Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Syfte: Metod: Resultat: Resultatet visade att många upplevde respekt, professionalitet och sekretess från sjuksköterskan och även upplevelsen av goda relationer. Resultatet visade också brister i respekt, professionalitet och sekretess. Att det finns HIV/AIDS-relaterad stigma var också ett resultat vi såg. Slutsats: Trots all forskning och framsteg som gjorts finns det fortfarande rädslor och okunskap bland sjuksköterskor. Det krävs mer utbildning, och att sjuksköterskor blir mer professionella i sitt bemötande. En konsekvens skulle kunna vara att de undviker att söka vård på grund av rädsla för att bli kränkta. Metoden var en systematisk litteraturstudie. Vi valde sökord som passade till vårt syfte, och sökte i lämpliga databaser efter artiklar. Åtta artiklar valdes ut för granskning och analys. Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur patienter med HIV/AIDS upplever bemötandet från sjuksköterskor, sett ur ett patientperspektiv. Det finns ca 4500 personer i Sverige som lever med känd HIV-infektion. HIV-relaterat stigma var ett bekymmer redan under 80-talet, idag, 25 år senare är stigmatiseringen fortfarande ett problem.

The objective of this research was to develop a holistic understanding of how risk, especially the risk of HIV transmission, is constructed and negotiated in the daily lives of a group of heterosexual, HIV-serodiscordant couples in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Couples serodiscordant for HIV are those in which one partner is infected and the other is not. Data were gathered through participant observation and semi-structured interviews with serodiscordant couples, as well as key informants in HIV/AIDS-related civil society, government, and biomedical practitioners in Porto Alegre. Interviews were recorded and transcribed and relevant study materials were coded and subjected to thematic and ethnographic discourse analysis. Many studies of HIV/AIDS assume that risk is a natural fact, objectively verifiable and meaningfully quantitative, but this dissertation problematized such constructions, seeing risk for HIV and the condition of serodiscordance as contingent and polysemic. This research also examined participating couples' experiences with HIV for evidence of commodification or practices of biomedically-mediated citizenship. The main finding of this study indicates that the sociocultural management of seropositivity is much more challenging than its relatively unproblematic biomedical management might lead one to expect, primarily due to the pervasiveness of AIDS-related stigma. Participating serodiscordant couples evidenced attempts to manage this stigma through recourse to a suite of linguistic strategies I call the "semantic quarantine," which discursively isolates the relationship and its constituent members from lexical elements associated with stigmatized identities. The ultimate goal of the quarantine is to create a reality where these couples' intimate relationships are stripped of their threatening connotations, and constitute a "livable love."

Research has shown that caregivers are confronted with a number of stressors such as burnout, compassion fatigue, and post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of being in direct or close contact with the people suffering from chronic diseases such as HIV/AIDS. However, relevant and professional training, and effective self-care strategies could prevent such stressors. Using the “Individual Interviews with Formal Caregivers” dataset, this study looked at the experiences of seventeen caregivers who provided care to stigmatized and low income people of living with HIV/AIDS. The study sought to understand how the well-being of caregivers was impacted by providing care to stigmatized and low income people living with HIV/AIDS in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Also, it examined how formal caregivers perceived their relationship with people living with HIV/AIDS at their care. The findings suggested that caregivers were confronted with and experienced stressors such as burnout, compassion fatigue, and secondary traumatic stress due to having direct and close relationships with people living with HIV/AIDS in their care. Medical caregivers treating HIV/AIDS patients perceived these as formal professional relationships; however, most caregivers working in community support, community outreach, and education sectors understood their caregiving relationships with people living with HIV/AIDS as that of supporter and helper. There was not much research on how caregivers in HIV/AIDS sector perceived their relationships with people living with HIV in their care, so further research is needed to explore the nature of the relationship between the caregiver and care recipients. Finally, this study enriched the existing research on this topic by providing an insight on how caregivers in HIV sector perceive their relationships with individuals living with HIV/ AIDS in their care. / October 2015

This thesis presents the findings of a small-scale, qualitative study of attitudes toward AIDS and AIDS education campaigns in the village of Sota in central Benin. Through a language ideology framework, this study reviews the overlap and disparity between AIDS discourse and other systems of meaning in Sota, particularly rumors and religious beliefs. The portrait that emerges from this analysis of the social construction of AIDS by multiple discourses suggests that the impact of AIDS education may be limited only in part because the intended recipients fail to understand the information being provided. More importantly, the context and underlying assumptions of educational presentations about HIV/AIDS are not formulated in ways that are compatible with, or directly meaningful to, lived experience.

This dissertation consisting of three case studies, examines how the intersection of biomedicine and indigenous medicine in South Africa has formed and reformed indigenous medical practice over the past century. South Africa, like many other countries, has emerged from colonialism with the need to reassert its indigenous practices. In the case of medicine, this reformation is of particular importance because the last several decades have seen the development of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Yet the contemporary discourses and policies surrounding indigenous medicine have much in common with their colonial predecessors. This research is interested in the way medicine has been constituted in a post-colonial context. In particular, how has the intersection of indigenous and biomedicine reconfigured and respatialized medicine in South Africa?The ways the colonial government acted to regulate indigenous medicine in essence simplified the practice and divided it into subcategories- `natural' medicine (e.g. herbs), `modern' medicine (e.g. stethoscopes) and `supernatural,' (e.g. throwing bones). The natural was the only category of practice legal in the country. Even as the government structure changed, and the previously disadvantaged eventually came to lead the country, these categories still persisted. As such, when a crisis like HIV/AIDS strikes and the need to enroll the help of the indigenous healers becomes clear, calls for their regulation, as a way to gain their assistance, are made. Although the current call does not aim to limit the number of healers, there are similar public health goals of rooting out the `bad' indigenous healers.Overall three major findings emerged: First, colonial regulations are re-introduced in a post-colonial context as discourses, which are then reinstated as policies; second, policy over the past century tends to view indigenous medicine in a simplified form (i.e. as plant-based and natural); and third, there is a constant tension between biomedicine and indigenous medicine where biomedicine works to extend its spaces of practice into the indigenous realm.

Background: HIV/AIDS is believed to be one of the largest threats to the general business climates in Sub-Saharan Africa. The private sector has, in response, taken initiatives to reduce the impact of the epidemic by developing so called HIV/AIDS workplace programmes. The programs aim to create awareness regarding HIV/AIDS through the education and treatment of the disease. We want to examine the programs and discover the factors that may inhibit their implementation and progress, this, in order to improve the stability of the HIV/AIDS workplace programs. Aim: The overall aim of this thesis is to examine and investigate HIV/AIDS workplace programs, with the purpose of disclosing the primary factors that may affect their progress. Completion and results: This thesis demonstrates that the implementation and progress of HIV/AIDS workplace programs are highly affected by leadership, management, motivation and stigma. Managers, acting as role models, increase the employees’ motivation to participate in the workplace programs. In addition, their involvement helps to ensure the stability and progress of the workplace programs. The systematization of activities and allocation of resources, such as money and time, also play a significant part, regarding employee motivation. This in turn results in a higher level of employee participation. Due to tough market conditions and lack of clarity, concerning the relation between HIV/AIDS and productivity, managers often fail to invest the necessary resources needed, to ensure the stability of the HIV/AIDS workplace program. The involvement of managers and spread of information has a significant effect on stigma, decreasing the many false beliefs prevalent due to religion and culture. Based on the findings, theoretical as well as empirical, the lack of leadership and management, decrease in motivation and HIV/AIDS-related stigma are referred to as the three main obstacles which hinder the progress of HIV/AIDS workplace programs. HIV/AIDS is one of the world’s largest health problems, around 16 million children died, in 2009, due to the illness (The World Factbook 2011). 32 million individuals are infected, of which the majority live in Sub-Saharan Africa (The World Factbook 2011). Kenya is one of the most affected countries in the world. The lack of coordination of resources has resulted in a staggering limitation, only 5 percent of the Kenyan population receives sufficient aid (United States Agency International Development 2010). With the help of the workplace programs, instituted by the companies themselves, a new channel of reaching out to those in need has been opened. In this thesis, focus is laid upon HIV/AIDS workplace programs, which aim to spread information and treat HIV/AIDS. Attention has especially been given to the factors which affect the implementation and progress of the HIV/AIDS workplace programs. The found factors, especially those which affect the workplace programs negatively, are used in order to form proposals regarding how to overcome the obstacles. The proposals are based on empirical findings and theoretical framework. These are later developed further, by the authors, in order to reach congruence with the main purpose of the thesis; to examine and investigate HIV/AIDS workplace programs, with the purpose of disclosing the primary factors that may affect their progress.

Forskning har visat en stegrande ökning av HIV, AIDS och cancer i Afrika, söder om Sahara. Den palliativa vården har börjat att utvecklats, men många hinder måste överbryggas innan god vård förväntas kunna ges. Syftet var att belysa den palliativa vården i Afrika söder om Sahara. Litteraturöversikten baserades på nio originalartiklar, varav fyra kvalitativa, fyra kvantitativa och en med mixad design. Dessa hittades genom sökningar i databaserna PubMed, Cinahl och SAMJ. Ett strategiskt urval gjordes för att få fram artiklarna och för analysen användes en manifest innehållsanalys. Fyra huvudkategorier framkom: Organisation - ett potentiellt hinder för palliativ vård, symtomlindring vid palliativ vård i Afrika, omvårdnadshandlingar vid palliativ vård i Afrika, samt information om en livsbegränsad sjukdom. Resursbrister framkom inom vårdorganisationen i Afrika söder om Sahara, vilket innebar att många sjuka inte fått adekvat vård. Otillräckliga kunskaper bland vårdpersonalen gjorde att det brast i symtomlindring, omvårdnad och information till patienterna. Många delar av den palliativa vården i Afrika var vid en jämförelse likställt med Sverige. Dock fanns brister inom vårdorganisationen i Afrika såsom smärtlindring, ekonomiska aspekter och information som behövde förbättras. För att motverka dessa brister krävs politiska resursförändringar och utbildning av vårdpersonalen.

There is a well-documented evidence to confirm that the largest number of people living with the HI-virus is in Africa and especially in South Africa. The prospect of a significant breakthrough in treatment looks uncertain at present and for this reason the impact of HIV and AIDS in South Africa must be taken very seriously. In 1999 surveys estimated about 3,5 million people infected by HIV and 150 000 with AIDS. The figure was expected to rise to 5-7 million HIV-infected people over the next 5 years. Experts calculated that on average 1500 people get infected each day in South Africa! South Africa has one of the most rapidly spreading pandemics in the world. High school learners are a high-risk group. Prevention programmes are important to minimize the infection rate amongst adolescents and young adults. The researcher has therefore concentrated on the prevention of HIV/AIDS among learners at high school level in a rural area between the ages 16-18 years. A survey was undertaken with the purpose of preventing HIV/AIDS among learners from the Thejane Secondary school in a rural area in Thaba Nchu. The aim of this research was: 8 To evaluate the effectiveness of a group work programme for high school learners in the prevention of HIV/AIDS in a rural area. To reach this aim, a prevention programme was designed for these high school learners through which knowledge about the nature of HIV/AIDS as well as knowledge about values and attitudes were given to them. A small group of ten learners were chosen as the research group and ten learners as the control group. Group work as a method of social work was chosen to achieve the aim of the study. The group work programme was successfully presented in 9 sessions of one to one and a half hour each during school time. The programme was in particular suited, not only to improve the knowledge of the learners about the nature of HIV/AIDS, but also to broaden their insight with regard to the important role of a healthy lifestyle as well as the importance of being assertive. The programme was evaluated by measuring at two occasions. The results obtained by this evaluation showed that the group work programme brought about a significant difference in the knowledge, insight, attitudes and beliefs about HIV/AIDS as well as the important role of values. The single system design was used to measure the effect of the programme. The results of the measuring indicated that group work intervention was successful in implementing the desired change. / Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

HIV/AIDS infections are an increasingly alarming pandemic, therefore it will remain being a challenge and a priority. The efforts of all participating and active stakeholders are appreciated in the fight against HIV/AIDS. This research dissertation gives an overview of the HIVIAIDS status and impact on the affected children around Kagisano (Ganyesa) service point. This information has been collected in Pomfret, which is a village near Ganyesa. The survey was undertaken with the aim to investigate social work services for children affected by HIV/AIDS in the rural area in which Pomfret is situated. The objectives of this study were: To investigate the needs of children affected by HIV/AIDS in a rural village called Pomfret through a literature study and empirical research. To investigate the role of the social worker in providing for the needs of children affected by HIV/AIDS in Pomfret. These objectives were achieved by means of a study of the relevant literature and through empirical research. The available literature on the subject was consulted to determine whether any research has been conducted in this field and whether the subject was researchable. The empirical research was conducted to confirm the previous research findings. The literature study and the empirical research were vital in formulating recommendations. In this study the survey method was used as a systematic data gathering procedure. Data was gathered through a self-formulated schedule. The researcher administrated the schedules by holding personal interviews with the respondents. The research was conducted in the Pomfret district and 50 respondents were willing to be part of the research. The findings of this research reflect that social workers still have much to do in order to address the needs of children affected by HIV/AIDS in rural areas. / Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

The aim of this research was to determine the way in which informal caregivers of HIV/AIDS patients experience their task as caregivers as well as to identify factors, or general resistance resources, which exercise an influence on their psychological well-being, and more specifically on their sense of coherence. The stressors encountered by informal caregivers of HIVIAIDS patients have previously been investigated thoroughly in a number of studies. The tasks of informal caregivers very often encompass much more than what would be, for example, included in the nursing context and therefore exceed the limits applying to the formal sector. Stressors to which caregivers are exposed include physical, financial and emotional aspects. It has been proved that this state of affairs has a negative impact on their physical health conditions as well as their psychological well-being. Caregivers do, however, at times report a certain extent of growth experienced by them which can be related to the care giving situation. The salutogenic perspective allows for a study of the origin of health and has, for the purposes of this study, been applied to obtain an alternative description of the caregivers' experiences. According to this perspective health does not merely mean the absence of disease, but also refers to health being influenced by an individual's management of stressful events. When an individual, even if confronted with stressful circumstances, has adequate general resistance resources at his/her disposal, a strong sense of coherence can develop and this will have a positive influence on his/her psychological well-being. In the South African context little if any literature can be found on the salutogenic factors that may affect informal caregivers of HIV/AIDS patients. The investigation of this study was based on an availability sample consisting of 8 informal caregivers of HIVIAIDS patients. A one shot cross sectional design with triangulation of data assessment techniques was used. The researcher obtained data with regard to the caregivers' sense of coherence by means of the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC) (Antonovsky, 1987). Semistructured interviews were conducted with all the caregivers involved and a qualitative analysis followed. The results revealed that informal caregivers' sense of coherence was much lower than- that of a group of nurses (formal caregivers) as described by Cilliers (2003). One of the reasons for this significant difference could be the lack of a structured setting or environment in which caregivers still have to perform their duties and responsibilities. According to the results a variety of factors exercising a negative impact on informal caregivers' sense of coherence could be identified. These included (a) stress, (b) exposure to unfamiliar situations, and (c) a lack of counselling skills. Within the framework of the salutogenic perspective there were, however, different factors also known as general resistance resources, that exercised a positive impact on the caregivers' sense of coherence. Among these the following could be counted: (a) spirituality, (b) insight into interpersonal situations, (c) utilisation of social support systems, and (d) multi-disciplinary cooperation. It would therefore seem that informal caregivers do possess general resistance resources which enable them to persevere with their tasks as caregivers in spite of the stressors they encounter on a daily basis. One of the recommendations that can be posed after having carried out this study and after having analysed the results, is the compilation as well as the evaluation and implementation, of a psycho-education training programme for informal caregivers, with special emphasis on such general resistance resources. / Thesis (M.A. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.