Les pesticides sont un sujet d’actualité suscitant de nombreuses interrogations. Lors de leur épandage, une partie des pesticides sont émis dans l’atmosphère, important vecteur de dissémination. Ils se répartissent dans les différentes phases de l’atmosphère dont notamment la phase particulaire par la multiplication des usages de pesticides semi-volatils. Ils s’adsorbent à la surface des particules atmosphériques et sont soumis à des processus photochimiques régissant leur devenir. Actuellement, les estimations de la dégradation atmosphérique des pesticides ne prennent en compte que la phase gazeuse. Afin d’appréhender leur devenir et leurs impacts sur la santé et l’environnement, la réactivité hétérogène de 8 pesticides (cyprodinil, deltaméthrine, difénoconazole, fipronil, oxadiazon, pendiméthaline, perméthrine et tétraconazole) adsorbés à la surface de particules modèles a été étudiée. Ce travail s’est centré sur la détermination des temps de vie de ces 8 pesticides en présence d’humidité vis-à-vis du rayonnement solaire, de l’ozone (O3) et des radicaux hydroxyles (OH). Pour un ensoleillement moyen, les temps de vie en phase particulaire varient de 1 à 68 jours. Pour une concentration moyenne de 40 ppb d’O3 et de 10^6 molécule.cm^-3 en radicaux OH, les temps de vie sont respectivement compris entre 8 et plus de 35 jours et entre 24 à plus de 54 jours. La réactivité en phase particulaire est donc beaucoup plus lente qu’en phase gazeuse et confirme la nécessité de prendre en compte cette phase. Par l’identification des produits de dégradation, des mécanismes réactionnels mettent en évidence la formation de composés potentiellement plus toxiques que leurs précurseurs. / Pesticides represent a topic which raise an important number of questions. During their application, one fraction of the pesticides is emitted in the atmosphere, an important dissemination vector. In the atmosphere, pesticides are partitioned between different phases. However, due to increased use of semi-volatile pesticides, they are mostly enriched in the atmospheric particulate phase. They are adsorbed on the surface of atmospheric particles and undergo photochemical processes which govern the fate of pesticides in the atmosphere. Currently, the atmospheric fate of pesticides is based only on gas-phase reactivity. In order to properly understand the fate of pesticides and their impact on human health and on the environment, heterogeneous reactivity of 8 pesticides (cyprodinil, deltamethrin, difenoconazole, fipronil, oxadiazon, pendimethalin, permethrin and tetraconazole) adsorbed on the surface of silica particles, is evaluated. This work deals with the determination of lifetimes of these 8 pesticides under solar light irradiation, ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radicals (OH), in presence of humidity. With a daily average sunshine, the lifetimes of the pesticides in the particle phase are between ca. 1 day and 68 days. For an average mixing ratio of 40 ppb of O3 and 10^6 cm^-3 of OH radicals, the lifetimes span between 8 and more than 35 days and 24 and more than 54 days, respectively. This study shows that the reactivity in the particle phase is slower than in the gas phase and confirm the necessity to be taken into account. Degradation products are identified and reaction mechanism is proposed bringing to light the formation of compounds more toxic than their precursors.

La production ainsi que l'utilisation massive des produits chimiques pour divers usages, a résulté à leur introduction et accumulation dans l'environnement. Ces produits peuvent se transporter par différentes façons de leur source à des régions très lointaines de la planète, ce qui dépend de leur propriété physico-chimiques. Une quantité et variété importante de composés organiques sont utilisées dans l'agriculture comme pesticides, afin de protéger les cultures et augmenter les rendements. Les résidus de ces produits peuvent toujours se trouver dans les champs, puis sous l'effet des précipitations ils passent par lixiviation dans les fleuves et d'autres system aqueux. Les produits pharmaceutiques et les produits de soins personnels sont introduits dans l'environnement de façon continue par les eaux usés municipales. Ces substances manifestent, dans la plus part des cas, des effets perturbants sur les organismes vivants. Malgré leur concentration faible dans les eaux naturelles, le contact permanent des organismes aquatiques peut avoir des conséquences négatives telles que la modification du comportement sexuel observé chez les poissons d'eau douce. Dans le but de réduire ou éliminer la pollution chimique des eaux des nombreuses méthodes ont vu le jour, telles que: l'adsorption des polluants sur des adsorbants, la filtration membranaire, le traitement microbiologique, l'oxydation chimique et les procédés d'oxydation avancée. La plus part des méthodes utilisées dans les stations d'épuration des eaux ne détruisent pas efficacement les contaminants organiques. L'utilisation des méthodes physiques permet de les séparer de l'eau, ce qui nécessite des opérations supplémentaires pour leur élimination. Au contraire, les procédés d'oxydation avancée et en particulier les procédés électrochimiques d'oxydation avancée (méthodes développées récemment) se montrent plus efficace dans l'élimination des polluants toxiques et non-biodégradables, car ces procédés sont capables à conduire jusqu'à minéralisation totale de la matière organique. Le sujet de cette thèse repose donc sur l'application du procédé électro-Fenton qui est un procédé électrochimique d'oxydation avancée pour la destruction des contaminants organiques dans l'eau. Cette méthode fait appel aux radicaux hydroxyles (espèces très oxydantes et extrêmement réactives) pour l'élimination des polluants récalcitrants, qui sont produit in situ à travers le réactif du Fenton (H2O2 + Fe2+). Ce réactif est généré in situ électrochimiquement. . Dans ce procédé la nature du matériau de l'électrode a une importance cruciale. Ainsi nous avons étudié dans ce travail l'influence du matériel de l'anode et de la cathode sur l'efficacité du procédé électro-Fenton. Dans un premier temps nous avons étudié de manière systématique le pouvoir d'oxydation d'anode comme de différentes matériaux d'anodes tels que : BDD, Pt, DSA, PbO2, Feutre de carbone, Graphite et Fibre de carbone dans l'oxydation de l'antibiotique amoxicilline (AMX). Dans tous les cas une électrode d'acier inox a été utilisée comme cathode. La dégradation de AMX a été suivie par l'analyse CLHP alors que la minéralisation de ses solutions par l'analyseur du carbone organique totale (COT). Il s'est avéré que l'anode BDD a était l'anode la plus puissante pour l'oxydation de l'AMX tandis que l'anode DSA a présenté les performances les plus faibles. D'autre part, le feutre de carbone a présenté un comportement caractéristique; il était très efficace sur l'oxydation de l'AMX mais ces performances en minéralisation étaient médiocres. Dans l'étape suivante, quatre anodes (Pt, BDD, DSA and Feutre de carbone) ont été testées pour élucider leur influence sur l'efficacité du procédé électro-Fenton, en utilisant toujours une cathode de feutre de carbone. L'antibiotique sulfamethazine (SMT) a été choisi comme polluant modèle (...) / Permanent production and use of organic chemicals for many purposes has resulted in their introduction and accumulation in the environment. Depending on their physicochemical properties they can be transported by different ways from the source to very remote regions of the planet. Many organic chemicals are used in agriculture as pesticides for cultures protection or nutrient. Residues of these chemicals can always be found in fields, and under the effect of precipitations they leach and pass in streams and rivers. Pharmaceuticals and personal health care products and other house holding chemicals are continuously introduced in the environment through municipal wastewaters. These substances exhibit, in most of the cases, perturbation effects towards the living organisms, moreover the effect of many of them is not known yet. Despite their concentration in water is low, the exposure of organisms for long periods can lead to negative consequences, but these effects cannot be measured instantly. In order to reduce or avoid the pollution of water with chemicals many water treatment methods has been developed like adsorption of pollutants on adsorbents, membrane filtration, microbiological treatment, chemical oxidation with oxidizing agents and advanced oxidation processes. Most of the methods used in waste water treatment plants (WWTP) do not completely destroy the organic contaminants or they only separate the contaminants from water. Then they have to be deposed somewhere else remaining always a potential source of contamination. Advanced oxidation processes and in particular electrochemical advanced oxidation processes are methods developed later and are proven as more effective as they can completely oxidize the organic matter in water. The subject of this thesis is the use of electro-Fenton, an electrochemical advanced oxidation process for efficient destruction of organic pollutants in aqueous medium. In this method, organic pollutants are eliminated by H hydroxyl radicals (high oxidation power species) which are produced in situ through the Fenton's reagent (H2O2 + Fe2+) itself generated in the solution electrochemically and continuously. In this process, the electrode material is of fundamental importance in order to have an efficient process, so we have studied at large extent the influence of both cathode and anode material in this work. Firstly a systematic study on the oxidation capacity of the process of amoxicillin (AMX) as model pollutant with several anodes materials: BDD, Pt, DSA, PbO2 Carbon felt, Graphite and Carbon fibre was realised. In all cases a stainless steel electrode was used as cathode. The degradation of AMX was followed by HPLC analysis whereas the mineralization efficiency ot the process was measured by total organic carbon analyser (TOC). This revealed that BDD was the most efficient anode for AMX oxidation and DSA was the weakest one. Carbon felt showed a characteristic behaviour; it was very efficient on AMX oxidation but it could not transform AMX to CO2 and H2O. Afterwards four anodes were tested for their influence on electro-Fenton process efficiency namely Pt, BDD, DSA and Carbon felt, the cathode was always carbon felt. Sulfamethazine (SMT) was used as model pollutant. Apparent rate constants have given only moderate values of mineralization for currents lower than 100 mA. Here again the BDD anode was distinguished for its excellent mineralization capacity owing to the additional hydroxyl radicals and other oxidizing species introduced in the system. When electro-Fenton applied good degradation and mineralization results were obtained even with the DSA anode (...)

Du fait de l’omniprésence de l’homme au sein du compartiment intérieur, y passant jusqu’à 90% de son temps au cours d’une journée, il est devenu essentiel de caractérisé correctement l’atmosphère et donc les polluants présent dans ce milieu. Ce travail de thèse prend la suite d’une étude menée au sein de notre laboratoire montrant une importante présence de radicaux hydroxyles dans cette atmosphère. Le polluant précurseur des radicaux supposé au cours de cette étude est l’acide nitreux (HONO), présent dans des quantités de l’ordre du ppb pour l’intérieur. Ce travail de thèse a donc eu pour but, dans un premier temps de caractériser la photolyse de l’acide nitreux conduisant à la formation de radicaux hydroxyles, et dans un second temps d’établir ses différentes voies de formation, directes et indirectes, afin de quantifier ses sources dans les atmosphères intérieures. / People in Western societies spend about 90% of their time indoors, predominantly within indoor places. The residence time of the airborne indoor pollutants is much longer due to the smaller volumes compared to the outdoor atmosphere and low air exchange rates. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of indoor air quality is essential.Nitrous acid (HONO) is an emerging indoor pollutant because 1) it can lead to human respiratory tract irritation and formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines, and 2) it can be effectively photolyzed leading to a pulse of hydroxyl radicals (OH).The PhD work here presented is focused on understanding of the formation processes of oxidizing species such as HONO and, hence, OH radicals in the built environment.

Research on the cure and early detection of diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's is becoming of great interest due to the increasing number of people affected by them every year. An accurate and quick detection of various damaging species is highly critical in treatments of such diseases not only for exploring possible cures but also for early detection. If these diseases are detected during the initial stages than the possibility of curing them is much higher. Motivated by this, many researchers today have developed numerous types of sensing devices that can detect various physiological and biological compounds. However, most of these sensors are enzyme based. They have several setbacks such as the lack of sensitivity, restricted selectivity, short shelf life, and biological fouling. To overcome these obstacles, we examine the use of nanoceria modified Pt and Au electrodes for the detection of glucose and reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide. Amperometric detection of glucose and hydrogen peroxide is critical for biological applications for diabetes and possible Alzheimer's and Parkinson's patients. This dissertation focuses on the exploration of non-enzymatic detection of glucose and reactive oxygen species which has the prospective to be used for biological applications, in addition to an investigation of an odor control technology that uses these reactive oxygen species for the treatment of wastewater plants. The combination of bi-metallic composites with nanoceria showed increased oxidation ability towards glucose and hydrogen peroxide. The following dissertation expands on the relationship between bi-metallic nanoceria composite materials and its electro-oxidation of glucose and hydrogen peroxide towards biological sensing along with an investigation of an odor control technology that utilizes generates hydroxyl radical fine particle mist for the degradation of hydrogen sulfide odor in wastewater treatment plants.

No description available.

Cette étude porte sur l’application de différents procédés d’oxydation avancée, POA (plasma d'air humide, électro-Fenton, photo-Fenton et oxydation anodique avec BDD) pour le traitement des colorants de textile. La particularité de ces procédés tient à la génération dans le milieu d’entités très réactives et très oxydantes, les radicaux hydroxyles •OH qui sont capables d’oxyder n’importe quelle molécule organique jusqu’au stade ultime d'oxydation, c'est-à-dire la minéralisation (transformation en CO2 et H2O). Le plasma d'air humide a été appliqué pour l'oxydation d'un colorant azoïque, l'OD 61. Différents catalyseurs (Fe2+, Fe3+ et TiO2) ont été ajoutés dans leurs conditions optimisées afin d'améliorer les performances du système Glidarc. La combinaison des deux catalyseurs: Fe2+ et TiO2 a permis de décolorer 91% de l'OD 61 au bout de 3 heures et d'atteindre un taux d'abattement du COT de l'ordre de 52% après 10 heures de traitement. La méthodologie de la recherche expérimentale a été appliquée dans ce mémoire afin d'étudier l'influence de: l'intensité du courant, la concentration du colorant et le temps d'électrolyse sur la vitesse de disparition de l'OD 61 et afin de déterminer les conditions optimales de sa minéralisation. Dans les conditions optimales obtenues ([colorant] = 0,53.10-3 mol.L-1, I = 250 mA), le procédé électro-Fenton (EF) permet d'atteindre des taux de minéralisation de l'ordre de 98% dans le cas de l'OD 61 et l'AO 7 et de 88% dans le cas de l'indigo carmine. L’identification des produits intermédiaires au cours de l’électrolyse a permis de proposer un mécanisme de minéralisation de l'AO7. Les constantes cinétiques apparentes et absolues ont été déterminées. La dégradation de l'indigo a été étudiée par oxydation anodique avec BDD (OA-BDD) et par procédé photo-Fenton (PF). Cette étude a montré que l'électrolyse de l'indigo suit une cinétique de pseudo premier ordre et que le taux d'abattement du COT était de l'ordre de 97% et 63% respectivement avec OA-BDD et PF. Une étude comparative pour l'oxydation de l'AO 7 a été menée par trois procédés d'oxydation avancée: PF, OA- BDD et EF-Pt et EF-BDD. Cette étude a montré que le procédé photo-Fenton permet d'atteindre des taux d'abattement supérieurs à 90% après seulement 2 heures de traitement. Toutefois, le PF s'est révélé le plus coûteux suite à l'utilisation de la lumière artificielle UV et l'ajout des réactifs. Par ailleurs, le traitement d'un effluent réel issu de l'industrie de textile par le procédé électro-Fenton avec une anode de platine a permis la minéralisation presque totale du rejet initial (94% du COT initial ont été éliminés) / This study concerns the application of various advanced oxidation processes, AOP (humid air plasma, electro-Fenton, photo-Fenton and anodic oxidation with BDD) to treatment of wastewater containing the persistent organic pollutants such as textile dyes. The characteristic of these processes is due to the generation of very reactive and very oxidizing species, hydroxyl radicals •OH which are able to oxidize any organic molecule until the ultimate oxidation stage, i.e. mineralization (transformation into CO2 and H2O). The humid air plasma was applied for DO 61degradation. Various catalysts (Fe2+, Fe3+ and TiO2) were added under their optimized conditions in order to improve the performances of Glidarc system. The combination of Fe2+and TiO2 lead to reach 91% of DO 61 degradation after 3 hours and 52% of TOC abatement after 10 H of treatment. The experimental design methodology was applied in this work in order to investigate the influence of experimental parameters (current intensity, dye concentration and electrolysis time) on the degradation rate of DO 61 dye and then for determining the optimal mineralization conditions. Under the optimal obtained conditions ([dye] = 0.53 10-3 mol.L-1, I = 250 mA), electro-Fenton process can lead to a complete mineralization of dyes: 98% of TOC abatement are obtained in the case of the DO 61 and the AO 7 and 88% in the case of indigo carmine. The identification of the intermediates during electrolysis permitted to propose a mineralization of AO 7 dye under examination. The apparent and absolute kinetic constants were determined. The degradation of indigo dye was studied by anodic oxidation with BDD (AO-BDD) and photo-Fenton process (PF). This study shows a pseudo first order reaction kinetics for indigo degradation. The mineralization efficiency is about 97% and 63% of TOC abatement, respectively with OA-BDD and PF A comparative study of the mineralization efficiency of AO 7 dye was been investigated by different advanced oxidation processes (PF, AO-BDD, EF-Pt, EF-BDD). This study shows that PF process lead to reach more than 95% of TOC abatement after only 2 hours. Nevertheless, this process is the most expensive due to the use artificial UV light and the addition of reagents. The treatment of an industrial textile effluent by electro-Fenton process lead to a complete mineralization (94% of initial TOC were eliminated)

Oxidation reactions are of prime importance at an industrial level and correspond to a huge market. Oxidation reactions are widely practiced in industry and are thoroughly studied in academic and industrial laboratories. Achievements in oxidation process resulted in the development of many new selective oxidation processes. Environmental protection also relies mainly on oxidation reactions. Remarkable results obtained in this field contributed to promote the social image of chemistry which gradually changes from being the enemy of nature to becoming its friend and savior. This study dealt with two aspects regarding oxidation process. The first aspect represented an experimental study for the partial oxidation of benzene to phenol using Pd membrane in the gaseous phase. The second part was a theoretical study for some of the advanced oxidation process (AOPs) which are applied for contaminant destructions in polluted waters. Niwa and coworkers reported a one step catalytic process to convert benzene to phenol using Pd membrane. According to their work, this technique will produce a higher yield than current cumene and nitrous oxide based industrial routes to phenol. A similar system to produce phenol from benzene in one step was studied in this work. Results at low conversion of benzene to phenol were obtained with a different selectivity from the reported work. High conversion to phenol was not obtained using the same arrangement as the reported one. High conversion to phenol was obtained using a scheme different from the one reported by Niwa et al1. It was found that producing phenol from benzene is not related to Pd-membrane since phenol was produced by passing all reactants over a Pd catalyst. Within the studied experimental conditions, formation of phenol was related to Pd catalyst since Pt catalyst was not capable of activating benzene to produce phenol. Other evidence was the result of a blank experiment, where no catalyst was used. From this experiment no phenol was produced. A kinetic model for the advanced oxidation process using ultraviolet light and hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) in a completely mixed batch reactor has been tested for the destruction of humic acid in aqueous solutions. Known elementary chemical reactions with the corresponding rate constants were taken from the literature and used in this model. Photochemical reaction parameters of hydrogen peroxide and humic acid were also taken from the literature. Humic acid was assumed to be mainly destroyed by direct photolysis and radicals. The rate constant for the HA- reaction was optimized from range of values in the literature. Other fitted parameters were the rate constant of direct photolysis of hydrogen peroxide and humic acid. A series of reactions were proposed for formation of organic byproducts of humic acid destruction by direct photolysis and radicals. The corresponding rate constants were optimized based on the best fit within the range of available published data. This model doesn't assume the net formation of free radicals species is zero. The model was verified by predicting the degradation of HA and H2O2 for experimental data taken from the literature. The kinetic model predicted the effect of initial HA and H2O2 concentration on the process performance regarding the residual fraction of hydrogen peroxide and nonpurgeable dissolved organic carbon (NPDOC). The kinetic model was used to study the effect of the presence of carbonate/bicarbonate on the rate of degradation of NPDOC using hydrogen peroxide and UV (H2O2/UV) oxidation. Experimental data taken from literature were used to test the kinetic model in the presence of carbonate/bicarbonate at different concentrations. The kinetic model was able to describe the trend of the experimental data. The kinetic model simulations, along with the experimental data for the conditions in this work, showed a retardation effect on the rate of degradation of NPDOC due to the presence of bicarbonate and carbonate. This effect was attributed to the scavenging of the hydroxyl radicals by carbonate and bicarbonate. A kinetic model for the degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in a batch reactor applying Fenton's reagent (FeII/ H2O2) and Fenton-like reagent (Feo/ H2O2) in aqueous solutions was proposed. All of the rate and equilibrium constants for hydrogen peroxide chemistry in aqueous solutions were taken from the literature. Rate and equilibrium constants for ferric and ferrous ions reactions in this model were taken from the reported values in the literature, except for the rate constant for the reaction of ferric ions with hydrogen peroxide where it was fitted within the range that was reported in the literature. Rate constant for iron dissolution was also a fitted parameter. The mechanism of MTBE degradation by the hydroxyl radicals was proposed based on literature studies. The kinetic model was tested on available experimental data from the literature which involved the use of Fenton's reagent and Fenton-like reagent for MTBE degradation. The degradation of MTBE in Fenton's reagent work was characterized to proceed by two stages, a fast one which involved the reaction of ferrous ions with hydrogen peroxide (FeII/H2O2 stage) and another, relatively, slower stage which involved the reaction of ferric ions with hydrogen peroxide (FeIII/H2O2 stage). The experimental data of MTBE degradation in the FeII/H2O2 stage were not sufficient to validate the model, however the model predictions of MTBE degradation in the FeIII/H2O2 stage was good. Also, the model was able to predict the byproducts formation from MTBE degradation and their degradation especially methyl acetate, and tert-butyl alcohol. The effect of each proposed reaction on MTBE degradation and the byproducts formation and degradation was elucidated based on a sensitivity analysis. The kinetic model predicted the degradation of MTBE for Fenton-like reagent for the tested experimental data. Matlab (R13) was used to solve the set of ordinary nonlinear stiff differential equations that described rate of species concentrations in each advanced oxidation kinetic model. Niwa, S. et al., Science 295 (2002) 105

<p>Etanolni ekstrakti tropa odabranih sorti cvekle (Detroit, Cardeal-F1, Egipatska, Bikor i Kestrel) preči&scaron;ćeni su primenom ekstrakcije na čvrstoj fazi (SPE). Sadržaj ukupnih<br />fenolnih jedinjenja, flavonoida i betalaina u preči&scaron;ćenim ekstraktima određeni su spektrofotometrijskim metodama. HPLC analizom utvrđen je kvalitativni i kvantitativni sastav fenolnih jedinjenja i betalaina ekstrakata tropa odabranih sorti cvekle. ESR spektroskopijom ispitana je antiradikalska aktivnost ekstrakata topa cvekle na stabilne DPPH i reaktivne superoksid anjon i hidroksil radikale.<br />Spektrofotometrijski je određena antioksidativna aktivnost na DPPH radikale i redukciona sposobnost po Oyaizu u ekstraktima odabranih sorti cvekle. Ispitana je in vitro<br />antiproliferativna aktivnost frakcija ekstrakata, njihovim delovanjem na rast tri histolo&scaron;ki različite humane ćelijske linije: MCF-7 (adenokarcinom dojke), HeLa (epitelni karcinom cerviksa)i MRC-5 (fetalni fibroblastni karcinom pluća). U zavr&scaron;noj fazi rada određena je antimikrobna aktivnost ekstrakata tropa odabranih sorti cvekle.</p> / <p> Beetroot (Detroit, Cardeal-F1, Egipatska, Bikor i Kestrel)<br /> pomace ethanol extracts were purified using solid phase<br /> extraction (SPE). Contents of total phenols, flavonoids and<br /> betalains in purified extracts were determined by spectrophotometric<br /> methods. HPLC analysis were used for quantitative<br /> and qualitative characterization of phenolic compounds<br /> and betalains in investigated extracts. ESR spectroscopy<br /> was used for investigation of antiradical activity of<br /> beetroot pomace extracts on stable DPPH and reactive<br /> superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals. Antioxidant activity<br /> was determined spectrophotometrically on DPPH radicals<br /> and reducing power according to Oyaizu in the beetroot pomace<br /> extracts. Antiproliferative activity of investigated extracts<br /> was determined in vitro, testing their influence on the<br /> growth of three histologically different human cell lines:<br /> MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), HeLa (cervix epithelioid<br /> carcinoma) and MRC-5 (fetal lung). Also, antimicrobial activity<br /> of beetroot pomace extracts was determined.</p>

<p>Acetonski ekstrakti bobičastog voća iz familija Ericaceae<br />(borovnica,<em> Vaccinium myrtillus</em> L., i brusnica, <em>Vaccinium<br />macrocarpon</em> L.) i Rosaceae (&scaron;ipak, <em>Rosa canina</em> L., i glog,<br /><em>Crataegus oxyacantha</em> L.) preči&scaron;ćeni su i frakcionisani<br />primenom ekstrakcije na čvrstoj fazi (SPE). Sadržaj ukupnih<br />polifenolnih jedinjenja, flavonoida i antocijana u preči&scaron;ćenim<br />ekstraktima određeni su spektrofotometrijskim metodama.<br />HPLC analizom utvrđen je kvalitativni i kvantitativni<br />sastav frakcija ekstrakata ispitivanih bobica. ESR spektroskopijom<br />ispitana je antiradikalska aktivnost frakcija ekstrakata<br />bobica na stabilne DPPH^● i reaktivne superoksid anjon i<br />hidroksil radikale. ESR spektroskopijom ispitano je i<br />prisustvo slobodnih radikala antioksidanata nastalih tokom<br />reakcije frakcija ekstrakata bobica sa superoksid anjon<br />radikalima. U zavr&scaron;noj fazi rada ispitana je<em> in vitro</em><br />antiproliferativna aktivnost frakcija ekstrakata bobica, njihovim<br />delovanjem na rast tri histolo&scaron;ki različite humane ćelijske<br />linije: HeLa (epitelni karcinom cerviksa), HT-29 (adenokarcinom<br />debelog creva) i MCF-7 (adenokarcinom dojke).</p> / <p>Acetone extracts of berries form Ericaceae (bilberry, <em>Vaccinium<br />myrtillus</em> L., and cranberry, <em>Vaccinium macrocarpon</em><br />L.) and Rosaceae (rose hip, <em>Rosa canina</em> L., and hawthorn,<br /><em>Crataegus oxyacantha </em>L.) families were purified and fractionated<br />using solid phase extraction (SPE). Contents of total<br />polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins in purified extracts<br />were determined by spectrophotometric methods.<br />HPLC analysis were used for quantitative and qualitative<br />characterization of investigated berry extracts fractions. ESR<br />spectroscopy was used for investigation of antiradical activity<br />of berry extracts fractions on stable DPPH^● and<br />reactive superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals. The<br />presence of antioxidant free radicals formed during reaction<br />of investigated berry extracts fractions with superoxide<br />anion radicals was also investigated by ESR. Antiprolixferative<br />activity of investigated berry extracts fractions was<br />determined<em> in vitro</em>, testing their influence on the growth of<br />three histologically different human cell lines: HeLa (cervix<br />epithelioid carcinoma), HT-29 (colon adenocarcinoma) i<br />MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma).</p>

Les différents rejets aqueux de types industriel, artisanal et/ou hospitalier, contiennent différents contaminants organiques ou inorganiques qu’il convient d’éliminer. Selon le type de l’industrie et de l’utilisation, ces rejets auront besoin de subir un ou plusieurs traitements. Il existe de nombreuses méthodes de traitement des eaux adaptées à chaque pollution et à chaque usage. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’utilisation d’une méthode peu onéreuse qui met en jeu les ions ferriques, ions ferreux, oxygène moléculaire et la lumière solaire (Fe(III)/Fe(II)/O2/hν) pour induire la transformation de composés organiques appartenant à deux familles de pesticides : les sulfonylurées et les organophosphorés. L’objectif majeur de l’étude consiste à la compréhension du rôle des ions de fer(II) dans le processus photocatalytique largement reporté dans la littérature ainsi que d’identifier les principaux produits formés au cours du processus. L’étude de la dégradation des sulfonylurées par excitation UV du peroxyde a démontré, sans aucune surprise, une réelle efficacité du processus. La réaction met en jeu les radicaux hydroxyles qui ont été clairement mis en évidence et quantifiés sous irradiation continue et par photolyse laser. Le processus dépend de la concentration initiale du substrat, du pH et de la concentration du photoinducteur (H2O2). La présence dans le milieu de la plupart des ions inorganiques conduit à une inhibition partielle de la dégradation. Dans le cas des ions étudiés, l’ordre de la réactivité est SO42- > Cl- > NO3- > CO32- . Cet aspect est très important à considérer lorsqu’il s’agit de traiter des eaux par le procédé UV/H2O2 . Lors de l’étude du comportement photochimique du complexe [Fe(H2O)5(OH)]2+ sous excitation à 365 nm et en simulateur solaire, la principale espèce réactive mise en jeu est le radical hydroxyle. En présence de composés organiques, une dégradation totale a pu être obtenue et ceci même pour de faibles concentrations en complexe de fer(III) (1,0x10-6 mol L-1). Il y a donc une régénération in situ et sous irradiation du fer(III). L’ensemble des expériences entreprises a permis de montrer que la régénération met en jeu non seulement le fer(II) mais également l’oxygène. La présence simultanée du fer(III) à l’état de trace et du fer(II) joue un rôle clé. En effet, l’excitation du fer(III) permet la production d’état excités qui transfèrent l’énergie aux ions de fer(II). Ces derniers états excités de fer(II) réagissent avec l’oxygène moléculaire par un processus de transfert d’électrons pour générer du fer(III) et l’anion superoxyde. La solution se trouve ainsi de plus en plus enrichie en fer(III) au fur et à mesure de l’excitation lumineuse. Sur le plan analytique, nous avons utilisé la technique LC/MS et LC/ESI/MS2 pour appréhender la structure chimique des photoproduits formés par l’étude précise des processus de fragmentation. Parmi toutes les réactions habituelles du radical hydroxyl (hydroxylation du noyau aromatique, scission du pont sulfonylurée et déméthylation), nous avons montré que certaines sulfonylurées conduisent, en milieu légèrement acide, à un processus de scission du squelette triazinique. Une telle réaction a également pu être confirmée par des études théoriques au niveau B3LYP/6-31G (d,p). La présence simultanée d’un groupement methoxy et d’une amine secondaire adjacente au cycle triazine est une condition essentielle pour une telle ouverture. L’ouverture du cycle est une étape importante pour atteindre l’objectif de l’étude qui est d’obtenir la minéralisation des solutions et ainsi le traitement des rejets aqueux de types industriel, artisanal et/ou hospitalier. / Waste waters resulting from industrial and artisanal activities as well as from hospital discharges contain numerous toxic organic and inorganic contaminants that require efficient treatment. In the present work, we employed various combinations of ferric and ferrous ions, oxygen, hydrogen peroxide and sunlight (Fe(III)/Fe(II)/O2/hν) to induce the transformation of two pesticide families: sulfonylureas and organophosphorus. The main objective of the study was devoted to the role of iron(II) species in the whole transformation process and also to the elucidation of the generated byproducts. In a first step, we used the system H2O2/ hν as a preliminary process for the degradation of the pollutant. This allowed a complete and fast removal of sulfonylureas. The reaction mainly involves hydroxyl radicals that were identified and quantified by nanosecond laser photolysis technique. The process highly depends on the initial substrate concentration, pH and the concentration of the photoinductor (H2O2). The presence of inorganic ions that could be present in waste waters was shown to inhibit the degradation, in the following decreasing order: SO42- > Cl- > NO3- > CO32- . In a second step, the study of the photochemical behavior of the iron(III) aquacomplex, [Fe(H2O)5(OH)]2+, upon light excitation at 365 nm as well as by using a solar simulator also showed the generation of hydroxyl radical together with iron(II) species. A complete elimination of studied pesticides was obtained even at low concentrations of iron(III) complex (1,0x10-6 mol L-1), indicating the high efficiency of the process. To gain insight into the degradation mechanism, the evolution of iron species upon irradiation was investigated in the absence and in the presence of molecular oxygen. The results suggested that a regeneration mechanism of iron(III) occurs through two consecutives steps. First, the excitation of iron(III) in trace concentrations, leads to the formation of iron(II) excited states through energy transfer process followed an electron transfer process that involves molecular oxygen and iron(II) excited state. As a conclusion, the solution becomes more and more enriched by iron(III) via the light excitation and in the presence of oxygen revealing the photocatalytic behavior of [Fe(H2O)5(OH)]2+. Within this work, a special attention was also devoted to the identification of products formed during the above photocatalytic process. This was performed by using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry LC/ESI/MS2. The close investigation of the fragmentation processes of the generated products, permitted the establishment of precise chemical structures. In addition to the classical degradation of sulfonylureas by hydroxyl radicals (hydroxylation of the aromatic ring, the scission of sulfonylurea bridge and demethylation) a ring opening of the triazine skeleton was also obtained. This was observed under acidic conditions and was clearly confirmed by theoretical studies at the B3LYP / 6-31G (d, p) level. This triazine scission was only obtained with sulfonylures that contain a methoxy group and a secondary amine adjacent to the triazine moiety. Such ring opening constitutes an important and fundamental step when decontamination or/and mineralization of waste waters are concerned.