serotonérgicos e não-serotonérgicos em diferentes sub-regiões do NDR, bem como em estruturas mesencefálicas vizinhas ao NDR, ou seja, o núcleo mediano da rafe (NMR) e substância cinzenta periaquedutal (SCP) de ratos em decorrência da expressão dos comportamento de esquiva inibitória ou fuga no LTE. Nossos resultados mostraram que os comportamentos de fuga e de esquiva evocados no LTE recrutam distintas populações neuronais do NDR, do NMR, bem como da SCP. Enquanto neurônios serotonérgicos localizados no nível médio e caudal do NDR, mais precisamente, nas sub-regiões dorsal (DRD), caudal (DRC) e interfascicular (DRI), bem como do NMR, estão envolvidos com a aquisição do comportamento de esquiva inibitória, neurônios não serotonérgicos das asas laterais do NDR/SCP ventrolateral, bem como das colunas, dorsomedial e dorsolateral da SCP participam da expressão da fuga. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, avaliamos os efeitos da administração do agonista de receptores AMPA/cainato, ácido caínico, no DRD, DRC e asas laterais do NDR sobre os comportamentos defensivos avaliados no LTE. Os resultados mostraram que a injeção de ácido caínico, tanto no DRD, quanto no DRC, facilita a aquisição da esquiva inibitória e também prejudica a expressão do comportamento de fuga. Já, a estimulação das asas laterais do NDR com ácido caínico induz a expressão do comportamento de fuga, sem alterar o comportamento de esquiva. Efeito oposto sobre o comportamento de fuga foi observado com a administração nesta região de cloreto de cobalto, um inibidor da transmissão sináptica. Nossos resultados mostraram ainda que a administração de ácido caínico nas asas laterais aumenta a distância percorrida pelos animais em uma arena circular, resultado indicativo da evocação da resposta de fuga. Por fim, avaliamos a o envolvimento da neurotransmissão mediada por receptores GABAA e por receptores CRF1 nas asas laterais do NDR, na expressão do comportamento de fuga expressa no LTE. Os resultados mostram que o bloqueio dos receptores GABAA nas asas laterais facilitou a expressão da fuga. Por outro lado a administração de antalarmina, antagonista de receptores CRF1 não alterou a expressão da resposta de fuga, porém prejudicou a aquisição da esquiva inibitória. Em conjunto, os resultados da primeira etapa indicam o envolvimento de diferentes sub-populações neuronais do NDR na expressão dos comportamentos de esquiva e fuga avaliados no LTE. Nossos resultados também apontam o envolvimento de neurônios serotonérgicos do NMR na expressão da esquiva inibitória, bem como a participação da SCP na resposta de fuga. Os resultados da segunda etapa indicam que neurônios serotonérgicos localizados no DRD e DRC possam dar origem aos tratos prosencefálico e periventricular abordados pela teoria de Deakin & Graeff (1991). Embora as asas laterais do NDR estejam marcantemente envolvidas na expressão/regulação da resposta de fuga, populações neuronais específicas dessa região também estão envolvidas na modulação do comportamento de esquiva inibitória. / The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is the main source of serotonergic projections that innervate the limbic system. A wealth of evidence indicates that the DRN is a complex structure composed by topographically organized sub-regions with distinct functional and neurochemical properties. It have been proposed that two serotonergic pathways originating in the DRN, the forebrain and periventricular tracts, distinctly modulate defensive behaviors associated with generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder. The present study addressed the hypothesis that the two defensive responses evoked by the elevated T maze (ETM), i.e. escape and inhibitory avoidance which have been related to generalized anxiety and panic disorders, respectively, would recruit different subregions of the DRN. In the first part of this work, the number of doubly-immunostained cells for Fos protein and tryptophan hydroxylase, a marker of serotonergic neurons, was assessed within the rat DRN, median raphe nucleus (MRN) and PAG following inhibitory avoidance and escape performance in the ETM. Our results showed that these two defensive responses recruited distinct neuronal populations within the DRN, MRN and PAG. While serotonergic neurons located at the middle and caudal level of the DRN, specifically within the sub-regions dorsal (DRD), caudal (DRC) and interfascicular (DRI), and the MRN are implicated in the acquistion of inhibitory avoidance, nonserotonergic neurons in lateral wings (lwDR) of the DRN /ventrolateralPAG and the dorsal columns of PAG are implicated in the escape expression. In the second part of this study, we evaluated the effects caused by the administration of AMPA/kainate receptor agonist, kainic acid, into the DRD, DRC and lwDR of rats tested in the ETM. The results showed that injection of kainic acid into DRD and DRC facilitated inhibitory avoidance acquisition and impaired escape expression. On the other hand, stimulation of the lwDR by kainic acid facilitated escape expression, without interfering with inhibitory avoidance acquisition. Opposite effect on escape behavior was observed in this region followed injection of cobalt chloride, a synaptic transmission inhibitor. Our results also showed that administration of higher doses of kainic acid into the lwDR promptly evoked a vigorous escape reaction in animals tested in a circular arena. Finally, we evaluated the involvement of GABAA and CRF1 receptor-mediated neurotransmission in the lwDR in the regulation of the escape behavior measured by the ETM. Our results showed that the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculine injected into the lwDR favored escape expression, without affecting inhibitory avoidance acquisition. On the other hand, local microinjection of the CRF1 receptor antagonist antalarmin impaired the acquisition of inhibitory avoidance, without changing escape expression. Together, our immunohistochemical results indicate the involvement of distinct DRN neuronal subpopulations in the regulation of escape and inhibitory avoidance responses. Our results also suggested that, while serotonergic neurons within the DRD, DRC, DRI and MRN are involved in inhibitory avoidance acquisition, non-serotonergic neurons of the vlPAG, dlPAG and dmPAG are involved in escape expression. The behavioral results with kainic acid indicated that the DRC and DRD may be the origin of the forebrain and periventricular tracts addressed by Deakin & Graeffs theory (1991). Although the lwDR are markedly implicated in escape regulation, specific neuronal populations within this region may also modulate inhibitory avoidance behavior.

Un système de recommandation a pour objectif de recommander à un utilisateur, appelé utilisateur actif, des ressources pertinentes pour lui. Le filtrage collaboratif (FC) est une approche de recommandation très répandue qui exploite les préférences exprimées par des utilisateurs sur des ressources. Le FC repose sur l'hypothèse que les préférences des utilisateurs sont cohérentes entre elles, ce qui permet d'inférer les préférences d'un utilisateur à partir des préférences des autres utilisateurs. Définissons une préférence spécifique comme une préférence qui ne serait partagée pour aucun groupe d'utilisateurs. Un utilisateur possédant plusieurs préférences spécifiques qu'il ne partage avec aucun autre utilisateur sera probablement mal servi par une approche de FC classique. Il s'agit du problème des Grey Sheep Users (GSU). Dans cette thèse, je réponds à trois questions distinctes. 1) Qu'est-ce qu'une préférence spécifique ? J'apporte une réponse en proposant des hypothèses associées que je valide expérimentalement. 2) Comment identifier les GSU dans les données ? Cette identification est importante afin d'anticiper les mauvaises recommandations qui seront fournies à ces utilisateurs. Je propose des mesures numériques permettant d'identifier les GSU dans un jeu de données de recommandation sociale. Ces mesures sont significativement plus performantes que celles de l'état de l'art. Enfin, comment modéliser ces GSU pour améliorer la qualité des recommandations qui leurs sont fournies ? Je propose des méthodes inspirées du domaine de l'apprentissage automatique et dédiées à la modélisation des GSU permettant d'améliorer la qualité des recommandations qui leurs sont fournies / A recommender system aims at providing relevant resources to a user, named the active user. To allow this recommendation, the system exploits the information it has collected about the active user or about resources. The collaborative filtering (CF) is a widely used recommandation approach. The data exploited by CF are the preferences expressed by users on resources. CF is based on the assumption that preferences are consistent between users, allowing a user's preferences to be inferred from the preferences of other users. In a CF-based recommender system, at least one user community has to share the preferences of the active user to provide him with high quality recommendations. Let us define a specific preference as a preference that is not shared by any group of user. A user with several specific preferences will likely be poorly served by a classic CF approach. This is the problem of Grey Sheep Users (GSU). In this thesis, I focus on three separate questions. 1) What is a specific preference? I give an answer by proposing associated hypotheses that I validate experimentally. 2) How to identify GSU in preference data? This identification is important to anticipate the low quality recommendations that will be provided to these users. I propose numerical indicators to identify GSU in a social recommendation dataset. These indicators outperform those of the state of the art and allow to isolate users whose quality of recommendations is very low. 3) How can I model GSU to improve the quality of the recommendations they receive? I propose new recommendation approaches to allow GSU to benefit from the opinions of other users

As startups digitais ocorrem como um fenômeno da própria Sociedade em Rede e de uma mudança profunda e qualitativa nas relações entre pessoas, espaços e coisas. Seus fluxos produtivos traduzem uma intensa transitividade dos espaços de produção, um protagonismo permanente com novas tecnologias digitais e uma mobilização do corpo como máquina produtiva. Esta pesquisa aborda a criação das startups na sua fase inicial, ou seja, nos momentos de idealizações do pensamento que age, na relação entre ideia e ação, especificando o movimento de travessia dos seus criadores, aqui chamados de Novos Idealistas, num percurso de alta criticidade denominado Zona Cinzenta. A partir dos pontos de ideação-previsão e experimentação-criação, a pesquisa produz reflexos sobre a arte desse empreendedorismo em situação-embrião. Com o objetivo de produzir um tecimento das suas ações na travessia, a pesquisa realiza um acompanhamento de processos nos territórios moventes das startups, desenvolvendo uma cartografia de conceitos que pulsam com intensidade neste transcurso. As teorias que situam o contexto desse novo modo de produzir, configurado pela hegemonização do trabalho imaterial, referenciam os caminhos da pesquisa, situando o conhecimento como principal força produtiva. Para entender esta travessia, a pesquisa navegou nos fazeres das startups, observando de dentro os movimentos de produção, a linguagem e o acionamento das máquinas comunicativas. Ao acompanhar os desejos e expor cases das ações, esta investigação assinala o fenômeno das startups como um novo empreendedorismo marcadamente digital, ecossistêmico e comunicativo. / Digital startups occur as phenomena of the Internet Society and a deep and qualitative change in relationships between people, places and things. Their production flows reveal an intense transitivity of production spaces, a permanent leading role with new digital technologies, and mobilization of the body as a productive machine. This research deals with the creation of startups in their initial phase. That is, in those moments of idealization of thoughts that relate idea and action, that specify the movement of their creators, here called New Idealists, on a high criticality path through what is called a Grey zone. Starting from the points of ideation-prediction and experimentation-creation, the research produces reflections on the art of this entrepreneurship in an embryo situation. With the goal of interweaving their actions in this passage, the research performs a monitoring process in areas where startups act, mapping concepts that pulsate with intensity along this course. The theories that contextualize this new production mode, in which immaterial labor dominates, reference the paths of research, placing knowledge as the main productive force. To understand this passage, the research navigated the doings of startups, observing from inside the movements of production, the language, the activation of the communication machines. In following the desires and exposing \'cases\' of actions, this research points to the phenomenon of startups as a new entrepreneurship, markedly digital, ecosystemic and communicative.

A estimulação opioidérgica decorrente do tratamento com morfina em fêmeas reprodutoras gera efeitos moleculares e comportamentais tardios diferenciados de acordo com o estado fisiológico no momento do tratamento. Trabalhos prévios têm demonstrado um importante papel da substância cinzenta periaquedutal (PAG) neste fenômeno. Assim, investigou-se a expressão dos receptores opióides centrais, por meio de estudos da atividade dos seus genes e da presença dos respectivos produtos protéicos. Possíveis modulações decorrentes do uso agudo e crônico de agonistas dos receptores de opióides na PAG durante os períodos de gestação ou lactação no comportamento maternal em ratas também foram investigadas. Os resultados mostraram que a expressão dos receptores opióides na PAG em fêmeas é modulada tanto pelo estado fisiológico como por desafios farmacológicos com possíveis implicações para o comportamento maternal. / Morphine-induced opioidergic stimulation leads to tardive molecular and behavioral changes in female rats. Previous works have demonstrated a role for the periaqueductal grey (PAG) on opioid-mediated behavioral selection during lactation. This study was designed to investigate the maternal behavior and the physiological and pharmacological modulation of the expression of opioid receptors. The results showed that PAG opioid gene expression is modulated both by physiological status and pharmacological treatments. These data may have implications for maternal behavior.

A escassez de água no planeta já é uma realidade pontual, inclusive já despontando no horizonte, em nosso país, fora do polígono da seca: na região metropolitana de São Paulo, o modelo de adução, a partir de bacias circunvizinhas, está perto de exaurir, pelos custos que esse tipo de solução adotada desde a época do império romano acarreta nas tarifas para o consumidor final. Assim, a busca pelas chamadas soluções racionais têm, cada vez mais, ganhado adeptos e, dentre estas, a que se tem mostrado mais eficiente e mais eficaz é a tecnologia do esgotamento sanitário a vácuo, visto ser a bacia sanitária a responsável por aproximadamente 40% do consumo residencial de água, e por um percentual semelhante também em edifícios comerciais. A partir do estudo de caso no edifício-sede da Secretaria de Orçamento Federal SOF, em Brasília, foi constatada economia de 30% no consumo médio de água, medido em metros cúbicos, depois da implantação do sistema a vácuo - em substituição ao sistema gravitacional, ocorrida em janeiro de 2008 a par de um aumento de apenas 2% no consumo de energia elétrica, medido em kWh, não produzindo ônus, por força do contrato com a concessionária local de eletricidade, do tipo azul. Foram feitas, ainda, comparações com alternativas de abastecimento, quais sejam água de reuso e o aproveitamento de águas pluviais, este mais comum no Brasil embora nitidamente mais recomendável para construções com até dois pavimentos, enquanto aquele, por enquanto, pode ser considerado uma prospecção teórica para as condições de nosso país / The water shortage in the planet is already a punctual reality that is already rising in our country outside the drought polygon (in northeastern part of Brazil). In the metropolitan area of São Paulo the adduction model coming from the neighboring basins is on the brinks of exhaustion, because this kind of solution costs, adopted since the Roman Empire times, brings up to tariffs to the final customer. In this manner, the search for the so called rational solutions has gained more and more followers and among these the one that has shown more efficiency and accuracy is the vacuum sewerage technology, considering that sanitary basin is responsible for almost 40% of the residential water consumption and a similar percentage occurs also in trade buildings. Taking the case study in the headquarter building of Secretaria de Orçamento Federal (SOF), in Brasília, it was verified a 30% economy in the average water consumption, measured in cubic meters, since the vacuum system was established (replacing the gravitational system), on January 2008, informed about only 2% increase in the electricity consumption, measured in kWh, it means that there was no effective increase in the electricity bill, once the local provide company contract, of the blue type, has foretold small oscillations in the supply without deduction on the bill. It was still done some comparative descriptions with others alternatives water supplies, whichever be grey water and rainwater harvesting, this one widely used in Brazil although it is more suggested to up to two floor buildings while the other, for the time being, can be considered as a theoretical prospection in our country