Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis presents a new approach to the royal female portrait in the Hellenistic world. Until now, it has been studied for its feminine or royal characteristics. There is, therefore, no complete definition because of the division of information. An intersectional approach fills this gap by bringing together the two constituent characteristics of these portraits. Moreover, this research enriches the field of study concerning Hellenistic queens because the iconographic aspect remains mostly absent given the scattering of sources and the need for archaeological studies on this type of sculpture. This dissertation will study the sculptural portraits of five Hellenistic queens: Eurydice of Macedonia, Apollonis of Cyzic, Arsinoe II Philadelphus, Laodike III, and Cleopatra VII Philopator. These statues are of different materials, dimensions, and regional styles. This work focuses mainly on the Macedonian, Lagid, Seleukid, and Attalid kingdoms because they have enough sources to conduct a study. The contact with the Egyptian world led to an interaction between the Greek and Pharaonic cultures that will be included in this research. This research is based on three objectives. The first is to intersectionally define the royal female carved portrait using the erection decrees and scientific literature. Inspired by existing catalogs, the second objective is to group the portraits of the five queens in their own catalog, with a classification appropriate to their characteristics. The last is to create a chronological framework through a stylistic and contextual analysis of her portraits. / Ce mémoire présente une nouvelle approche concernant le portrait royal féminin sculpté dans le monde hellénistique. En effet, celui-ci n’a jusqu’à maintenant été étudié que pour ses caractéristiques féminines ou royales séparément. Il n’y a donc pas de définition complète vu la division des informations. Une approche intersectionnelle vient pallier ce manque en regroupant les deux caractéristiques constituantes de ces portraits. De plus, cette recherche vient enrichir le domaine d’études concernant les reines hellénistiques puisque l’aspect iconographique est trop souvent absent, vu l’éparpillement des sources et le manque d’études intersectionnelles archéologiques à ce sujet. Dans ce mémoire seront donc étudiés les portraits en sculpture de cinq reines hellénistiques: Eurydice de Macédoine, Apollonis de Cyzique, Arsinoé II Philadelphe, Laodicé III et Cléopâtre VII Philopator. Ces statues varient grandement en matériau, dimension, de plus qu’en style régional. L’étude se concentre principalement sur les royaumes macédoniens, lagides, attalides et séleucides. Ils sont ceux ayant assez de sources pour conduire une étude. Le contact avec le monde égyptien entraîne une interaction entre la culture grecque et pharaonique qui sera définitivement incluse dans cette recherche. Cette recherche repose sur trois objectifs. Le premier est de définir intersectionnellement le portrait royal féminin sculpté en utilisant les décrets d’érections et la littérature scientifique. En s'inspirant de catalogues déjà existants, le deuxième objectif est de regrouper les portraits des cinq reines dans leur propre catalogue avec une classification appropriée à leurs caractéristiques. Le dernier est de créer un cadre chronologique par une analyse stylistique et contextuelle de ces portraits.

The aim of this thesis is to approach Ptolemaic and Imperial royal sculpture in Egypt dating between 300 BC and AD 220 (the reigns of Ptolemy I and Caracalla) from a contextual point of view. To collect together the statuary items (recognised as statues, statue heads and fragments, and inscribed bases and plinths) that are identifiably royal and have a secure archaeological context, that is a secure find spot or a recoverable provenance, within Egypt. I then used this material, alongside other types of evidence such as textual sources and numismatic material, to consider the distribution, style, placement, and functions of the royal statues, and to answer the primary questions of where were these statues located? what was the relationship between statue, especially statue style, and placement? And what changes can be identified between Ptolemaic and Imperial royal sculpture? From analysis of the sculptural evidence, this thesis was able to create a catalogue of 103 entries composed of 157 statuary items, and use this to identify the different styles of royal statues that existed in Ptolemaic and Imperial Egypt and the primary spaces for the placement of such imagery, namely religious and urban space. The results of this thesis, based on the available evidence, was the identification of a division between sculptural style and context regarding the royal statues, with Egyptian-style material being placed in Egyptian contexts, Greek-style material in Greek, and Imperial-style statues associated with classical contexts. The functions of the statues appear to have also typically been closely related to statue style and placement. Many of the statues were often directly associated with their location, meaning they were an intrinsic part of the function and appearance of the context they occupied, as well as acting as representations of the monarchs. Primarily, the royal statues acted as a way to establish and maintain communication between different groups in Egypt.

The thesis consists of three main sections: the Introduction, the text (with apparatus), and the Commentary. The Introduction begins with a survey of the available evidence for the poem’s date and authorship, before moving on to consider its generic affiliations and influences, focusing on two particular areas: its links with the ill-defined genre of παρῳδία, and its relationship to animal-narratives elsewhere in ancient literature (particularly fable) and visual art. This is followed by a detailed analysis of the poem’s style and metre, a brief tour of its Nachleben up to the 13th century, and a summary of the notoriously tangled manuscript tradition. The text is new, and differs substantially from both that of Allen (in the OCT) and of West (the most recent English edition). The apparatus, as explained in more detail on p. 117, is somewhere between the two: it takes into account the readings of only nine MSS from the 80-100 extant, and does not attempt to represent every single textual variation even among these nine, but it is much fuller than the minimalist apparatus of the Loeb. It aims to provide a useful source for scholars interested in the poem’s many and serious textual cruces, while remaining more succinct and user-friendly than the dense and sometimes baffling apparatus of Ludwich’s monumental 1896 edition. The text is followed by an English prose translation: this makes no claims to beauty, and is simply intended as a relatively literal guide to the sense of the Greek. The Commentary, finally, is twofold. Any commentary on the Batrachomyomachia will inevitably spend much space and ink on purely textual issues, and on the fundamental task of unearthing meaning from the dizzying range of wild and nonsensical variants available. Interspersed with these textual points, however, this commentary includes considerations of the poem not as a mechanics problem but as a sophisticated Hellenistic work of art – exploring its intertextualities, its characterisation, its dramatic effects, its dry sense of humour, and subjecting it to the serious literary analysis it has often been denied.

This diploma thesis concerns the iconography of early Buddhist art in India, especially in the region of ancient Gandhāra. It follows the development of representation of Buddha and bodhisattva from an aniconic type to establishment of anthropomorphous form during the reign of the Kushaṇas. It outlines the influence of the Hellenistic world on this form and tries to give a summary about the mixture of the symbolic and stylistic patterns as well as their further development in the later Buddhist art.

La thèse relative au thème ‘‘finances publiques et richesses privées en Grèce aux époques classique et hellénistique’’ pose la problématique des relations et des corrélations entre les richesses privées et les finances publiques dans les cités et les royaumes du monde grec. Durant cette longue période, d’une part les richesses privées se constituèrent indépendamment des finances publiques par les rentes tirées de la location de certains biens, de l’exploitation minière, du commerce et des activités bancaires. En outre, par le travail intellectuel, la divination et le sport. D’autre part, les richesses privées se seraient formées aux dépens des finances publiques par la corruption et la malversation auxquelles les magistrats grecs se seraient adonnés lors de l’exercice de leurs charges. Les richesses qui furent ainsi constituées d’une manière ou d’une autre ne servirent pas seulement à l’usage privé. Elles servirent également aux finances publiques pour palier des pénuries financières, approvisionner en grain, financer des guerres, construire ou reconstruire des édifices, payer des tributs ou des rançons, faire des sacrifices, accomplir des ambassades et fournir de l’huile aux gymnases. Dès lors, les Etats grecs eurent recours à la contrainte par l’imposition du tribut, la pratique des confiscations et des prêts contraignants ainsi que la levée des taxes, des amendes et des impôts. Par ailleurs, les Etats grecs firent aussi appel à l’évergétisme des plus riches de leurs populations qui manifestèrent leur générosité lors des épidoseis, des prêts à souscription publique et des évergésies individuels. / Thesis on the theme '' public finances and private wealth in Greece in Classical and Hellenistic periods '' raises the issue of the relationships and correlations between private wealth and public finances in the cities and kingdoms of the Greek world. During this long period, on the one hand the private wealth were formed independently of public finances by rents from the leasing of certain assets, by mining, trade and banking. In addition, by the intellectual work divination and sport. On the other hand, private wealth would have formed at the expense of public finances by corruption and embezzlement that Greek judges would have indulged in the exercise of their charges. The wealth that were thus formed in one way or another did not serve only for private use. They also served the public finances to overcome financial shortages , grain supply , finance wars , build or rebuild buildings, pay tribute or ransom , make sacrifices , perform embassies and supplying oil to gyms . Therefore, the Greek states had recourse to coercive imposition of tribute, the practice of confiscation and binding and the removal of taxes loans, fines and taxes. Moreover, the Greek states also appealed to the evergetism of the richest people who demonstrated their generosity during épidoseis, public subscriptions’ loans and individual evergetisms.

Cette thèse porte sur les suites de la paix d’Apamée sur le plan des relations politiques entre les États d’Anatolie et sur l’évolution de la place tenue par cette péninsule dans l’ordre géopolitique méditerranéen. Le traité d’Apamée, conclu en 188 avant notre ère entre la puissance romaine et le royaume séleucide, fut un acte diplomatique majeur pour l’Asie Mineure et l’ensemble de la région anatolienne, libérés de la domination des Séleucides. Jusqu’ici l’historiographie traditionnelle a abordé ce sujet selon deux perspectives, à savoir l’apparition de l’impérialisme romain en Orient et la vie politique et administrative des cités égéennes. À l’inverse, cette étude se concentre sur les principales puissances politiques de la région anatolienne : les royaumes. Dans le cadre de cet espace fragmenté et diversifié, des modifications de l’équilibre géopolitique régional peuvent être mises en relation avec le bouleversement de l’ordre méditerranéen, par le croisement de sources grecques, latines et orientales, ainsi qu’en faisant usage de procédés développés par le courant de la World History. L’évolution ultérieure de la situation mise en place à Apamée est suivie jusqu’à la disparition d’une Anatolie dirigée par des souverains non incorporés dans l’horizon impérial des grandes puissances étrangères, situation à laquelle les ultimes défaites de Mithridate VI du Pont et de Tigrane d’Arménie face à Rome mirent un terme définitif. / This thesis examines the effects of the peace of Apamea with regard to the political relations between the Anatolian states and analyses the importance that this region played in Mediterranean politics following this accord. The treaty of Apamea, concluded in 188 BC between Rome and the Seleucid kingdom, became a diplomatic milestone for Asia Minor and the entirety of Anatolia, then freed from Seleucid domination. The study of this subject has a long tradition in modern historiography, which consists of works focused on either the appearance of Roman imperialism in the East, or the political and administrative lives of the Greek cities. This study is specifically devoted to the central political powers of the Anatolian peninsula; that is to say, the independent kingdoms of Anatolia. The changes seen on the geopolitical balance of this fragmented region can be linked to the profound modifications on the scale of the whole Mediterranean. The sources considered include Greek, Latin and oriental documents and artefacts, as well as some “World History” theoretical approaches. The further evolution of the Apamean order can then be followed up until the disappearance of any powerful local power outside the foreign nations incorporated into imperial rule. The simultaneous defeats of Mithridates VI of Pontus and Tigranes of Armenia against Rome mark the end of this situation where independent kingdoms in this region pursued their own autonomous foreign policies.

A pesquisa que intitulamos - Ektheósis Arsinoes: o culto de Arsinoe II Filadelfo, tem como objetivo analisar as razões, formato e alcance do culto religioso criado por Ptolomeu II Filadelfo para honrar a sua irmã-esposa. Sabe-se que a visão que os autores antigos e estudiosos modernos têm a respeito da rainha Arsinoe II era controversa no passado e continua a ser nos dias atuais. Da rainha ambiciosa a esposa devotada, poucos documentos existem sobre a sua passagem no Egito na década de 280/270 a.C. quando ela se tornou rainha durante o governo de seu irmão, embora a grande maioria dos testemunhos data do período que se segue à sua morte. Quem foi Arsinoe II Filadelfo? Por que Ptolomeu II estabeleceu um culto em memória de sua irmã-esposa? A importância de Arsinoe II pareceu residir na imagem de devoção popular que se criou em torno de sua pessoa, e que acabou favorecendo e prestigiando a dinastia Lagida. A nossa pesquisa se baseia em primeiro lugar na análise das fontes materiais, mas também das fontes textuais tanto do século III a.C. quanto de séculos posteriores. Partimos de uma exposição do fundo histórico em que se baseou e se constituiu a monarquia ptolomaica. Em seguida, refletimos brevemente sobre o papel e o status das rainhas helenísticas e faraônicas na antiguidade. No último capítulo, nos respaldando nos princípios teóricos e metodológicos da arqueologia do culto propostos por Colin Renfrew, fazemos uma longa digressão acerca das razões que levaram Ptolomeu II a estabelecer um culto para Arsinoe II nas esferas grega e egípcia da população. / This research, entitled - Ektheósis Arsinoes: Arsinoe II Philadelphus cult, has as its aim to analyze the reasons, the shape and the diffusion of the religious cult created by Ptolemy II Philadelphus to honor his sister-wife. It is well known that the historical character of Queen Arsinoe II has been controversial since the beginning of studies on Ptolemaic Egypt. From ambitious queen to dedicated wife, there are few documents regarding her life in Egypt in the decade of 280/270 B.C. when she became queen during her brother's reign. The majority of the testimonies are dated to the period after her death. Who was Arsinoe II Philadelphus? Why did Ptolemy II established a cult in memory of his sister-wife? Arsinoe's II importance seems to reside on the image of popular devotion created around her, which ended up favoring and giving prestige to the Lagid dynasty. Our research is based, first of all, on the analysis of material sources, as well as on the written sources both from the 2nd century B.C. and from later centuries. We begin with the discussion of the historical background of the ptolemaic monarchy. Next, we briefly establish some thoughts on the role and the status of the Hellenistic and Pharaonic queens in antiquity. In the last chapter, using Colin Renfrew's theoretical and methodological principles regarding cult archaeology, we make a long digression over the reasons that led Ptolemy II to establish a cult for Arsinoe II both within the Greek and the Egyptian population.

Por se tratar de um gênero flexível, o epigrama pode ser analisado em conjunto ou sozinho, propiciando diferentes recortes e abordagens metodológicas. Estudos acerca do epigrama fúnebre geralmente analisam os poemas de acordo com temas afins focando nos mortos: guerreiros mortos, mulheres mortas no parto, mortos no mar dentre outros. No entanto, uma abordagem dos epigramas fúnebres com visão descentralizada do morto permite investigação mais ampla de outros temas. Desse modo, a presente tese partiu dos estudos de Giuseppe Giangrande, Francis Cairns e Alexander Sens sobre epigramas fúnebres que lançam mão de elementos simposiais no intuito de analisar a função de tais elemento e verificar de que maneira os simposiais presentes nos epigramas fúnebres se perpetuam ou se modificam. Para tanto, foram selecionados epigramas do livro VII da Antologia Grega que possuem léxico simposial e fúnebre e, a partir dos identificados, foram configurados três grupos: 1) os dedicados ao poeta Anacreonte, 2) os dedicados às mulheres bêbadas e 3) os dedicados aos homens bêbados. Nos epigramas dedicados a Anacreonte, pode-se constatar que os elementos simposiais resgatam sua poesia e a filiam aos epigramatistas por meio da transformação do espaço funerário e das relações entre o transeunte-leitor e o poeta. Nos poemas dedicados às mulheres bêbadas, o consumo do vinho e o enterramento próximo aos locais de produção dele ressaltam a mobilidade das anciãs, o distanciamento de seus familiares e o caráter cômico das mortas por conta da caracterização da bebedeira. Por fim, nos epigramas fúnebres dedicados aos homens bêbados, evidenciam-se a moderação e a imoderação diante do consumo de vinho. Em alguns, a moderação está alinhada ao conceito poético de composição. Em outros, o excesso de vinho causa acidentes retratados com tom cômico e que advertem o transeunte-leitor a não cometer os mesmos erros. Outro grupo de epigramas se vale das referências simposiais para criar enigmas ao transeunte-leitor. O último, por sua vez, é composto por epitáfios para filósofos mortos por bebedeira. Evidencia-se aqui a tensão entre a moderação e os ensinamentos filosóficos, permeados pelos tons anedótico e cômico. Sugere-se, portanto, que a presença de elementos simposiais adquire função distinta de acordo com o grupo de mortos. Isto posto, observa-se que os epigramas do corpus de diferentes séculos lançam mão de simposiais que passam a ganhar nuances distintas. Isso permite afirmar que os epigramas fúnebres com elementos simposiais perpetuam a tensão criativa entre a tradição e a inovação, conceitos debatidos por Marco Fantuzzi e Richard Hunter, para além do período helenístico. / Because it is a flexible genre, the epigram can be analyzed in groups or alone. It provides researchers with different possibilities of epigram grouping and methodological approaches. Studies on funerary epigram frequently analyze the poems according to related themes focusing on the dead: dead warriors, women dead in childbirth, dead in the sea among others. However, an approach to funerary epigrams which does not focus on the dead allows a broader investigation of other themes. Thus, the present thesis was based on the studies of Giuseppe Giangrande, Francis Cairns and Alexander Sens on funerary epigrams that use sympotic elements in order to analyze the function of such elements and to verify how the sympotic found in funerary epigrams continue being used of if they suffer modifications. In order to do so, we selected epigrams from Book VII of The Greek Anthology that display sympotic and funerary lexicon and, departing from the , three groups of epigrams were identified: 1) those dedicated to the poet Anacreon, 2) those dedicated to drunk women and 3) those dedicated to drunk men. In epigrams dedicated to Anacreon, sympotic elements recover his poetry and connect it to the epigrammatists by means of the transformation of the funeral space and the relationship between the passerby and the poet. In poems dedicated to drunken women, the consumption of wine and their burial near places of wine production emphasize the mobility of old women, their distancing from their relatives and the comic character of the dead women due to the characterization of their drunkenness. Finally, in the funerary epigrams dedicated to drunken men, moderation and immoderation are evident. In some, moderation is aligned with poetic composition. In others, the excess of wine causes accidents portrayed with comic tone. These epigrams warn the passerby not to make the same mistakes as the dead they commemorate. Another group of epigrams uses sympotic references to create charades to the passerby. The last group, in turn, is composed by epitaphs for philosophers killed by drunkenness. Here we see the tension between moderation and philosophical teachings permeated by the anecdotal and comic tone. It is suggested, therefore, that the presence of sympotic elements acquires a different function according to the group of dead. Thus, it is observed that, although the epigrams were composed in different centuries, the portrayed gain different nuances, which allows us to conclude that funerary epigrams with sympotic elements also reflect the creative tension between tradition and innovation, as debated by Marco Fantuzzi and Richard Hunter.

La thèse s’inscrit dans le domaine de l’archéologie des colonies grecques de Sicile. Les axes de recherche privilégiés sont l’habitat, l’architecture domestique et l’urbanisme de ces villes, toutes situées en Sicile orientale. Le cadre chronologique s’étend sur les IVe et IIIe s. av. J.-C., entendus comme faisant partie de l’époque hellénistique sicilienne. Après une présentation des faits historiques les plus pertinents, la recherche se concentre sur le site de Mégara Hyblaea, l’une des premières colonies grecques de Sicile, dont on présente et analyse les vestiges inédits appartenant à l’époque retenue. Cette étude approfondie traite d’abord des éléments architecturaux, puis des pièces des maisons et enfin des plans des maisons ; les habitations identifiées sont ensuite replacées dans leur environnement urbain. Par ailleurs, chacun de ces thèmes est abordé de façon détaillée et critique à travers cinq autres sites : Camarine, Géla, Morgantina, Syracuse et Tyndaris. Cette démarche facilite les comparaisons et permet de situer l’exemple mégarien dans le contexte choisi. Enfin, d’autres études de cas, plus succinctes, portent sur des sites puniques et des sites indigènes afin d’élargir le point de vue à l’ensemble de la Sicile hellénistique. La synthèse de ces données est organisée en deux parties. La première dresse un état des lieux de la recherche sur l’habitat et l’urbanisme des cités grecques de Sicile orientale à l’époque hellénistique et présente en particulier les questions les plus débattues. Dans la deuxième partie, on propose un bilan des connaissances sur le sujet en intégrant les hypothèses et les avancées réalisées au cours de l’étude. / This thesis concerns the archaeology of the Greek colonies in Sicily. The main research focus is the domestic architecture and the urbanism of these cities, all located in Eastern Sicily. The time frame considered is the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, during the Sicilian Hellenistic period.Following a presentation of the most relevant historical facts, the investigation focuses on the site of Megara Hyblaea, one of the first Greek colonies in Sicily; previously unpublished remains belonging to the period at issue are presented and analyzed. This in-depth study deals first with architectural elements, then with the rooms of houses and finally the house plans; identified habitations are thereafter set in their urban surrounding. Furthermore, each of these themes is tackled in a detailed and critical way through five other sites: Camarina, Gela, Morgantina, Syracuse and Tyndaris. This approach makes the comparisons easier and allows us to place the example of Megara in context. Finally, other more succinct case studies of Punic sites and indigenous sites widen the scope of this study to the whole of Hellenistic Sicily.The synthesis of this data is organized into two sections. The first part lays out the current state of research on housing and urbanism of the Greek cities in Eastern Sicily during the Hellenistic period and presents the most debated issues. In the second part, the author proposes conclusions to integrate the hypotheses and the breakthroughs arrived at in the course of this study.