Submitted by Nathália Faria da Silva (nathaliafsilva.ufv@gmail.com) on 2017-07-07T11:33:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 376509 bytes, checksum: d83e1a1f0b46076ffc2589a89c3ebfdb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-07T11:33:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 376509 bytes, checksum: d83e1a1f0b46076ffc2589a89c3ebfdb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-08-13 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido buscando determinar: a composição corporal, as exigências de energia, proteína, cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, potássio e sódio, bem como as eficiências de utilização da energia metabolizável para mantença e ganho de peso, e validar a seção HH como técnica indireta para predição da composição física e química da carcaça e, conseqüentemente, do corpo vazio de animais zebuínos. Foram utilizados 19 bovinos anelorados, castrados, com peso vivo médio inicial de 270 kg. Quatro animais foram abatidos no início do experimento, compondo o grupo referência, três foram alimentados ao nível de mantença e os demais distribuídos uniformemente em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em três tratamentos, com três níveis de concentrado nas dietas (5, 35 e 65%, na base da MS total). Como volumoso utilizou-se o pré-secado de capim-braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha), que foi substituído, no terço final do experimento pelo pré-secado de capim-tifton 85 (Cynodon spp). Após o abate dos animais, todas ixas carcaças direita foram dissecadas completamente. A composição química do corpo vazio foi obtida pela análise química de todos os tecidos corporais. As exigências líquidas para ganho de peso de cada nutriente foram determinadas a partir da derivada das equações de estimativa do conteúdo corporal de proteína, energia, cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, potássio e sódio. A exigência líquida de energia para mantença foi estimada como o anti-log da intercepta da equação obtida pela regressão linear entre o logaritmo da produção de calor e o consumo de energia metabolizável. As eficiências de utilização da energia metabolizável para mantença (k m ) e ganho de peso (k f ) foram estimadas a partir da relação entre os teores de energia líquida, para mantença ou ganho, respectivamente, e de energia metabolizável da dieta. A comparação entre as composições física e química observadas na carcaça e aquelas estimadas pela seção HH foram efetuadas por intermédio do ajuste do modelo de regressão linear simples (REG 1) dos valores estimados sobre os valores observados, através do programa estatístico SAS (1997). Os níveis de concentrado (NC) das dietas influenciaram (P<0,05) a composição física e química da carcaça. Com o aumento do NC, a porcentagem do tecido adiposo e o conteúdo de extrato etéreo da carcaça aumentaram linearmente, enquanto os tecidos muscular e ósseo decresceram linearmente, sendo o mesmo comportamento observado para os teores de Ca, P e Na da carcaça. Os teores de PB, Mg e K da carcaça não foram afetados pelo NC das dietas, apresentando valores médios de 17,77; 0,04 e 0,23 %, respectivamente. A seção HH estimou de forma satisfatória a composição física da carcaça de animais zebuínos, o mesmo não ocorrendo para a composição química. Os teores de proteína, água, cinzas, fósforo, magnésio, potássio e sódio da carcaça foram estimados adequadamente pela seção HH, enquanto que o teor de gordura foi superestimado e o de cálcio subestimado. Foram ajustadas equações de regressão entre os teores de gordura observados na seção HH e na carcaça, bem como para os teores de cálcio, no intuito de se estimar o conteúdo dessas frações na carcaça a partir da análise química da seção HH: % EE carcaça = 1,0709 + 0,7854 % EE na seção HH (r 2 = 0,97) e % Ca carcaça = -0,2433 + 1,2832 % Ca na seção HH (r 2 = 0,69). De forma análoga, foram geradas equações entre os teores de gordura, proteína, água e cinzas no corpo vazio xem função dos teores desses mesmos constituintes na seção HH. O requisito energético para mantença foi de 74,51 kcal/PCVZ 0,75 ou de 68,60 kcal/PV 0,75 . Para a estimativa da energia retida (ER) diária, em Mcal, obteve-se a equação: ER = 0,0718 PCVZ 0,75 * GDPCZ 0,9658 , enquanto para proteína retida (PR) , em g/dia, a equação obtida foi: PR = -37,0401 + 213,024 GPVJ – 17,1430 ER. Para conversão das exigências para ganho de peso de corpo vazio em exigências para ganho de peso vivo, deve-se multiplicar o ganho de PCVZ pelo fator 0,90, obtido neste trabalho. A k m foi de 0,66 e a k f variou de 0,26 a 0,46. As relações g Ca/100g de PR e g P/100g de PR foram iguais a 10,92 e 5,26, respectivamente. As exigências dietéticas de Ca e Mg foram semelhantes às recomendadas pelo NRC (1996) ao passo que as de K e Na foram inferiores e as de P superiores às recomendadas pelo referido conselho. / The present work was done aiming at determine the body composition, the energy, protein, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and sodium (Na) requirements and the metabolizable energy efficiencies of utilization for maintenance and weight gain, and validate the 9-10-11 th rib cut as an indirect method for estimating the physical and chemical carcass and, consequently, empty body composition of Zebu cattle. Nineteen Zebu steers, averaging 24 months of age and 270 kg body weight (BW) were used. Four were used as reference steers, been slaughtered at the beginning of the trial, three were fed for maintenance, and the remaining were uniformly allotted to a completely randomized design, with three treatments with 5, 35 and 65% of concentrate in total dry matter (DM) basis. The roughage used was Brachiaria brizantha haylage, that was substituted by Cynodon spp. haylage in the latest 30 days of the trial. After chilling, the right side of each carcass was physically separated into lean, fat and bone. The empty body chemical composition was xiiobtained by the chemical analysis of all the body tissues. The net requirement for weight gain of each nutrient was estimated by deriving the regression equations of the logarithm of protein, fat, energy, Ca, P, Na, Mg or K body content, in function of the logarithm of empty BW (EBW). The net energy requirement for maintenance was estimated as the intercept anti-log of the equation obtained by linear regression between the logarithm of heat production and the metabolizable energy intake (MEI). The metabolizable energy efficiencies of utilization (MEEU) for maintenance (k m ) and weigh gain (k f ) were estimated from the relationship between the net energy concentration, for maintenance or gain, respectively, and the metabolizable energy (ME) content of the diet. The comparison between the observed and predicted (by the 9-10- 11 th rib cut) physical and chemical carcass composition was done by regression equation (REG 1) fitted for the predicted values in function of the observed ones, using the SAS (1997). The concentrate level (CL) in the diet influences (P<0.05) the carcass physical and chemical composition. Increasing the CL, fat percentage and the content of ether extract of the carcass increased linearly, while, lean, bone, Ca, P and Na contents had a linear decrease. The protein, Mg and K carcass contents were not affected by the CL, averaging 17,77; 0,04 e 0,23 %, respectively. The physical carcass composition of zebu steers was well predicted by the 9-10-11 th rib, what was not true for the chemical composition. The contents of protein, water, ash, P, Mg, K e Na were adequately predicted by the 9-10-11 th rib cut, while the fat content was overestimated and the calcium content underestimated, respectively. Regression equations involving the fat (EE) and calcium (Ca) contents observed in the 9-10-11 th rib cut and the respective contents observed at the carcass were developed: % EE carcass = 1,0709 + 0,7854 % EE 9-10-11 th rib cut (r 2 = 0,97) and % Ca carcass = -0,2433 + 1,2832 % Ca 9-10-11 th rib cut (r 2 = 0,69). Similarly, regression equations between the contents of fat (EE), protein, water and ash determined in the empty body and the contents of this components obtained in the 9-10-11 th rib cut were developed. The net energy requirement for maintenance was 74,51 kcal/EBW 0,75 or 68,60 kcal/LW 0,75 . To estimate the daily retained energy (RE), in Mcal, it is suggested to use the equation: RE = 0,0718 EBW 0,75 * EBW gain 0,9658 , while for daily retained protein xiii(RP) the equation obtained was: RP = -37,0401 + 213,024 EBW gain – 17,1430 RE. To change the EBW gain requirements into LW gain requirements, it is necessary to multiply the EBW gain for 0,90. The k m estimated was 0.66 and the k f ranged from 0,26 to 0,46. The relationships g Ca/100g of RP and g P/100g of RP were 10,92 and 5,26, respectively. The Ca e Mg dietetic requirements were similar to those of the NRC (1996), while the K e Na requirements were, respectively, lower and greater than that recommended by NRC (1996).

No description available.

Abstract After joining WTO, the domestic architecture market has been developing freely and internationalizedly. And this is an impact for the environment of architect business office.Hence, facing graduatedly large, complex, and complicated technologically intergrated engineer, architects are little by little accessed that it seemed negative influences on futher business once they did nothing for the demands of rapid changing environment. Finally, they will find the solutions to overcome the hard time through improving, downsizing, emerging with other companies or other ways to change the types of organizations. Case study was implemented in this thesis to find the key factors of business continuity through understanding the development patterns of the H.H Chang Architect & Partners Co. and propose the practicable suggestions for the futures after the dead of H.H Chang. There are other four partners interviewed, and that took around six hours. The conclusions are as below, First, they have conventionally stabilized business style. Selection is the first step of shaping the organization indentity. To selection good and proper persons as partners is key to business continuity. They have common personalities of pursuing the stable life and emphasizing the ethics and this had an huge influence on turn over rate of theis company. Besides, the systems which were established by HH Chang are never being questioned and adjusted, and the influence power still exists even he left the TMT (Top Management Team). Excellent systems help them overcome the valley of business recycles. Second, the business continuity is the core value they own. HH Chang has never been taking the company as his own asset. Instead, one thing he only cares is business continuity, and that is the system of public fund for daily operation expenses. This system has been thoroughly implemented and lasted for 35 years. Finally, social responsibility is their business goal.The establishment and continuity of public fund is not only kind of bussiness stability and continuity but also can be seen as social responsibility and employee care. Besides, they also provide better offers to emplyees in this field to attract excellent peple to join them. Key word¡GHH Chang Architect& Partners Co. Business continuity

Syfte och frågeställning: Uppsatsen undersöker vad de som går sitt första år på Högskolan i Halmstad (HH) (www.hh.se) tycker om högskolans hemsida. Förutom detta undersöks deras användning och behov av hemsidan, vilket kan vara intressant för utvecklare eftersom det skapar djupare förståelse för studenters åsikter. Utvecklare kan genom vår uppsats få kunskap om nödvändiga förändringar för en mer användarvänlig hemsida. Föreliggande uppsats koncentrerar sig alltså på att generera djupare förståelse om varför studenterna exempelvis tycker något är dåligt eller bra.   Metod och material: Vi valde att genomföra sex kvalitativa intervjuer i form av fokusgrupper där respondenterna berättade om sina behov samt visade oss hur de tar sig till olika platser på hemsidan. Därefter uttryckte de åsikter om vad de tyckte om processen och om hemsidan överlag. Som teoretisk grund använde vi uses and gratifications-theory (U&amp;G).   Huvudresultat: Överlag fick hemsidan negativ kritik. Främst gällande navigationen genom rubrikerna och underrubrikerna, vilket i de flesta fallen var förvirrande för respondenterna. Sökfunktionen fungerade dock i de flesta fallen bra. Både negativa och positiva åsikter rörde grafik och layout, vissa respondenter ansåg det vara störande och ”kluddigt” medan andra ansåg det vara visuellt tilltalande och stilrent. I det stora hela bör hemsidan förbättras, exempelvis bör kategoriseringarna av samtliga underrubriker göras lättare att förstå, det bör inkluderas en ”menade-du-funktion” till sökfunktionen, dessutom bör utvecklarna fundera mer på vilka som är hemsidans målgrupper.

Hedgehog (HH) signaling controls renal development. Mutations in PTC1, the HH receptor, cause cancer in non-renal tissues. We hypothesized that constitutively active HH signaling is deleterious to renal development in mice with PTC1 deficiency targeted to the metanephric mesenchyme (MM)(Rarb2-Cre;Ptc1 loxP/-, termed Ptc1 mutants). Increased HH signaling in MM of mutant mice was confirmed by qRT-PCR for Ptc1. A decrease in NCAM-positive nephrogenic precursors at E13.5 and WT1-positive glomeruli at E18.5 was found. Increased cortical expression of Foxd1 was observed. At E13.5, a cluster of ectopic cells expressing Raldh2, Ptc2 and Bmp4 accumulated at the presumptive uretero-pelvic junction (UPJ). Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an increase in pelvic volume. Constitutive expression of GLI3 repressor via the Gli3Δ699 allele in Ptc1 mutants increased nephron number comparable to wild type mice and decreased pelvic volume compared to Ptc1 mutants. Thus repression of HH activity is required for proper nephrogenesis and patterning of the UPJ.

Hedgehog (HH) signaling controls renal development. Mutations in PTC1, the HH receptor, cause cancer in non-renal tissues. We hypothesized that constitutively active HH signaling is deleterious to renal development in mice with PTC1 deficiency targeted to the metanephric mesenchyme (MM)(Rarb2-Cre;Ptc1 loxP/-, termed Ptc1 mutants). Increased HH signaling in MM of mutant mice was confirmed by qRT-PCR for Ptc1. A decrease in NCAM-positive nephrogenic precursors at E13.5 and WT1-positive glomeruli at E18.5 was found. Increased cortical expression of Foxd1 was observed. At E13.5, a cluster of ectopic cells expressing Raldh2, Ptc2 and Bmp4 accumulated at the presumptive uretero-pelvic junction (UPJ). Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an increase in pelvic volume. Constitutive expression of GLI3 repressor via the Gli3Δ699 allele in Ptc1 mutants increased nephron number comparable to wild type mice and decreased pelvic volume compared to Ptc1 mutants. Thus repression of HH activity is required for proper nephrogenesis and patterning of the UPJ.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Obesity is a growing pandemic that claims close to three hundred thousand lives per year in the United States alone. Despite strong interest and investment in potential treatments, obesity remains a complex and challenging disorder. In the study of obesity, mouse models have been excellent tools that help in understanding the function of different genes that contribute to this disease of energy homeostasis. However, it was surprising when disfunction in primary cilia was found to be linked to syndromic obesity. To understand the role of primary cilia in obesity, a growing subset of GPCRs have been identified to selectively localize to the organelle. Several of which have known roles in energy homeostasis. In some examples, ciliary GPCRs appear to dynamically localize to the organelle; such is the case of GPR161 and smoothened in the hedgehog signaling pathway. Thus, we were interested to see if other GPCRs dynamically localize to the primary cilia as part of their regulation of energy homeostasis. For example, the GPCR MCHR1 selectively localizes to the cilia and is involved in energy homeostasis. Although much is known about the expression of the receptor in the brain, how its ciliary subcellular localization impacts its roles in energy homeostasis is unknown. Observing neuronal cilia in vivo remains a difficult task as some of the available tools such as tagged alleles rely on overexpression of ciliary protein which may impact function. Additionally, most of the work is done in vitro, leaving much to be discovered about neuronal cilia in vivo. In this thesis, we show that using a newly constructed reporter allele mCherryMCHR1, we can see ciliary expression of MCHR1 in the brain of developing and adult mice; more specifically in the ARC and PVN. Subsequently, using a novel Artificial intelligence analysis approach, we measured the length and composition of MCHR1 positive cilia under physiological conditions associated with MCHR1 function. Although in this work we are reporting no changes in dynamic localization of MCHR1 in the hypothalamus specifically, we are not excluding the potential for changes in other regions of the brain or under other conditions; and we are suggesting that pharmacological approaches may help highlight potential ciliary GPCR dynamic localization.

All multicellular organisms constantly need to replace aged or damaged cells. This vital task of tissue homeostasis is fulfilled by stem cells. The balance between self-renewal and differentiation of the stem cell is crucial for this task and tightly regulated by a signaling microenvironment termed the niche. A widely used model for studying stem cell niche biology is the Drosophila testis, where two stem cell populations, the germline stem cells (GSCs) and the somatic cyst stem cells (CySCs), reside in a niche located at the apical tip. A lot is known about the signals regulating GSC maintenance in the testicular niche. It is, however, unknown how the spatial regulation of these signals defines the range of the niche. Here I show, that Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling is specifically activated at the interface of niche and stem cells. This local activation is achieved by coupling the transport of adhesion and signaling molecules in the niche cells and directing their transport to contact sites of niche and stem cells. Localized niche signaling at junctions underlies the so called stem-cell-niche synapse hypothesis proposed for the mammalian hematopoietic stem cell niche. I have shown that disrupting the localized transport causes premature differentiation and stem cell loss. BMP signaling between niche and GSCs therefore provides the first description of a stem-cell-niche synapse and will yield valuable insights into mammalian stem cell biology. The CySCs reside in the niche of the testis together with the GSCs. To understand how the niche maintains both stem cell types in a concerted way, it is essential to know the pathways regulating both stem cell types. Here I show that Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is a key stem cell factor of CySCs, while only indirectly affecting GSCs. Loss of Hh signaling in CySCs results in premature differentiation and consequent loss of the cells. Overactivation of the pathway leads to an increased proliferation and an expansion of the cyst stem cell compartment. As Hh signaling is also a regulator of the somatic cells in the mammalian testis and the Drosophila ovary this may reflect a higher degree of homology between these systems than previously expected.

No description available.

All multicellular organisms constantly need to replace aged or damaged cells. This vital task of tissue homeostasis is fulfilled by stem cells. The balance between self-renewal and differentiation of the stem cell is crucial for this task and tightly regulated by a signaling microenvironment termed the niche. A widely used model for studying stem cell niche biology is the Drosophila testis, where two stem cell populations, the germline stem cells (GSCs) and the somatic cyst stem cells (CySCs), reside in a niche located at the apical tip. A lot is known about the signals regulating GSC maintenance in the testicular niche. It is, however, unknown how the spatial regulation of these signals defines the range of the niche. Here I show, that Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling is specifically activated at the interface of niche and stem cells. This local activation is achieved by coupling the transport of adhesion and signaling molecules in the niche cells and directing their transport to contact sites of niche and stem cells. Localized niche signaling at junctions underlies the so called stem-cell-niche synapse hypothesis proposed for the mammalian hematopoietic stem cell niche. I have shown that disrupting the localized transport causes premature differentiation and stem cell loss. BMP signaling between niche and GSCs therefore provides the first description of a stem-cell-niche synapse and will yield valuable insights into mammalian stem cell biology. The CySCs reside in the niche of the testis together with the GSCs. To understand how the niche maintains both stem cell types in a concerted way, it is essential to know the pathways regulating both stem cell types. Here I show that Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is a key stem cell factor of CySCs, while only indirectly affecting GSCs. Loss of Hh signaling in CySCs results in premature differentiation and consequent loss of the cells. Overactivation of the pathway leads to an increased proliferation and an expansion of the cyst stem cell compartment. As Hh signaling is also a regulator of the somatic cells in the mammalian testis and the Drosophila ovary this may reflect a higher degree of homology between these systems than previously expected.