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Background: Leading researchers have called for more sophisticated research designs in caregiver intervention research; by using theoretically grounded interventions, considering the likely mechanism of action and using appropriate outcome measures. This thesis comprises a systematic review which evaluates the match between psychosocial interventions for dementia caregiver burden and the burden measure used to evaluate them and an empirical study which tests the psychometric properties of two caregiving outcome measures developed in Spain (Caregiver Guilt Questionnaire - CGQ and Dysfunctional Thoughts about Caregiving Questionnaire - DTACQ). The empirical study also considers the role of guilt and cognition (conceptualized as dysfunctional thoughts in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and cognitive fusion in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy) in predicting depression in dementia caregivers. Systematic review: Results for the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions to reduce dementia caregiver burden are mixed. Caregiver burden is inconsistently defined and measured, which may contribute to the mixed results. This review sought to systematically evaluate the match between psychosocial interventions for dementia caregiver burden and the burden measure used to evaluate them. A systematic search identified 15 studies using the 22 item Zarit Burden Interview as an outcome measure. A systematic review using specified quality criteria indicated a low level of congruence between the content of the psychosocial interventions and the content of the Zarit Burden Interview used to evaluate the interventions in the majority of studies. Methods: 221 informal familial dementia caregivers completed a cross sectional postal questionnaire survey. Results: Using exploratory factor analysis, the factor structures of the CGQ and DTACQ identified in the Spanish development studies were replicated in this study. Adequate internal consistencies were found for both scales. Convergent validity was established for the CGQ with the measures of guilt and depression. The DTACQ correlated positively with general dysfunctional attitudes and negatively with amount of support received as predicted, but did not correlate significantly with depression. A multiple regression analysis identified caregiver guilt and cognitive fusion, but not dysfunctional attitudes as significant predictors of depression in dementia caregivers. Conclusion: The CGQ appears to be a reliable and valid measure of caregiver guilt in a British population of dementia caregivers, although further research is recommended to develop the DTACQ. The relative strength of cognitive fusion as a predictor of caregiver depression suggests that the way in which an individual relates to their thoughts should be tested as a mechanism of change in dementia caregiver interventions.

In this dissertation, I study the impact of behavioral influences on strategic economic decision making in three essays.The first essay explores the interpersonal implications of guilt aversion in strategic settings. In doing so, I first introduce a stylized 2-player game where one players has an opportunity to induce guilt upon the other player in a manner derived from findings in the psychology literature. I then develop an experimental design, centered around this game, that allows me to test (i) whether agents attempt to induce guilt upon others in self-serving ways, (ii) whether agents are susceptible to the guilt induction of others, and (iii) whether agents are more trusting when they have an opportunity to induce guilt upon others. Furthermore, I theoretically show, via an application of the Battigalli and Dufwenberg (2007) model of simple guilt, that effective guilt induction can be supported as an equilibrium of the game considered.In the second essay, I explore the influence of posted price fairness concerns in bilateral negotiation settings. In doing so, I propose a price fairness model where, in addition to their material payoff, buyers receive disutility from engaging in negotiations, and aggressively negotiating, when the price is fair. As a result, the model predicts that buyers will negotiate less aggressively and possibly even forgo profitable negotiations when the posted price is fair, which is consistent with prior survey evidence on negotiation behavior. I also include a thorough discussion of the differences between the price fairness model and main alternative approaches to modeling fairness that exists in the literature.In the third essay, I experimentally investigate how the decision making quality of an agent's opponent influences learning in strategic games. In particular, I test whether learning-by-doing and learning-by-observing become more effective in games when agents face an optimal decision making opponent. To test these hypotheses, I propose a novel experimental design that enables me to measure strategic decision making quality and control the decision making quality of the opponent.

Thesis advisor: Jeffrey Bloechl / The idea of moral action seems to contain a paradox. On the one hand, it seems that in performing such an act one is obligated, bound to the act by something external. On the other hand, it seems that such an act must be freely chosen in the sense that the act must be done for its own sake. The source of the moral act therefore seems to be located both within and without the self. I refer to this as the problem of moral motivation. This dissertation proposes to clarify the nature of moral motivation in the context of a phenomenological investigation of the feeling of guilt, one informed by various thinkers, but particularly by the work of Paul Ricoeur. The rationale behind this proposal can be grasped by observing the confrontation between Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Nietzsche. Kant’s moral philosophy answers the problem of moral motivation by identifying freedom with the determination of the will by the moral law. A crucial aspect of his argument for this identification is his appeal to the experience of respect for the moral law. This feeling, which Kant describes as the incentive of morality, is a feeling of humiliation before reason, but is at the same time the ennobling sense of one’s autonomy. Nietzsche places this liaison between morality and freedom under stern scrutiny, arguing that the two notions are antithetical to one another. In effect, Nietzsche’s attack implies that moral motivation is a chimera. Guilt does not signify the power of the good to motivate one to do right for its own sake. Moral action is better interpreted as the exertion of power: justice is the advantage of the stronger. Provoked by this confrontation, the dissertation argues that the phenomenology of guilt does not permit us to reduce it entirely to internalized aggression and self-deception. Rather, the self-deceptive and manipulative emotional phenomenon that Nietzsche calls bad conscience can be distinguished from guilt per se. The central task of the work is to explicate the distinctive structure of the latter for the sake of two purposes: 1) by distinguishing guilt from bad conscience, to defend the possibility of moral motivation, and 2) to clarify that possibility in terms of its apparently paradoxical relation to the structure of the self. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Philosophy.

Introduction: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) affects as many as 30 percent of United States veterans, who are often at greater risk for PTSD, due to adverse military experiences (e.g., combat injury). PTSD occurs when the natural process of recovery is obstructed by the individual’s cognitions and emotions, such as guilt, related to the traumatic event. Guilt has emerged in the literature as a significant contributor to the development and maintenance of PTSD. As such, researchers have sought protective factors that may attenuate the association between guilt and PTSD. One such factor, self-compassion, may facilitate the natural process of recovery, perhaps by promoting the process of posttraumatic growth (PTG) – a process of adaptive growth following a trauma. Our study examined the direct association between guilt and symptoms of PTSD, and the potential mediating role of self-compassion and PTG. At the bivariate level, we hypothesized that guilt will be inversely related to self-compassion and PTG, and positively associated with PTSD symptoms. At the multivariate level, we hypothesized that guilt will be directly related to PTSD symptoms and, further, indirectly related via its serial association with self-compassion and PTG. Methods: Participants (N = 172) in this IRB-approved study were recruited via online invitations distributed to veterans-related social media groups and national organizations (e.g., Veterans of Foreign Wars [VFW] chapters). Participants were included in the study if they reported experiencing injury during combat. Participants completed self-report surveys including the Differential Emotions Scale, the Self-Compassion Scale – Short Form, the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory – Short Form, and the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) – Military Version. Results: At the bivariate level, symptoms of PTSD were positively associated with guilt and both were negatively associated with self-compassion and PTG. Self-compassion and PTG were positively associated. At the multivariate level, guilt exhibited a significant total effect on PTSD that, while remaining significant, was significantly reduced when accounting for self-compassion and PTG. Guilt also exhibited a significant total indirect effect, via its deleterious impact on self-compassion. No other indirect pathways were significant. Conclusions: The association between guilt and symptoms of PTSD may be due, in part, to the stifling effect of guilt on self-compassion and post-traumatic growth. Therapeutically reducing guilt, perhaps via cognitive restructuring (e.g., about the nature of, or role in, trauma), or promoting self-compassion (e.g., via self-soothing, guided meditation; blessings journal) may, in turn, reduce symptoms of PTSD.

Esta pesquisa tem, por hipótese, a morte da culpa na responsabilidade contratual e, por objeto, aferir se o aludido elemento subjetivo pode (ou não) ser suprimido da arquitetura jurídica da responsabilidade contratual. Vale resgatar que, se é certo não sem vozes em sentido oposto que, em muitos momentos, o direito contratual não reservou papel algum à culpa, em outros tantos instantes, na visão da doutrina majoritária, ela continua a brilhar como em seus momentos de maior esplendor. A tese estrutura-se em quatro capítulos, metodologicamente alinhados às correntes pós-positivistas do Direito e projetados a partir de uma matriz teórica-crítica em busca da compreensão do fenômeno jurídico recortado para fins de investigação. Em um primeiro momento, explora-se a travessia da responsabilidade civil para o direito de danos. Nesse percurso, (a) analisa-se o contexto em que exsurgem as primeiras codificações; (b) identificam-se as balizas utilizadas pelo Estado Liberal na configuração do dever de reparar; e (c) demonstra-se que os mitos erigidos no Liberalismo perderam sua utilidade no processo de conformação da responsabilidade contratual contemporânea. O caminho conduziu também (d) à compreensão sobre o papel dos princípios constitucionais na intelecção do fenômeno obrigacional; (e) à percepção das razões pelas quais a Modernidade fora deixada para trás; (f) à identificação das principais características da contemporaneidade; e (g) à percepção das consequências mais visíveis da ruptura do paradigma Moderno na conformação da responsabilidade contratual. No capítulo subsequente, identifica-se que a existência de um contrato, a presença de uma conduta antijurídica e de um dano a ela atado por uma relação de causa e efeito são os pressupostos do dever de reparar. Nesse mesmo capítulo, a relação obrigacional é explorada tanto em perspectiva estática, como em perspectiva dinâmica. Em um terceiro momento, promove-se a análise da ascensão e declínio da culpa na conformação do dever de reparar. Demonstra-se ainda que a noção de culpa é uma só e que não há razão que justifique classificar as obrigações como de meio ou de resultado. No último capítulo, restando provado que a culpa perdeu sua razão de ser, demonstra-se por que seu lugar há de ser ocupado pela confiança. Demonstra-se, enfim, por que o contrato que hoje obriga é o contrato justo. A conclusão da morte da culpa na responsabilidade contratual encerra mesmo que provisoriamente esta tese de doutoramento. / This research considers the hypothesis of guilt death within the contract responsibility and it aims at assessing if the mentioned subjective element may (or may not) be abolished from the legal architecture of the contract responsibility. It is worth rescuing that, if it is right not without opposite voices that, in many moments, the contract law did not reserve any role to guilt, upon several other moments, under the view of the majority doctrine, it continues to glow like in its moments of highest splendor. The thesis structure comprises four chapters. Grounded on a post-positivist theoretical matrix, at the first moment, one exploits the transition from civil responsibility onto the right to claim damages. Along this course, (a) one analyzes the context where the first code applications ex-surge; (b) one identifies the markers utilized by the Liberal State in the configuration of the repair duty; and (c) one demonstrates that the myths raised in the Liberalism have lost their utility within the conformation process of the contemporaneous contract responsibility. The path also led (d) to the understanding about the role of the constitution principles in the intellectual seizure of the duty phenomenon; (e) to the perception of the roots whereby Modernity has been left behind; (f) to the identification of the main features of contemporaneousness; and (g) to the perception of the most visible consequences deriving from the rupture of the Modern paradigm upon the conformation of the contract responsibility. In the subsequent chapter, one identifies that the existence of a contract as well as the presence of an anti-juridical conduct and of a damage attached to it by a causeeffect relation are the presuppositions of the repair duty. In this same chapter, the duty relation is exploited both under the static perspective and the dynamic one. At a third moment, one promotes the analysis of the guilt rise and decline upon the conformation of the repair duty. One evidences, yet, that the notion of guilt is just one. Thus, there is no reason that justifies classifying the duties into those of care and of outcome. Having proved that guilt has lost its rationale, in the last chapter, one demonstrates why its place ought to be taken by confidence. Finally, one demonstrates why the contract that nowadays obliges is the fair one. The conclusion drawn as to the guilt death in the contract responsibility closes although provisionally this PhD thesis.

Guilt, forgiveness, and reconciliation are fundamental themes in human musical life, and this thesis investigates how people articulate these experiences through musical performance in contemporary genres. I argue that by participating in performances, individuals enact social narratives that create and reinforce wider ideals of music’s roles in society. I assess the interpenetrations of music and guilt, forgiveness, and reconciliation through a number of case studies spanning different genres preceded by a brief introduction to my methodology. My analysis of Arnold Schoenberg’s A Survivor from Warsaw illustrates the themes (guilt, confession and memorialisation) and approach I adopt in the three main case studies. My examination of William Fitzsimmons’s indie folk album The Sparrow and the Crow, investigates how ideals of authenticity, self-revelation, and persona structure our understanding of the relationship between performer and audience in confessional indie music. Analyses of two contemporary choral settings of Psalm 51 by Arvo Pärt and James MacMillan examine the confessional relationship between human beings and God. I suggest that by transubstantiating the sacramental traditions of confession in pieces designed for the concert hall, these composers navigate the boundary between the aesthetic and the sacramental. Lastly, I contrast two pieces connected to reconciliation efforts in Australia and South Africa: I argue that the unified narrative of healing in Kerry Fletcher’s “Sorry Song” becomes a performative communal apology, whilst the fragmented, multi-vocal narrative of Philip Miller’s REwind: A Cantata for Voice, Tape and Testimony illustrates how reconciliation may be achieved through constructing a collective history that acknowledges the multiplicity of testimony in post-apartheid society. I conclude that these pieces provide a means for people to enact narratives of guilt, forgiveness, and reconciliation and point towards new areas of study on the multivalent relationship between contemporary music and memory.

Throughout history women have been excluded from leading positions. Today, however, there is an equal gender distribution among Swedish managers, which by some is seen as a result of the Nordic model. Despite this, current statistics show that women tend to have a greater responsibility over child rearing and household duties. The aim of this study is to examine female leaders’ experiences of combining family and career, the challenges they face, and if these differ from male leaders. Previous research on women’s work commitment has shown that mothers are not less committed to their careers than women without children. At the same time other studies show that working mothers feel guilty over not being good enough parents. This study is based on eight qualitative interviews with female and male leaders in Sweden. The study shows that the female participants face challenges to their careers because of traditional gender norms, however these norms do not disfavour the male participants. This study also illustrates that the female subjects meet greater expectations both in their roles as leaders as well as in their roles as parents. Gender norms regarding motherhood result in that the women are made to feel guilty if traditional expectations go unmet. This is not something experienced by any of the male participants.

The goal of this paper is to clarify Martin Buber's concept of guilt. To make the notion of guilt clear we will use mainly Buber's papers 'I and Thou','The Problem of Man','Images of Good and Evil' and the short essay 'Guilt and Guilt Feelings'. During our analysis we will also focus on other important notions of Buber's philosophical system and their possible development. Among other things, it will be the notion of the world, relationship and essential determination.The whole paper is intended to clarify Buber's dispute with psychoterapists, mainly with S. Freud, over the nature of guilt in the essay 'Guilt and Guilt Feelings'.