Mini-dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Homoeopathy, Durban University of Technology, 2007. / The first objective of this study was to determine the symptomatology that the plant remedy Peucedanum galbanum 30CH, produced in healthy individuals, so that it could be prescribed according to the Law of Similars, as required by homoeopathy. The second objective was to analyse this symptomatology in relation to the doctrine of signatures. It was hypothesised that Peucedanum galbanum 30CH would produce symptomatology in healthy individuals which would correlate to the doctrine of signatures of the plant. / M

Master of Agribusiness / Department of Agricultural Economics / Aleksan Shanoyan / Company XYZ is a global manufacturer of human nutrition & health (HNH) premixes. They operate globally through 14 manufacturing sites. HNH premix North America manages a network of three production facilities plus several warehouses on the east and west coasts of the United States. The purpose of this thesis is to provide insights for informing the asset strategy for the human nutrition and health premix business of Company XYZ focusing on the analysis of competitive forces and market drivers for the herbs and botanicals segment. Specifically the thesis aims to achieve the following three objectives: 1) identify potential supply chain bottlenecks and capacity constraints by mapping out the supply chain and examining the production flow, the installed capacity, and current asset strategy; 2) identify key market drivers and related industry trends by assessing the competitive forces and change forces affecting the industry growth rate; 3) present synthesis of strategic issues and strategy recommendation for asset allocation strategy. The analysis involves examination of the supply chain logistical flows for raw materials used in current production of blends and premixes as well as the supply chain for herbs and botanicals. It also includes the assessment of current production capacity by providing a detailed overview of production facilities, blending equipment, production lines and geographical coverage. The aim is to assess the existing procurement capabilities and to identify potential bottlenecks that may constrain the supply chain flow as the demand for HNH premixes grow. The industry analysis was undertaken to better understand the outlook for the premix industry and the factors driving and impeding the growth in the herbs and botanicals sector. The current premix competitive environment was evaluated for the food & beverage as well as dietary supplement sectors. In addition to calculating the industry’s concentration and Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI), Porter’s Five Forces framework was used to analyze the intensity of competitive forces in the industry and the attractiveness of the HNH premix industry as the demand for premixes in that segment continues its growth trajectory. The qualitative assessment of the industry structure and competitive forces was conducted using data from interviews with experts designed and conducted in the fall of 2016. The results indicate that the current asset footprint, procurement base, and supply chain capabilities of Company XYZ will allow it to position itself as a leading supplier for the growing HNH nutrition segment. In addition, the results indicate that given the high-value low-volume nature of herbs and botanical blends there are no significant strategic advantages to be gained from changes in geographic asset footprint. However, these results do not account for actual production costs and overheads at each location since the analysis did not include a financial assessment. The results from the analysis of socio-economic trends illustrate that moving forward the companies in the dietary supplement sector focused on applications that support brain and cognitive functioning will account for the largest increase in demand for herbs and botanical blends. It was recognized that Company XYZ currently finds itself in a “red ocean” where it competes over market share in a slow-growth and highly competitive industry. Two potential strategies that will help transition a company into a “blue ocean” – a high growth and low-rivalry environment involve: i) taking over customers’ in-house blending activities by offering a better value proposition through Company XYZ’s economies of scale, superior quality standards, and blending capabilities; and ii) enhancing diversification into the herbs and botanicals segment of the HNH premix industry focusing on brain health applications.

Climate change, with a higher temperature, is making the snow covered period shorter in the Swedish mountain region. This represents a threat towards plant species at high altitudes which, due to their sensitivity to temperature changes, will likely lead to a change in plant species composition. The purpose of this study was to determine if there has been any change in vegetation cover in the Swedish mountain region and if temperature has changed, based on data from a long-term monitoring program called National Inventory of Landscapes in Sweden (NILS), and data collected from the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI). The NILS program has conducted three different inventories from 2003 – 2018 in which Sweden is divided into 10 stratums. Further, NILS divided Sweden into 631 survey quadrates (5x5 km), which of 145 were distributed across the Swedish mountain region. Linear regression analysis was used to determine if there had been any change in the average vegetation cover, or in the cover of lichens, mosses and herbs, and to assess if there had been any change in temperature during the sample years 2003 – 2018. The results showed that the vegetation cover in both the sample blocks of 20 m radius and smaller sample areas 0.252 m had no significant change. Neither did the cover of herbs or the average temperature. The period of 2003 – 2018 might have been too short of a period to see any kind of difference in the temperature and the herbs might have a difficult time surviving due to a long drought period and hence they have not been able to increase their average cover. Results of lichens and mosses showed a significant increase in cover which could be because they can withstand drought better than herbs and therefore have a better chance of surviving the rise in temperature. In conclusion I observed no change in the cover of vegetation but there is an increasing cover of lichens and mosses in the Swedish mountain regions. / Klimatförändring med en högre temperatur leder till att den snötäckta perioden är kortare i det svenska fjällområdet. Detta är ett hot mot växtarter som redan befinner sig på gränsen av sin extrema klimatzon och kommer med stor sannolikhet leda till en förändring i kompositionen av växtarter. Syftet med denna studie var att fastställa om det har blivit någon förändring i vegetationstäcket i det svenska fjällområdet och om det finns en förändring i temperaturen med hjälp av data från Nationell Inventering av Landskapet i Sverige (NILS) och data insamlat av Sveriges Meteorologiska och Hydrologiska Institut (SMHI). NILS programmet har i dagsläge utfört inventering vid 3 olika perioder fördelade mellan 2003 – 2018 och dom har delat upp Sverige i 10 olika stratum där stratum 10 är fjällområdet. Vidare har dom delat in Sverige i 631 inventerings rutor, varav 145 ligger i fjällområdet. Lineär regression analys användes för att se om det blivit någon förändring i täckningen av vegetationen, lavar, mossor och örter, samt för att se om temperaturen förändrats under inventeringsåren 2003 – 2018. Resultatet av täckningen på vegetationen i 20 m radie samt de små provområdena på 0,252 visade inte någon antydan på signifikant skillnad. Det gjorde inte heller resultatet på täckningen av örter eller medeltemperaturen. 2003 – 2018 kan ha varit alldeles för kort för att avgöra om det har blivit någon förändring i medeltemperaturen och örter kan ha de svårare att överleva då torrperioden blivit längre på grund utav den kortare snötäckta perioden. Mossor och lavar hade dock båda en ökning i sin täckning vilket kan förklaras med att många arter kan lagra vätska under en lång tid och har därmed en större chans att överleva en stigande temperatur. Slutsatsen är att sedan 2003 förekommer det inte någon förändring i vegetationstäcket, däremot finns det en ökad täckning av lavar och mossor i det svenska fjällområdet.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:48:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CILMA LAURINDA FREITAS E SILVA.pdf: 1427130 bytes, checksum: c896bff051cdc75b52ac69ebcc98e836 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-31 / Developed as a dissertation of master in Religious Sciences, this theoretical research has as its theme the herbs in Umbanda, syncretic religious segment created in Brazil by adding elements of Catholicism and spiritism with African cults brought by black slaves. This dissertation is guided by the studies of anthropology, sociology and other related sciences, presenting works of scholars in this area, as Rudolf Otto, Mircea Eliade, Terrin and Gilbert Durand, witht heir theory about the imaginary. The first section provides general fundamentals on the sacred and the Umbanda, with its history and principles of their cults. The second focuses on herbs, known since ancient times for healing and ritual, used in colonial Brazil for African Americans and indigenous people for the same purposes. The third chapter presents a study of the mythology of Gilbert Durand, related to the theory of the imaginary, presenting day time and night-time regimes of the images toanalyze themy thic structure, composed of schemas, archetypes, symbols and myths; and in the final part discusses the mythological analysis of the myth of Ossaim, orisha of herb sin African religions. / Desenvolvida como dissertação de mestrado em Ciências da Religião, esta pesquisa teórico-bibliográfica tem como tema as ervas na Umbanda, segmento religioso sincrético criado no Brasil com o acréscimo de elementos do catolicismo e do espiritismo aos cultos africanos trazidos pelos escravos negros. Orienta-se pelos estudos da antropologia, sociologia e outras ciências humanas relacionadas ao tema, apresentando trabalhos de estudiosos dessas áreas, como Rudolf Otto, Mircea Eliade, Terrin e Gilbert Durand, com sua teoria do imaginário. Na primeira parte traz fundamentos gerais sobre o sagrado e sobre a Umbanda, com sua história e princípios dos seus cultos. Na segunda focaliza as ervas, conhecidas desde tempos remotos para fins curativos e ritualísticos, usadas no Brasil Colônia por negros e indígenas com os mesmos objetivos. O terceiro capítulo realiza um estudo sobre a mitocrítica durandiana, dentro da teoria do imaginário, apresentando os regimes diurno e noturno das imagens para análise da estrutura mítica, composta de esquemas, arquétipos, símbolos e mitos; e traz ao final a análise mitocrítica do mito de Ossaim, orixá das ervas nas religiões africanas.

Ampelopsis grossedentata is a wildly used herb in South China as sleep aid beverage for many years. Yet the active ingredients and mechanisms of this herb were unknown. In the present study, extract from Ampelopsis grossedentata which we named ECBRC-AG, and one of its active ingredient myricetin were proved having significant hypnotic/sedative effects in multiple animal models. ECBRC-AG shortened sleep latency, increase NREM sleep and decrease locomotor activity when treated before the onset of light period in rats. ECBRC-AG could decrease active awake and increase REM sleep in the late part of light period. ECBRC-AG also decreased the caffeine induced hyperactivity in rats. Among the three suspected active ingredients from ECBRC-AG, myricetin showed similar active profile with ECBRC-AG. Myricetin increased NREM and REM sleep, decreased sleep latency, decreased locomotor activity and also active awake. All the above evidences have implicated that myricetin is the most important active ingredient of ECBRC-AG ECBRC-AG and myricetin did not show any obvious side effects on rats. / Based on these findings, we propose that myricetin facilitates GABA function on PVN neurons through a T-type calcium channel and CaM-KII mechanism. The hypnotic/sedative effects of ECBRC-AG and myricetin are mediated by PVN. ECBRC-AG treatment decreased corticosterone levels in rats, which also indicated that PVN/HPA axis was the target of these herbal derivates. PVN has broad interactions with GABAergic, hypocretinergic, cytokine and NPY system and all these systems are proved to be deeply involved in sleep regulation. / In conclusion, the present study has identified that myricetin is the most important active ingredient of the herbal extract ECBRC-AG. We confirmed the hypnotic/sedative effects of ECBRC-AG and myricetin on rats, and also revealed the different action profiles of these herbal derivates compared with zolpidem. T-type calcium channels and the HPA axis were shown to be involved in the mechanisms of ECBRC-AG and myricetin, indicating that they may be the new targets for insomnia treatment with these herbal derivates. / Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder and affects about one third of the general population. Insomnia is always combined with physical and mental illness, as either a consequence or a contributing factor. Insomnia produces sleepiness, impairment in psychomotor performance, absenteeism, frequent accidents, memory impairment and a high risk of depression. Pharmacologic therapies are the most important interventions for insomnia. However, the currently available hypnotics are associated with residual effects and risks of abuse and dependence. More efficient and safe hypnotics are needed. / The DNA array and RT-PCR studies revealed that GABA, hypocretin, cytokine and NPY systems were involved in the mechanisms of ECBRC-AG and myricetin. In calcium imaging study, we found that myricetin induced a transient Ca 2+ influx in the primary culture of rat hypothalamus neurons. This Ca2+ influx could be blocked by T-type channel blocker mibefradil. RT-PCR study also showed that ECBRC-AG and myricetin treatment changed the mRNA expression level of T-type calcium channel al G subunit in rat hypothalamus. The present results are consistent with our previous study showing that myricetin enhanced GABA function in the neurons of rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and that blocking CaM-KII pathway eliminated this effect. / Zhang, Xiaohu. / "March 2008." / Adviser: Chan Hsiao Chang. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-03, Section: B, page: 1516. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 156-174). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Cheng, Baohui. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 206-221). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese.

by Lau Chun Hong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 179-195). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Abstract in Chinese 摘要 --- p.iv / Acknowledgements --- p.vi / Table of Contents --- p.vii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xiii / List of Figures --- p.xvi / List of Tables --- p.xviii / Publications --- p.xix / Chapter Chapter1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Definition of Diabetes Mellitus --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Glucose Homeostasis and Diabetes Mellitus --- p.2 / Chapter 1.4 --- Classification of Diabetes Mellitus --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Other Specific Types --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Gestational Diabetes --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4.5 --- Clinical Stages of Diabetes --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Diagnostic Criteria of Diabetes Mellitus --- p.10 / Chapter 1.6 --- Complications of Diabetes Mellitus --- p.12 / Chapter 1.7 --- Pharmacological Treatment of Diabetes --- p.13 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes --- p.13 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes --- p.14 / Chapter 1.7.2.1 --- Sulphonylureas --- p.17 / Chapter 1.7.2.2 --- Biguanides --- p.18 / Chapter 1.7.2.3 --- α-Glucosidase Inhibitors --- p.19 / Chapter 1.7.2.4 --- Thiazolidinediones --- p.20 / Chapter 1.8 --- Diabetes and Traditional Chinese Medicine --- p.21 / Chapter 1.9 --- Project Objective --- p.27 / Chapter Chapter2 --- Botanical and Phytochemical Studies --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3 --- Authentication of Herbal Material --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Materials --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Phytochemical Studies --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Sample Preparation --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Thin Layer Chromatography --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Results --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4 --- Extraction of Herbal Material --- p.56 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Materials and Methods --- p.56 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Results --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5 --- Quantification of Sugar Content in Herbal Extracts --- p.58 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Introduction --- p.58 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.58 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Results --- p.61 / Chapter 2.6 --- Discussion --- p.65 / Chapter Chapter3 --- In vitro Studies on Formula 2 and its Individual Herbs --- p.68 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2 --- Intestinal Glucose Absorption Studies --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Introduction --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Preparation of BBMV --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- BBMV Glucose Uptake Assay --- p.72 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Bicinchoninic Acid (BCA) Protein Assay --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.2.4 --- Preparation of Herbal Chloroform Extract --- p.74 / Chapter 3.2.2.5 --- Glucose Uptake Assay with Herbal Extracts --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Results --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3 --- Hepatic Gluconeogenesis Studies --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Introduction --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.82 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Cell Culture --- p.83 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Glucose Production Assay --- p.83 / Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- PEPCK Assay --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Results --- p.86 / Chapter 3.4 --- Cellular Glucose Uptake Studies --- p.88 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Introduction --- p.88 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.89 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Cell Culture --- p.89 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Differentiation of 3T3-L1 --- p.90 / Chapter 3.4.2.3 --- 2-Deoxy-D-glucose Uptake Assay --- p.91 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Results --- p.92 / Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion --- p.96 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Intestinal Glucose Absorption Studies by BBMV --- p.96 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Hepatic Gluconeogenesis Studies by H4IIE Cells --- p.97 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Cellular Glucose Uptake Studies by Hs68 and 3T3-L1 Cells --- p.99 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Conclusions --- p.100 / Chapter Chapter4 --- In vivo Studies on Selected Herbs --- p.103 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.103 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Animal Models of Type 2 Diabetes --- p.103 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Chemically-induced Diabetic Models --- p.104 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Neonatal-STZ Diabetic Rats --- p.107 / Chapter 4.2 --- Basal Glycaemia Test --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Animals --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Testing Method --- p.110 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Results --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3 --- Oral Glucose Tolerance Test --- p.114 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Animals --- p.114 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Testing Method --- p.114 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Results --- p.116 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.119 / Chapter Chapter5 --- Bioassay-guided Fractionation of Cortex Moutan --- p.125 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.125 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Phytochemical Studies of Cortex Moutan --- p.125 / Chapter 5.2 --- Organic Extraction of Cortex Moutan --- p.128 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Extraction Method --- p.128 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Results --- p.129 / Chapter 5.3 --- BBMV Glucose Uptake Assay with Fraction CM C --- p.131 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Materials and Methods --- p.131 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Results --- p.131 / Chapter 5.4 --- In vivo Studies of Fraction CM-C --- p.133 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Materials and Methods --- p.133 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Results --- p.133 / Chapter 5.5 --- Fractionation of Fraction CM-C --- p.137 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Materials and Methods --- p.137 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Results --- p.139 / Chapter 5.6 --- BBMV Glucose Uptake Assay with CM-C Sub-fractions --- p.142 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- Results --- p.142 / Chapter 5.7 --- Isolation of Active Compound in Fraction CM-C4 --- p.144 / Chapter 5.7.1 --- Materials and Methods --- p.145 / Chapter 5.7.2 --- Results --- p.146 / Chapter 5.8 --- Structure Elucidation of CM-C4a --- p.148 / Chapter 5.8.1 --- Materials and Methods --- p.148 / Chapter 5.8.2 --- Results --- p.149 / Chapter 5.9 --- Effect of Paeonol in Oral Glucose Tolerance Test --- p.152 / Chapter 5.9.1 --- Materials and Methods --- p.152 / Chapter 5.9.2 --- Results --- p.153 / Chapter 5.10 --- Discussion --- p.155 / Chapter Chapter6 --- General Discussion --- p.163 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.163 / Chapter 6.2 --- Summary of Research Findings --- p.164 / Chapter 6.3 --- Limitations and Improvements --- p.167 / Chapter 6.4 --- Future Directions --- p.169 / Chapter 6.5 --- Conclusion --- p.170 / Appendices --- p.172 / Appendix 1 Low Resolution EI Mass Spectrum of Paeonol Reference --- p.173 / Appendix 2 Low Resolution EI Mass Spectrum of CM-C4a --- p.174 / Appendix 3 High Resolution EI Mass Spectrum of Paeonol Reference --- p.175 / Appendix 4 High Resolution EI Mass Spectrum of CM-C4a --- p.176 / Appendix 5 1H-NMR Spectrum of Paeonol Reference --- p.177 / Appendix 6 1H-NMR Spectrum of CM-C4a --- p.178 / References --- p.179

by Tsz-Wan Ho. / Thesis submitted in: July 2003. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-122). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.iv / Content --- p.vi / Abbreviations --- p.x / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of tables --- p.xiv / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- GENERAL INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Alzheimer'sDisease --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Hallmarks of AD --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- The amyloid cascade hypothesis --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- The tauopathy hypothesis --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- The Cholinergic Hypothesis --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Cholinergic drug therapy --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Tacrine --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Donepezil --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.2.3 --- Rivastigimine - ENA-713 --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4 --- AChE inhibitors from plants --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Galanthamine --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Huperzine --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- α-onocerin --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- (+)-alpha-viniferin --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5 --- My project --- p.17 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1 --- Preparation of CMM --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Selecting criteria and sources --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Preparation of aqueous extract --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Preparation of ethanol extract --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3 --- Routine maintenance of cell lines --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4 --- Toxicity test --- p.19 / Chapter 2.5 --- Ellman assay --- p.20 / Chapter 2.6 --- Ellman assay over BuChE --- p.21 / Chapter 2.7 --- Drugs --- p.21 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- SCREENING OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS FROM CHINESE MEDICINAL MATERIALS --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.23 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.24 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Preliminary screening of 45 selected TCMs for AChE inhibition --- p.24 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Rescreening of drugs that show AChE inhibition in both aqueous and organic extracts --- p.25 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.28 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTI-ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY FROM SALVIA MBLTIORRHIZA BGE.(丹參) --- p.33 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.33 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Clinical application of Danshen --- p.34 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Pharmacological properties of Danshen and Salvia species --- p.34 / Chapter 4.1.2.1. --- Antiinflammatory and antibacterial responses --- p.35 / Chapter 4.1.2.2 --- Diabetes --- p.35 / Chapter 4.1.2.3 --- Alcoholism --- p.35 / Chapter 4.1.2.4 --- Apoptosis --- p.36 / Chapter 4.1.2.5 --- The effect of Salvia extracts on neuro-receptors --- p.36 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Anti-cholinesterase activity by the Salvia species --- p.37 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Active components from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge --- p.38 / Chapter 4.2 --- Effects of tanshinone derivatives on AChE --- p.39 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Materials and Methods --- p.39 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Results --- p.39 / Chapter 4.3 --- Discussion --- p.50 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- EXTRACTION OF CRYPTOTANSHINONE FROM SALVIA MILTIORRHIZA --- p.54 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.54 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) --- p.55 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.56 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Extracts of Danshen from different sources for obtaining the chemical profile --- p.55 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) --- p.57 / Chapter 5.2.2.1 --- Analytical RP-HPLC --- p.57 / Chapter 5.2.2.2 --- Preparative RP-HPLC --- p.58 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.60 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Identification of Peaks that contain the proposed active components --- p.60 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Different samples of Danshen contain different amount of active components that can exert inhibitory effect on hAChE --- p.66 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.75 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- EFFECT OF CRYPTOTANSHINONE ON CALCIUM MOVEMENT in SH-SY5Y Cell --- p.80 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.80 / Chapter 6.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.82 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Reagents and drugs --- p.82 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Calcium fluorimetry --- p.82 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results --- p.85 / Chapter 6.4 --- Discussion --- p.96 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- GENERAL DISCUSSION --- p.98 / Chapter 7.1 --- Structure-function relationship of crytotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone I --- p.98 / Chapter 7.2 --- Further study on cryptotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone I --- p.100 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Modulation on nictonic receptor --- p.100 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Behavioral study on mice --- p.101 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Large scale production of the desired active components --- p.102 / Chapter 7.3 --- Study on other candidate herbs --- p.102 / References --- p.107

Chan Yiu-Pong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-112). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.v / Declaration --- p.vi / Table of content --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.x / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of abbreviation --- p.xiv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction of Semen Oroxyli --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Chemical constituents of Oroxylum indicum seed --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Pharmacological studies --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Introduction to tracheal secretion --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Mucus composition --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Sputum formation --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Expectorant --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- Secretolytic drugs --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Mucolytic drugs --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Assays of studying expectorant activity --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.4.1 --- Tracheal phenol red secretion system --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3 --- Introduction to oxidant and antioxidant --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Oxidants/ reactive oxygen species --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- Production of oxidants/ reactive oxygen species --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1.2 --- Reactive oxygen species reaction products --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.1.2.1 --- DNA damage --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.1.2.2 --- Protein damage --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.1.2.3 --- Lipid damage --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Antioxidant --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Endogenous antioxidants --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2.1.1 --- Superoxide dismutase --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2.1.2 --- Catalase --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2.1.3 --- Glutathione and glutathione peroxidases --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Synthetic and natural antioxidants --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.3.1 --- Vitamin C --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.3.2 --- Tocopherols (Vitamin E) --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Assays for studying antioxidative activities --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.4.1 --- DPPH radical scavenging system --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.4.2 --- PMS-NADH system --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.4.3 --- APPH-induced hemolysis system --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives of the research --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Semen Oroxyli --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Animals --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Chemicals --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Assay for studying expectorant activity --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Phenol red standard curve --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Tracheal phenol red secretion system --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Assays for studying antioxidative activity --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- DPPH radicals scavenging system --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- PMS-NADH system --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- AAPH-induced red blood cell hemolysis system --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- "Extraction, fractionation and purification of Semen Oroxyli" --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- 70% ethanol extraction of Semen Oroxyli --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Fractionation in polyamide column --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Fractionation in resin column --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Sub-fractions separation from 95% ethanol soluble fraction --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.3.5 --- Pure compounds obtained from sub-fractions --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Nulcear magnetic resonance (NMR) for identification --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results of Expectorant Activity --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1 --- Expectorant Activity --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Expectorant Activity on Semen Oroxyli ethanol extract --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Expectorant activities of fractionations of Semen Oroxyli ethanol extract --- p.39 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results of Antioxidative Activity --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1 --- Antioxidative activity --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Antioxidative activity of 70% ethanol extract --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Antioxidative activity of fractions of 70% ethanol extract --- p.49 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Antioxidative activity on sub-fractions fractionated from 95% ethanol-soluble fraction --- p.50 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Antioxidative activity on pure compounds isolated from sub-fractions --- p.59 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Results of Identification of Pure compounds --- p.68 / Chapter 5.1 --- Identification of compounds --- p.68 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Compound A --- p.68 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Compound B --- p.69 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Compound C --- p.69 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Compound D --- p.70 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- Compound E --- p.71 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Discussion --- p.73 / Chapter 6.1 --- Discussion of expectorant activity of Semen Oroxyli --- p.73 / Chapter 6.2 --- Discussion of antioxidative activity of Semen Oroxyli --- p.75 / Chapter 6.3 --- General Discussion --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusions --- p.82 / Appendix A Procedures for preparing the phenol red standard curve for tracheal phenol red secretion system. --- p.85 / Appedix B 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra --- p.87 / References --- p.98

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