Normal cellular behaviour in multicellular organisms is achieved by tight control of signaling pathway networks. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade is one of these signaling networks, that when deregulated can lead to cellular transformation. Activation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-MAPK (ERK) signal transduction pathway or the SAPK2/p38 pathway results in the activation of mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinases 1 and 2 (MSK1/2). Subsequently, MSKs go on to phosphorylate histone H3 at Ser10 and Ser28.Here, we demonstrate that the activities of ERK and MSK1, but not p38, are elevated in Hras-transformed cells (Ciras-3) relative to these activities in the parental 10T1⁄2 cells. Analyses of the subcellular distribution of MSK1 showed that the H3 kinase was similarly distributed in Ciras-3 and 10T1/2 cells, with most MSK1 being present in the nucleus. In contrast to many other chromatin modifying enzymes, MSK1 was loosely bound in the nucleus and was not a component of the nuclear matrix. Our results provide evidence that oncogene-mediated activation of the RAS-MAPK signal transduction pathway elevates the activity of MSK1, resulting in the increased steady-state levels of phosphorylated H3, which may contribute to the chromatin decondensation and aberrant gene expression observed in oncogene-transformed cells. Furthermore, upon activation of the ERK and p38 MAPK pathways, the MSK1/2- mediated nucleosomal response, including H3 phosphorylation at serine 28 or 10, is coupled with the induction of immediate-early gene transcription. The outcome of this response, varying with the stimuli and cellular contexts, ranges from neoplastic transformation to neuronal synaptic plasticity. Here, we used sequential co-immunoprecipitation assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays on mouse fibroblast 10T1/2, Ciras-3 and MSK1 knockdown 10T1/2 cells to show that H3 serine 28 and 10 phosphorylation leads to promoter remodeling. MSK1, in complexes with phospho-serine adaptor 14-3-3 proteins and BRG1 (the ATPase subunit of the SWI/SNF remodeler) is recruited to the promoter of target genes by transcription factors such as ELK-1 or NFκB. Following MSK1-mediated H3 phosphorylation, BRG1 associates with the promoter of target genes via 14-3-3 proteins, which act as scaffolds. The recruited SWI/SNF remodels nucleosomes at the promoter of immediate-early genes enabling the binding of transcription factors like JUN and the onset of transcription. Since RAS-MAPK activated MSKs mediate H3 phosphorylation that is required for expression of various immediate-early gene products involved in cellular transformation, inhibition of MSK activity may be a therapeutic target that could be exploited in cancers with upregulated RAS-MAPK signaling.

The RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is an essential signaling mechanism that regulates cellular processes and culminates in the activation of specific gene expression programs. Alterations in the RAS-MAPK signaling cascade can modify epigenetic programs and confer advantages in cell growth and transformation. In fact, deregulation of the cascade is a key event in tumour development with 30% of human cancers harbouring RAS mutations. In breast and pancreatic epithelial cancers, characterization of an aberrant RAS-MAPK pathway has focused on upstream mediators such as receptors and oncogenic RAS molecules but the impact of downstream targets remain poorly defined. Stimulation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-MAPK pathway leads to activation of mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinases 1 and 2 (MSK1/2) which are responsible for the phosphorylation of histone H3 on S10 and S28. We postulate that deregulation of the RAS-MAPK pathway produced by constitutive activation and/ or over-expression of upstream components or mitogen stimulation consequently leads to enhanced MSK1 activity and elevated histone H3 phosphorylation levels. We further hypothesize that MSK1-mediated H3 phosphorylation is critical for immediate early gene (IEG) expression, Ras-driven transformation and is associated with regulatory regions upon gene transcription. In mouse fibroblasts, we present evidence for the critical involvement of MSK1 and H3 phosphorylation as mediators that bridge the aberrant signals driven by the RAS-MAPK pathway with nucleosomal modifications, chromatin remodeling, IEG expression and malignant transformation. We then examined if activation of RAS-MAPK signaling in breast cancer cells elicits similar molecular events. We demonstrate that the RAS-MAPK pathway is induced and enhances the association of MSK1 and H3 phosphorylation on the IEG Trefoil Factor 1 resulting in transcriptional activation. We further observed that mutated K-RAS expression did not correlate with genomic instability or altered signaling in pancreatic cancer cell lines while overexpressed HER2 and EGFR breast cancer cell lines generally exhibit upregulated ERK1/2 and H3 phosphorylation levels. Taken together, our studies contribute to the further understanding of MSK-mediated transcriptional activation in response to RAS-MAPK signaling in oncogene-transformed and cancer cell lines. Inhibition of MSK activity may be an unexplored avenue for combination cancer therapy with abnormal RAS-MAPK signaling pathways.

No description available.

The role of histamine in chronic gastrointestinal diseases has been increasingly recognized in humans, but the role of histamine in the canine gastrointestinal tract has not been thoroughly investigated. The presence and distribution of all 4 histamine receptors (H1, H2, H3, and H4) in the stomach, duodenum, ileum, jejunum, and colon of healthy dogs were evaluated with a commonly employed immunohistochemistry technique using antibodies predicted to cross react with canine histamine receptors. All 4 histamine receptors were identified in the canine gastrointestinal tract, and differed in location and density within sections of the canine gastrointestinal tract. Antibody specificity was evaluated with Western blot. With the establishment of a method to study histamine receptors in the canine gastrointestinal tract, additional research to evaluate histamine receptors in dogs is warranted to further understand the pathophysiology and treatment of chronic canine enteropathies.

In order to improve the state of turbulence modeling for three-dimensional flows, more detailed information on the fundamental physics of the flow is required. It has been recognized for some time now that organized motions or coherent structures in the flow play a large part in determining the flow characteristics, and there is now a large body of literature dealing with various aspects of coherent structures. However, almost all of the existing literature deal with mean two-dimensional flows with very little reported for mean three-dimensional flows. In the present study, measurements were performed in a three-dimensional, pressure-driven turbulent boundary layer (<i>Re</i>_θ = 5936) in the flow around a wing-body junction with a variety of multiple-sensor probes, to examine the features of the coherent structures in the flow. This test flow has a number of practical applications and was selected because of its strong three-dimensional nature and the availability of an extensive set of mean-flow measurements from previous investigations. The measurements were carried out with a hot-wire rake with sixteen sensors spaced approximately logarithmically over 25.4 mm (1 inch), a parallel-sensor probe with two parallel sensors spaced approximately 4.8 mm apart, a rotatable wall-sensor probe with two wall-mounted hot-film sensors spaced 6.93 mm apart and a traversable wall-sensor probe with two variable-spacing wall-mounted hot-film sensors. The hot-wire rake was used to examine the structure of the flow in both the Y (normal to the wall) and Z (spanwise) directions. The parallel and rotatable wall-sensor probes were used to look at the angular characteristics of the coherent structures in the flow and at the wall, respectively, and the spanwise structure of the flow at the wall was examined through the traversable wall-sensor probe. The results of the measurements show that the spectral characteristics of the flow are affected by three-dimensional effects. The direction of motion of the coherent structures lags behind the local mean-velocity vectors in the X-Z plane (parallel to the wall) with very little variation with frequency (structure size). Unlike two-dimensional boundary layers, the spectral variation of the convective wave speed does not collapse when normalized with the local mean velocity and friction velocity in the outer and inner regions, respectively. In the outer region of the boundary layer, the distribution of the intermittency with Y appears to agree quite closely with previously reported results for two-dimensional boundary layers. The mean ejection frequency in the near-wall flow and the frequency at the peak of the first moment of the wall shear-stress power spectrum show fairly close agreement, consistent with previously reported results for a two dimensional boundary layer. The measurements with the traversable wall-sensor probe indicate the presence of an organized structure, probably low-speed streaks in the near-wall region, with a preferred spanwise spacing. This spanwise spacing was found to be Î Î * = 85 and 135 at two different measurement stations. somewhat different from the well accepted value of Î Î * = 100 for two-dimensional boundary layers. Time-delayed correlations of the velocity signal over a range of Y locations reveal an inclined linear wavefront similar to previously reported results for a two-dimensional boundary layer. / Ph. D.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23801号 / 医博第4847号 / 新制||医||1058(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 小林 恭, 教授 竹内 理, 教授 金子 新 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

De nombreuses études de notre laboratoire ont montré le rôle prépondérant des neurones à histamine (HA) dans le contrôle de l'activation corticale et de l'éveil (Ev). Grâce aux divers modèles de souris knockout (KO), cette thèse a apporté de nouvelles données expérimentales confortant le rôle majeur de l’HA dans le contrôle de l’Ev. D’une part, la comparaison des phénotypes des souris sans HA de fond C57BL/6J à ceux observés précédemment chez les souris sans HA de fond 129/Sv nous a permis de confirmer que la somnolence et le déficit en Ev seraient bien dus à l’absence de l’HA. D’autre part, nous avons montré, grâce aux souris KO pour le gène du récepteur H3, qu’une neurotransmission histaminergique accrue et chronique pourrait, face aux divers défis comportementaux notamment le test de motivation, conduire à une extension exagérée de l’Ev semblable à une restriction volontaire du sommeil. En contrepartie, l’Ev serait déficitaire en absence de stimuli, même aux moments où l’activation corticale et comportementale est habituellement nécessaire (e.g., l’extinction lumineuse). Ces phénotypes ainsi que les perturbations comportementales et métaboliques rapportées (adiposité, obésité) chez la même souris suggèrent que ce modèle pourrait s’apparenter à un modèle de restriction chronique de sommeil. Enfin, nos premiers résultats semblent en mesure de montrer un rôle des récepteurs H2 dans la réactivité face au stress, notamment après un test de suspension. L’ensemble de ce travail contribue à la compréhension de la neurobiologie du système à HA et de sa régulation de l’Ev dans les conditions physiopathologiques / Studies from our laboratory have shown the major role of histamine (HA) neurons in the control of cortical activation and waking (W). Using knockout (KO) mouse models, this PhD study provides new experimental data further supporting the importance of HA in W control. First, the comparison of sleep-wake phenotypes of C57BL/6J mice lacking HA with those of the 129/Sv genetic background allowed us to confirm that somnolence and W deficit are due to the absence of HA rather than the interactions between the genetic background and deleted gene. Second, mice lacking H3-receptors showed signs of enhanced HA neurotransmission and vigilance, e.g., a greater extension of W or sleep restriction during behavioral tasks (new environment, locomotion, and motivation tests). During the baseline dark period, however, they displayed deficient W probably due to decreased HA cell activity and desensitized postsynaptic receptors. These data and the obesity phenotypes reported previously in this mouse suggest that chronic enhancement of HA transmission finally compromises the arousal system per se, leading to sleep-wake, behavioral and metabolic disorders similar to those caused by voluntary sleep restriction in humans. Finally, our preliminary results seem to indicate a role of H2- receptors in the reactivity facing stress, notably after a test of tail suspension. Together, our study contributes to the neurobiology of the HA system and its role in controlling W in pathophysiological conditions

Résumé confidentiel / Confidential abstract

Nous étudions une nouvelles familles d'inhibiteurs de kinase: les benzopyridoindole. Ces molécules ont des effets antiprolifératifs sur des lignées cancéreuses et représentent les têtes de série de possibles agents anti-cancéreux. We study on a new family of kinase inhibitors: benzopyridoindole. These molecules have antiproliferative effects on cancer cell lines and represent the lead of potential anti-cancer products. / Benzo[e]pyridoindoles are novel potent inhibitors of aurora kinases. We performed a SAR study to improve their activity and water solubility. Amino-benzo[e]pyridoindolones were found to be potent hydrosoluble anti-proliferative molecules. They induced a massive arrest in mitosis, prevented histone H3 phosphorylation as well as disorganizing the mitotic spindles. Upon a delay, cells underwent binucleated and finally died. Taking into account their interesting preclinal characteristics, their efficiency towards xenografts in nude mice and their apparent safety in animals, these molecules are promising new anti-cancer drugs. They probably target a metabolic signaling pathway, besides aurora B inhibition. In addition to their possible applications, these inhibitors are tools for cell biology studies. C4, a low ATP affinity inhibitor of aurora B kinase, revealed that the basal activity of the kinase is required for histone H3 phosphorylation in prophase and for chromosome compaction in anaphase. These waves of activation/deactivation of the kinase, during mitosis, corresponded to different conformations of the passenger chromosomal complex.