Tratar de ciganos à luz do discurso de não-ciganos pede discussões sobre estigmatização e dos termos a ela associados. Esse caminho produzirá, como demonstramos na tese, a contribuição para a compreensão do (des)prestígio social de uma comunidade isolada. Historicamente, por séculos, a estigmatização negativa arraiga o preconceito que ecoa no imaginário social do não-cigano ao referir o cigano. Esse quadro ainda é constatado no século XXI, e ainda ocorre manifestando os mesmos traços peculiares observados em pesquisas das áreas de Antropologia, Sociologia e Educação as quais tomam como objeto de discussão esse povo, de cultura tão hermética. Esse isolamento dos ciganos, hipotetizamos, é observável no discurso do não-cigano por meio de informações localizadas em diversos pontos de uma sentença ou de um texto. Para lidar com esse fenômeno, recorremos às teorias givonianas (1990), em especial o princípio da iconicidade e seus subprincípios, quais sejam: de ordenação linear, de integração e de quantidade, os quais, ao se entrelaçarem, revelam a complexidade cognitiva. O reconhecimento desses ecos históricos por meios de vários tipos de documentos recolhidos de arquivos históricos e redes sociais. Ao final dessa análise, estabelecemos um contraponto com a opinião de paulistanos por meio de um questionário aleatoriamente distribuído a indivíduos de vários estratos sociais. A ideia era a de verificar se a estigmatização continuava ecoando nos discursos atuais. Concluída essa etapa da pesquisa, pudemos referendar que, a despeito do desenvolvimento humano (na concepção de Maturana e Varela, 2011), a estigmatização e o preconceito continuam andando de mãos quando o tópico é cigano. / To treat Roma (gypsy) by the sense of the non-Roma (non-gypsy) speech prompts some discussions about stigmatization and terms associated with it. This way will produce, as demonstrated in the thesis, the contribution to the (un) social prestige understanding of an isolated community. Historically, for centuries, the negative stigma rooted prejudice that echoes the social imaginary of the non-gypsies when referring to the gypsy in their discourse. This picture is still found in the 21st. century, and it is still manifesting the same peculiar traits observed in researches in the Anthropology, Sociology and Educational areas which take as their subject of discussion these people, in its so hermetic culture. It is hypothesized that this isolation of the Roma (gypsy) is observable in the discourse of non-gypsy through information located in various parts of a sentence or of a text. To deal with this phenomenon, we use the givonian theories (1990), in particular the principle of iconicity and its subprinciples, namely: linear ordination, integration and quantity, which, when intertwined, reveal the cognitive complexity. The recognition of these historical echoes by means of various documents types collected from historical archives and social networks. At the end of this analysis, we established a counterpoint to the opinion of São Paulo inhabitants (paulistanos) through a questionnaire randomly distributed to individuals from various social strata. The idea is to verify if the stigma was still echoing in today\'s speeches. On this research stage completion, we could endorse that, in spite of human development (conception of Maturana and Varela, 2011), stigmatization and prejudice continue progressing when the theme is gypsy people.

Chromatin insulators play a role in gene transcription regulation by defining chromatinboundaries. Genome-wide studies in Drosophila have shown that a large proportion of insulator sites are found in intergenic DNA sequences, supporting a role for these elements as boundaries. However, approximately 40% of insulator sites are also found in intragenic sequences, where they can potentially perform as yet unidentified functions. Here we show that multiple Su(Hw) insulator sites map within the 110 kb sequence of the muscleblind gene (mbl), which also forms a highly condensed chromatin structure in polytene chromosomes. Chromosome Conformation Capture assays indicate that Su(Hw) insulators mediate the organization of higher-order chromatin structures at the mbl locus, resulting in a barrier for the progression of RNA polymeraseII (PolII ), and producing a repressive effect on basal and active transcription. The interference of intragenic insulators in PolII progression suggests a role for insulators in the elongation process. Supporting this interpretation, we found that mutations in su(Hw) and mod(mdg4) also result in changes in the relative abundance of the mblD isoform, by promoting early transcription termination. These results provide experimental evidence for a new role ofintragenic Su(Hw) insulators in higher-order chromatin organization, repression of transcription, and RNA processing.

ABSTRACT Chromatin insulators are required for proper temporal and spatial expression of genes in metazoans. Insulators are thought to play an important role in the regulation of gene expression through the formation of higher-order chromatin structures. One of the best characterized insulators is the Drosophila gypsy insulator, which is located in the gypsy retrovirus. Several proteins are required for gypsy insulator function, including Su(Hw), Mod(mdg4), and CP190. In addition to the gypsy insulator, these proteins are located throughout the genome at sites which are thought to correspond to endogenous insulators. Analysis of the distribution of insulator proteins across a region of chromosome 2R in Drosophila polytene chromosomes shows that Su(Hw) is found in three structures differentially associated with insulator proteins: bands, interbands and domains of coexpressed genes. Bands are formed by condensation of chromatin within genes containing one or more Su(Hw) binding sites, while Su(Hw) sites in interbands appear to form structures normally associated with open chromatin. Bands characterized by the lack of CP190 and BEAF-32 insulator proteins are formed by clusters of coexpressed genes, and these bands correlate with the distribution of specific chromatin marks. Conservation of the band interband pattern, as well as the distribution of insulator proteins in nurse cells, suggests that this organization may represent the basic organization of interphasic chromosomes. We also show that, in addition to the gypsy insulator, sequence analysis predicts the presence of Su(Hw) binding sites within a number of transposable elements. Su(Hw) binds to predicted sites within gtwin and jockey, which possesses enhancer-blocking activity. Su(Hw) affects the tissue-specific expression of transposable elements, although this effect is unrelated to the presence of Su(Hw) binding sites within the element or control of the elements via the piRNA pathway. Additionally, the effect of Su(Hw) on transposable element expression often differs from that of Mod(mdg4). Taken together, these results suggest that insulator proteins associate specifically with, and may help to define, various levels of chromatin organization on polytene chromosomes. Also, gypsy insulator proteins may influence the expression of transposable elements in a way that does not depend on Su(Hw) binding sites within the elements themselves.

Invasive insects are considered one of the most serious threats affecting forests today; however, surprisingly little research has addressed the impacts of invasive species establishment on native forest insect communities. Such information is lacking for even the most thoroughly studied invasive forest insect, the gypsy moth. Using gypsy moth as a case study, my thesis addresses the questions: What are the ecological impacts of an exotic forest insect upon its establishment in a new community of native species? Does the community shift after the invasive establishes, and if so, what are the drivers in this realignment? I used multivariate analysis to assess native caterpillar communities collected in forest stands with and without a history of gypsy moth outbreak. I found that gypsy moth outbreak history had no significant effects on native caterpillar communities; however, current gypsy moth abundance was related to shifts in the structure of late season caterpillar assemblages. These results suggest that gypsy moth may affect native caterpillar communities through short-term mechanisms but not through long-term ecological changes. I used quantitative food webs to investigate the effects of gypsy moth on native host-parasitoid webs from the same caterpillar communities, and found that food web structure was resilient to both gypsy moth outbreak history and current abundance. The gypsy moth shared few parasitoids with native species in my study sites, none of numerical significance, thus minimizing the opportunity for enemy-mediated indirect interactions. Finally, I conducted a greenhouse experiment and found that early spring feeding by forest tent caterpillar can indirectly influence gypsy moth susceptibility to its virus, demonstrating that the complex interactions that can occur between native and exotic species do not always benefit the invader. Overall, I argue that the establishment of the gypsy moth into North American forests will not cause major changes in native caterpillar communities.

Invasive insects are considered one of the most serious threats affecting forests today; however, surprisingly little research has addressed the impacts of invasive species establishment on native forest insect communities. Such information is lacking for even the most thoroughly studied invasive forest insect, the gypsy moth. Using gypsy moth as a case study, my thesis addresses the questions: What are the ecological impacts of an exotic forest insect upon its establishment in a new community of native species? Does the community shift after the invasive establishes, and if so, what are the drivers in this realignment? I used multivariate analysis to assess native caterpillar communities collected in forest stands with and without a history of gypsy moth outbreak. I found that gypsy moth outbreak history had no significant effects on native caterpillar communities; however, current gypsy moth abundance was related to shifts in the structure of late season caterpillar assemblages. These results suggest that gypsy moth may affect native caterpillar communities through short-term mechanisms but not through long-term ecological changes. I used quantitative food webs to investigate the effects of gypsy moth on native host-parasitoid webs from the same caterpillar communities, and found that food web structure was resilient to both gypsy moth outbreak history and current abundance. The gypsy moth shared few parasitoids with native species in my study sites, none of numerical significance, thus minimizing the opportunity for enemy-mediated indirect interactions. Finally, I conducted a greenhouse experiment and found that early spring feeding by forest tent caterpillar can indirectly influence gypsy moth susceptibility to its virus, demonstrating that the complex interactions that can occur between native and exotic species do not always benefit the invader. Overall, I argue that the establishment of the gypsy moth into North American forests will not cause major changes in native caterpillar communities.

In this study, the particular identification process of Gypsiness is discussed on the basis of socio-economic conditions. Certain occupations, i.e. scrap-dealing, belly-dancing and musicianship are selected in the case of Gypsy/Roma community from Tepecik, Izmir as key markers of identity. Whether there is an organic relation between the long lasting occupational positions of Gypsy/Roma and their self-identity perception and if so, how it is perceived by each occupational category is considered as significant in the analysis of Gypsiness and its diverse interpretations. In addition to the discussion of identity with references to certain socio-economic conditions, cultural and social codes significant in identification are discussed. Particular perceptions towards the Kurdish group, the Gorgio group, as well as the &quot / Gypsy&quot / group are also considered as key markers in identity formation process of Gypsy/Roma. In this context, a field study is conducted in Tepecik, Tenekeli neighborhood using in-depth interviews.

2 spread sheets included. Title from title page of PDF (University of Missouri--St. Louis, viewed February 8, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (D. Min.)--George W. Truett Theological Seminary, 2006. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 194-201).

Thesis (D. Min.)--George W. Truett Theological Seminary, 2006. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 194-201).

Στην παρούσα έρευνα μελετήθηκε το είδος των εκπαιδευτικών πρακτικών που προωθούνται σε σχολικά περιβάλλοντα ετερότητας και διερευνήθηκαν οι επιμορφωτικές ανάγκες των εκπαιδευτικών που υπηρετούν σε αυτά. Το ενδιαφέρον επικεντρώθηκε στη μελέτη περίπτωσης μιας σχολικής μονάδας τσιγγανοπαίδων που βρίσκεται εντός τσιγγάνικου καταυλισμού με αμιγώς τσιγγάνικο μαθητικό πληθυσμό. Η έρευνα, βασισμένη στο θεωρητικό πλαίσιο του Basil Bernstein, υλοποιήθηκε μέσα από σε βάθος συνεντεύξεις και παρατήρηση στο πεδίο. Βασικά ευρήματα αποτελούν τα εξής: α) οι εκπαιδευτικές πρακτικές που προωθούνται στη συγκεκριμένη σχολική μονάδα χαρακτηρίζονται από ασθενή σύνορα ανάμεσα στην καθημερινή γνώση και τη σχολική γνώση, ευελιξία και προσαρμοστικότητα ως προς τον βηματισμό, τη χρονική διάταξη της γνώσης και την αξιολογική διαδικασία καθώς και πρακτικό προσανατολισμό της μαθησιακής διαδικασίας και β) οι εκπαιδευτικοί που υπηρετούν σε αυτήν τη σχολική μονάδα εκφράζουν την ανάγκη να επιμορφωθούν σε ζητήματα που επικεντρώνονται σε βραχυπρόθεσμους στόχους που σχετίζονται με την καθημερινή διδακτική πράξη. Τέλος, η επίτευξη της διαχείρισης της ετερότητας αναδεικνύεται ως ζήτημα καίριο για την επιτυχή συγκρότηση της επαγγελματικής ταυτότητας των εκπαιδευτικών. / This study explores the types of educational practice that are dominant in school settings of diversity and the training needs of teachers who teach there. This research examined the case study of a school that only gypsy students attend, which is situated inside their gypsy encampment. The research, based on the theoretical framework of Basil Bernstein, was conducted through in-depth interviews and participant observation on the spot. This study’s basic results show that a) the educational practice developed in this kind of school is characterized by weak boundaries between everyday knowledge and school knowledge, flexibility and adaptability concerning the pace, the temporal order of knowledge and evaluation process and an emphasis given on students’ practical skills acquisition and b) teachers that teach in this school express the need to be educated on issues that focus on short-term goals related to the daily teaching process. Finally, diversity management seems to be a key issue for a successful teacher professional identity.