面對知識社會「第三波經濟」下潮流，企業面臨經營環境快速變化以及全球化的競爭壓力，新的人力資源管理策略在知識社會發展過程中極為重要，人力資源彈性運用於是成為人力資源管理的關鍵組成因素。本文研究主題為人力資源彈性化趨勢下產物一派遣僱用制度之勞資關係。本文試圖透過對於派遣業三個主要行為者一派遣企業、要派企業和派遣勞工互動關係來了解派遣勞-之處境與勞動條件。 本文研究方法採質化研究方法，以研究目的找尋相關文獻資料，依據文獻資料，作為設計問卷內容的依據。本研究的主要研究對象包括了派遣企業、要派企業、法律制度和派遣勞工，此四獨立變項(independent variables)決定了依變項(dependent variables)－三方之勞資關係（派遣企業、要派企業與派遣勞工），本研究以此較廣泛研究架構作切入面接了解。本文研究共計五大面向： 一、台灣人力派遣運作模式一需求面，了解台灣經濟發展過程中有何原因促使企業對於彈性化人力有需求進而和派遣企業合作，是成本考量亦或對技術需求？作為市場需求者的要派企業產業類別為何，分析型塑派遣市場之經濟發展因素和需求者之特性。 二、台灣人力派遣運作模式－供給面，分析派遣企業，如何取得技術來源、進入市場因素、如何保持技術上優勢以及在經營過程中遭遇之問題。此外供給面尚有外在因素，即指相關立法對該產業規範和產業組織，了解供給者特性和如何在市場中運作。 三、派遣企業與要派企業間互動關係，分析台灣派遣業市場中供、需雙方互動關係，是指雙方在前述市場架構中，對派遣勞工管理權之認知，對於契約之執行情形，而執行情形又如何決定勞資關係。 四、人力派遣下的勞資關係探討，解構派遣企業、要派企業與派遣勞工三方間模糊的勞資關係，定義勞方資方的角度，釐清派遣企業與要派企業問易產生爭議的指揮命令權歸屬，又是如何決定三方之勞資關係。 五、台灣派遣企業運作模式與先進國家經驗比較 台灣相關發展經驗多半移植歐、美、日等先進國家經驗，但個別國家有其獨特社會、經濟背景，其發展模式未必全盤適用於台灣地區。因此本論文對於台灣派遣產業之比較研究，分析派遣產業在台灣所必須面臨特殊條件限制。 根據上述研究主題與方法，本文內容架構為： 第一部份（第二章）、文獻探討，透過學者研究了解人力資源彈性化制度之興起因素與其非典型發展制度類型，並了解非典型僱用制產業一派遣業在實際運作上所可能衍生問題。 第二部分（第三章）、派遣業發展現況，藉由全球各國和台灣派遣業發展現況，分析與比較不同國家、地區派遣產業興起因素、勞資關係和相關立法規範，並對台灣派遣業運作模式、勞資關係與全球各國比較。 第三部分（第四章）、研究發現與分析，透過對於派遣企業個案訪談以了解派遣業興起之供需因素、供需雙方互動關係以及雙方合作關係對於三方勞資關係影響。 第四部分（第五章）、結論與建議，由台灣派遣業調查成果分析可並與前人相關文獻比較，歸納出台灣人力資源彈性化制度之特質以及對於企業勞資關係影響。 關鍵字 人力資源彈性化(flexible HRM systems) 派遣勞動(Temporary Agency Work, TAW) 派遣企業(Dispatched enterprises) 要派企業(User enterprises) 派遣勞工(Dispatched worker)

Dans un contexte de concurrence exacerbée pour les meilleurs jeunes diplômés du marché, les Graduate Programmes (GP) s’imposent progressivement au niveau international comme le modèle de référence dans la gestion de ces populations. Or, ces programmes de recrutement, d'intégration, de formation et de développement semblent négligés par la recherche en sciences de gestion. Pour combler cette lacune, nous mobilisons dans cette thèse le courant de la Stratégie comme Pratique (SCP) afin d’explorer en détail la dynamique de mise en place d’un tel programme dans une banque de financement de d’investissement française.Plus concrètement, nous étudions le contexte d’émergence de ce programme et les praxis et activités quotidiennes entreprises par les praticiens RH pour élaborer et déployer ces dispositifs. Nous explorons de même les pratiques qui constituent un GP du point de vue de la SCP et les apports, limites et conditions propices à un tel programme. Ce faisant, nous dressons un portrait approfondi d’un concept incontournable dans la gestion contemporaine des jeunes diplômés. Plus généralement, nous revendiquons l'intérêt d'accorder une place centrale à la SCP dans la compréhension de l’activité RH des organisations. / In the current context of extreme competition for the best young Graduates available on the market, Graduate Programmes (GP) are becoming the model of reference in the management of this population at an international level. However, these recruitment, integration, training and development programmes seem overlooked by management research. We mobilize here the strategy-as-practice (SAP) approach to explore in detail the dynamics of implementation of such a programme in a French corporate and investment bank.More concretely, we study the context of emergence of this programme and the day-to-day praxis and activities of HR practitioners in the design and implementation of this programme. We also explore the practices that constitute a GP from the SAP perspective and the benefits, limits and suitable conditions for such a programme. Doing that, we propose a sound portrayal of a key concept in Graduate management nowadays. We therefore claim the importance to be given to SAP in the study of corporate HR activities in the coming years.

Cette recherche s’intéresse au concept de la GRH à la carte et à son influence sur l’intention de départ des salariés. Pour ce faire, nous avons dû définir les différentes composantes qui entourent notre concept principal, nous faisons référence aux espaces de choix relatifs à l’organisation et à l’aménagement du temps de travail, aux espaces de choix relatifs à la rémunération, à la formation, etc. Dans leur description, ces pratiques qu’on trouve au coeur du concept de la GRH à la carte nous permettent de prendre conscience que la gestion des ressources humaines connaît une nouvelle facette. Celle-ci s’explique principalement par le souci des entreprises d’aujourd’hui de se rapprocher des attentes de leurs salariés, en leur offrant un certain nombre d’espaces de choix dans leur emploi. Les gestionnaires des ressources humaines parlent alors de personnalisation des pratiques des RH, ce qui exige une certaine flexibilité de la part des organisations. Ainsi, l’élaboration de notre étude nous a permis de présenter un modèle théorique dont l’objectif est de tester l’influence de la flexibilité des différents espaces de choix de la GRH à la carte sur l’intention de départ souvent manifestée par les salariés. Les résultats obtenus à l’aide de l’analyse multivariée appliquée à des données d’une institution bancaire haïtienne mettent en évidence l’impact significatif de certaines pratiques et le rôle médiateur du sentiment d’autodétermination dans la décision des salariés. Mots clés : Intention de départ volontaire, flexibilité des pratiques de la GRH à la carte, sentiment d’auto-détermination / The employees’ intention to quit their jobs. To do this, we had to define various components that surround our main concept. We refer to areas of choice on the organization and the organization of working time, areas of choice on the remuneration, the training.... The description of these practices, which are found to be in the heart of the concept of «cafeteria HRM », enable us to realize that human resources management knows a new side, it is mainly explained by the fact that companies desire today to get closer to the expectations of their employees by offering them a number of areas of choice in their jobs. Managers in human resources try to customize practices, which requires flexibility on the part of organizations Thus, this study allowed us to present a theoretical model that aims to test the influence of the flexibility of choosing different areas of «cafeteria HRM » on the intention to quit among employees. Results obtained using data from a Haitian bank and multivariate analysis highlight the significant impact of some practices and the mediating role of sense of self-determination in the employees’ intention to quit their job. Keywords: Intention of voluntary departure, flexibility practices of «cafeteria HRM », a sense of self-determination

Campylobacter jejuni is the commonest cause of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis in industrialised countries. Despite its significance, it remains unclear how C. jejuni is disseminated in the environment, whether particular strains are more pathogenic than others, and by what routes this bacterium is transmitted to humans. One major factor hampering this knowledge is the lack of a standardised method for fingerprinting C. jejuni. Therefore, the overall aim of this project was to develop systematic and novel genotyping methods for C. jejuni. Chapter Three describes the use of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) database of C. jejuni and the closely related Campylobacter coli for genotyping these pathogens. The MLST database contains DNA sequence data for over 4000 strains, making it the largest comparative database available for these organisms. Using the in-house software package "Minimum SNPs", seven SNPs were identified from the C. jejuni/C. coli MLST database that gave a Simpson's Index of Diversity (D), or resolving power, of 0.98. An allele-specific real-time PCR method was developed and tested on 154 Australian C. jejuni and C. coli isolates. The major advantage of the seven SNPs over MLST is that they are cheaper, faster and simpler to interrogate than the sequence-based MLST method. When the SNP profiles were combined with sequencing of the rapidly evolving flaA short variable region (flaA SVR) locus, the genotype distributions were comparable to those obtained by MLST-flaA SVR. Recent technological advances have facilitated the characterisation of entire bacterial genomes using comparative genome hybridisation (CGH) microarrays. Chapter Four of this thesis explores the large volume of CGH data generated for C. jejuni and eight binary genes (genes present in some strains but absent in others) were identified that provided complete discrimination of 20 epidemiologically unrelated strains of C. jejuni. Real-time PCR assays were developed for the eight binary genes and tested on the Australian isolates. The results from this study showed that the SNP-binary assay provided a sufficient replacement for the more laborious MLST-flaA SVR sequencing method. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) region is comprised of tandem repeats, with one half of the repeat region highly conserved and the other half highly diverse in sequence. Recent advances in real-time PCR enabled the interrogation of these repeat regions in C. jejuni using high-resolution melt differentiation of PCR products. It was found that the CRISPR loci discriminated epidemiologically distinct isolates that were indistinguishable by the other typing methods (Chapter Five). Importantly, the combinatorial SNP-binary-CRISPR assay provided resolution comparable to the current 'gold standard' genotyping methodology, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Chapter Six describes a novel third module of "Minimum SNPs", 'Not-N', to identify genetic targets diagnostic for strain populations of interest from the remaining population. The applicability of Not-N was tested using bacterial and viral sequence databases. Due to the weakly clonal population structure of C. jejuni and C. coli, Not-N was inefficient at identifying small numbers of SNPs for the major MLST clonal complexes. In contrast, Not-N completely discriminated the 13 major subtypes of hepatitis C virus using 15 SNPs, and identified binary gene targets superior to those previously found for phylogenetic clades of C. jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica and Clostridium difficile, demonstrating the utility of this additional module of "Minimum SNPs". Taken together, the presented work demonstrates the potentially far-reaching applications of novel and systematic genotyping assays to characterise bacterial pathogens with high accuracy and discriminatory power. This project has exploited known genetic diversity of C. jejuni to develop highly targeted assays that are akin to the resolution of the current 'gold standard' typing methods. By targeting differentially evolving genetic markers, an epidemiologically relevant, high-resolution fingerprint of the isolate in question can be determined at a fraction of the time, effort and cost of current genotyping procedures. The outcomes from this study will pave the way for improved diagnostics for many clinically significant pathogens as the concept of hierarchal combinatorial genotyping gains momentum amongst infectious disease specialists and public health-related agencies.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important human pathogen that is endemic in hospitals all over the world. It has more recently emerged as a serious threat to the general public in the form of community-acquired MRSA. MRSA has been implicated in a wide variety of diseases, ranging from skin infections and food poisoning to more severe and potentially fatal conditions, including; endocarditis, septicaemia and necrotising pneumonia. Treatment of MRSA disease is complicated and can be unsuccessful due to the bacterium's remarkable ability to develop antibiotic resistance. The considerable economic and public health burden imposed by MRSA has fuelled attempts by researchers to understand the evolution of virulent and antibiotic resistant strains and thereby improve epidemiological management strategies. Central to MRSA transmission management strategies is the implementation of active surveillance programs, via which unique genetic fingerprints, or genotypes, of each strain can be identified. Despite numerous advances in MRSA genotyping methodology, there remains a need for a rapid, reproducible, cost-effective method that is capable of producing a high level of genotype discrimination, whilst being suitable for high throughput use. Consequently, the fundamental aim of this thesis was to develop a novel MRSA genotyping strategy incorporating these benefits. This thesis explored the possibility that the development of more efficient genotyping strategies could be achieved through careful identification, and then simple interrogation, of multiple, unlinked DNA loci that exhibit progressively increasing mutation rates. The baseline component of the MRSA genotyping strategy described in this thesis is the allele-specific real-time PCR interrogation of slowly evolving core single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The genotyping SNP set was identified previously from the Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) sequence database using an in-house software package named Minimum SNPs. As discussed in Chapter Three, the genotyping utility of the SNP set was validated on 107 diverse Australian MRSA isolates, which were largely clustered into groups of related strains as defined by MLST. To increase the resolution of the SNP genotyping method, a selection of binary virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance plasmids were tested that were successful at sub typing the SNP groups. A comprehensive MRSA genotyping strategy requires characterisation of the clonal background as well as interrogation of the hypervariable Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) that carries the β-lactam resistance gene, mecA. SCCmec genotyping defines the MRSA lineages; however, current SCCmec genotyping methods have struggled to handle the increasing number of SCCmec elements resulting from a recent explosion of comparative genomic analyses. Chapter Four of this thesis collates the known SCCmec binary marker diversity and demonstrates the ability of Minimum SNPs to identify systematically a minimal set of binary markers capable of generating maximum genotyping resolution. A number of binary targets were identified that indeed permit high resolution genotyping of the SCCmec element. Furthermore, the SCCmec genotyping targets are amenable for combinatorial use with the MLST genotyping SNPs and therefore are suitable as the second component of the MRSA genotyping strategy. To increase genotyping resolution of the slowly evolving MLST SNPs and the SCCmec binary markers, the analysis of a hypervariable repeat region was required. Sequence analysis of the Staphylococcal protein A (spa) repeat region has been conducted frequently with great success. Chapter Five describes the characterisation of the tandem repeats in the spa gene using real-time PCR and high resolution melting (HRM) analysis. Since the melting rate and precise point of dissociation of double stranded DNA is dependent on the size and sequence of the PCR amplicon, the HRM method was used successfully to identify 20 of 22 spa sequence types, without the need for DNA sequencing. The accumulation of comparative genomic information has allowed the systematic identification of key MRSA genomic polymorphisms to genotype MRSA efficiently. If implemented in its entirety, the strategy described in this thesis would produce efficient and deep-rooted genotypes. For example, an unknown MRSA isolate would be positioned within the MLST defined population structure, categorised based on its SCCmec lineage, then subtyped based on the polymorphic spa repeat region. Overall, by combining the genotyping methods described here, an integrated and novel MRSA genotyping strategy results that is efficacious for both long and short term investigations. Furthermore, an additional benefit is that each component can be performed easily and cost-effectively on a standard real-time PCR platform.

Tuberculosis remains a major public health issue globally, with an estimated 9.2 million new cases in 2006. A new threat to TB control is the emergence of drug resistant strains. These strains are harder to cure as standard anti-tuberculosis first line treatments are ineffective. Multi Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is defined as Mycobacterium tuberculosis that has developed resistance to at least rifampicin and isoniazid, and these strains now account for greater than 5% of worldwide cases. Mutations within the Rifampicin Resistance Determining Region (RRDR) of the rpoB gene are present in greater than 95% of strains that show rifampicin resistance by conventional drug susceptibility testing. As rifampicin mono resistance is extremely rare, and rifampicin resistance is usually associated with isoniaizd resistance, the RRDR region of the rpoB gene is a very useful surrogate marker for MDR-TB. Many molecular assays have been attempted based on this theory and have had varied levels of success. The three methods evaluated in this study are DNA sequencing of the rpoB, katG and inhA genes, the Genotype MTBDRplus line probe assay (Hain Lifesciences) and a novel method incorporating Real-Time PCR with High Resolution Melt analysis targeted at the RRDR using the Rotorgene 6000 (Corbett Lifesciences). The sensitivity for the detection of rifampicin resistance was far better using DNA sequencing or the commercially available line probe assay than detection by the Real-Time PCR method developed in this study.

No description available.

Submitted by Sabrina Lenz (sabrina_lenz@hotmail.de) on 2014-05-30T12:43:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Master Thesis Sabrina[2].pdf: 1181478 bytes, checksum: 690e74c292c4f0837d89716d3161fb40 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2014-05-30T16:51:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Master Thesis Sabrina[2].pdf: 1181478 bytes, checksum: 690e74c292c4f0837d89716d3161fb40 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2014-06-02T13:49:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Master Thesis Sabrina[2].pdf: 1181478 bytes, checksum: 690e74c292c4f0837d89716d3161fb40 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-02T13:49:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Master Thesis Sabrina[2].pdf: 1181478 bytes, checksum: 690e74c292c4f0837d89716d3161fb40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-22 / This paper considers challenges of Human Resource Management (HRM) in Open Innovation processes. It examines which strategies managers used to overcome these problems in the case of the Brazilian Oil and Gas company Petrobras. By conducting an inductive case study it develops a contextual model based on the use of grounded theory. It argues that the most important categories were to overcome problems of (a) the interpersonal relationship, (b) power shifting inside the organization, and (c) making people more valuable to the organization and shows how managers tackled these challenges. It contributes with a deep analysis of HRM challenges in Open Innovation that is important for a better understanding of management problems that can come along with Open Innovation processes. / Este artigo leva em consideração os desafios da Gestão de Recursos Humanos (HRM) em processos de Inovação Aberta. São examinadas quais estratégias os gerentes utilizavam para superar esses problemas no caso da companhia brasileira de óleo e gás, Petrobrás. Ao conduzir um indutivo estudo de caso, é desenvolvido um modelo contextual baseado no uso da teoria fundamentada. Argumenta-se que as categorias mais importantes a serem superadas foram (a) as relações interpessoais, (b) mudança de poder dentro da organização e (c) a valorização dos funcionários pela organização, e é apresentado como os gerentes solucionaram esses problemas. Este artigo contribui com uma análise aprofundada dos desafios da HRM em Inovação Aberta, o que é importante para melhor entender os problemas gerenciais que podem surgir durante os processos de Inovação Aberta.

The research aims to study how the communication context within the Arab cultures influences the employees' perception of equity and reaction to inequity. Specifically, the study explores how employees from Arab cultural backgrounds communicate with each other within the Saudi working context; and how they collect, interpret and use the different contextual information - from the contexts in which they live and work - in order to make judgements about issues related to the perception of equity and reaction to inequity. In order to study the research topic, a conceptual framework is developed to reconcile between Equity Theory, Social Comparison Theory and Hall's Context Model; and as a base serving the process of designing/choosing the methods of collecting and analysing the data. Three main research questions are developed which are about (i) how the communication context is related to employees' willingness and ability to react to inequity (ii) how the communication context shapes the nature of inequity reactions executed by employees and (iii) how the communication context is related to the way equity is perceived among employees. A modified version of critical realism is adopted to focus on exploring the mechanisms, within the communication context, which influence the perception of equity and reaction to inequity. A combination of retroduction and abduction is developed in a sense that retroduction is used to direct the research toward exploring the structure and mechanisms within the research setting, while abduction is used to draw conclusions about how the phenomena studied in the research are evolving by the structure and mechanisms. A mixed methods approach is adopted in the research. The research includes data from thirty-five semi-structured interviews which are conducted in mainly three Saudi private-sector organisations located in Jeddah with twenty-nine male employees and six male managers of six different Arab nationalities. Template analysis is used to analyse the qualitative interview transcripts and field notes, while cluster analysis is used to group the research participants based on their quantitative responses. The research finds that there are no clear-cut areas separating the activities linked to the perception of equity and reaction to inequity. I also conclude that the perception of equity norms and equity comparison components can sometimes be separate activities. Some factors such as the religious interpretation, face-saving, and contextual norms and powers influence the employees' willingness to react to inequity by altering the way in which those employees perceive equity norms. Here, unwillingness decisions are often made not as a result of personal conviction but as a compromise based on the personal evaluation of the surrounding context, realising the inability of the self to react to such situations in the first place. Thus, it can be concluded that inability to react to inequity can reduce the employees' willingness to react against under-rewarded situations. The process of perceiving equity comparison components is found to be related to the type of reaction adopted to re-establish the equity; this relationship is represented by groups affiliated by a hidden factor or factors, which is more influential than the ethnicity/nationality of the group's members. The research makes a methodological contribution to knowledge by suggesting a new approach to study human relations through the communication context; a conceptual contribution by combining the concepts of equity perception, social comparison and communication context in one conceptual framework; and an empirical contribution by providing a fresh insight to contextual themes in the Saudi working environment.

The aim of this thesis is to describe information about GERD, its etiology, anatomy, pathology, treatment options and rehabilitation in patients with GERD. Lower oesophageal sphincter and antireflux barrier. The study was approved by the ethics committee. 30 probands were included in the study and their health status was verified using the Health Related Quality of Life questionnaire. A manometric catheter was inserted, proband was instructed to maintain various postural positions. Lying supine with lower limbs elevated above the surface, lying supine with lower limbs elevated above the surface with head fixated manualy, sitting and standing position, load in the center of gravity 3/6/9 kg, load outside the center of gravity 3/6/9 kg, lifting of the office chair. It has been shown that LES pressure increases in all postural positions compared to resting pressure. The positions activate the diaphragm to demonstrate the postural function of the diaphragm. The most significant change in LES pressures was in the postural position of lying supine with lower limbs elevated above the surface, the LES resting pressure of 20.34mmHg changed to the pressure of LES 40.92mmHg. Clinical experience and studies have shown that patients with GERD have disposition for respiratory and / or vertebrogenic difficulties....