Le récepteur des oestrogènes (RE) peut moduler l’expression de gènes impliqués dans les processus de prolifération et d’apoptose cellulaires. Cette régulation est possible par le recrutement de complexes corégulateurs. Dans ces complexes, l’activité répressive s’explique essentiellement par la présence d’histones désacétylases (HDAC). Cette famille de protéines est composée de 18 membres classés en 4 groupes. Cette répartition est due aux similarités structurales et de fonctions de ces enzymes. Il y a la classe I (HDAC 1, -2, -3, -8), la classe II (HDAC 4, -5, -6, -7, -9, -10) et la classe IV (HDAC 11) qui ont une activité Zn2+ dépendante alors que la classe III (Sirt1-7) recense les HDAC avec une activité NAD+ dépendante. Des résultats récents du laboratoire ont montré, qu’au niveau ARNm, il y avait un important différentiel d’expression de HDAC9 entre les lignées cellulaires de cancer du sein RE positive et négative ou résistante au tamoxifène. Durant ma thèse, j’ai démontré que la régulation de HDAC9, au niveau de son expression, comme au niveau de ses fonctions, affecte la signalisation oestrogénique en modulant l’expression et l’activité transcriptionnelle de REα. De plus, de nombreuses études ont montré l’activité antiangiogénique d’inhibiteurs de HDAC (HDI) à large spectre comme la TSA (Tricostatin A). La conception et l’identification de HDI, potentiellement sélectifs, comme agents anti-tumoraux et/ou anti-métastatique représente une nouvelle approche de thérapie seule ou combinée avec les produits déjà utilisés dans le traitement du cancer. Ainsi, afin d’identifier et caractériser de nouveaux HDI, j’ai établi un outil bioluminescent pour la détection d’inhibiteurs sélectifs de HDAC. Plusieurs lignées cellulaires Gal4-VP16-HDAC ont été générées dans ce but / The estrogen receptor (ER) can modulate the gene expression with consequences in the cell proliferation, apoptosis. This modulation is possible by the recruitment of coactivator or corepressor complexes. The repression activity is in particular explained by the histones deacetylases (HDACs). This protein family is composed by eighteen members who have been classified in four groups. These HDACs are subdivided on structural and functional similarities. The class I isoforms (HDACs 1, 2, 3 and 8), class II (HDACs 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10) and class IV (HDAC11) are Zn-dependent enzymes, whereas class III HDACs (Sirtuins 1-7) are NAD+-dependent. Recent data from the laboratory have shown, at the mRNA level, there is an enormous expression differential of HDAC9 between breast cancer cell line ER positive and negative or OHT resistant cell line. During my thesis, I demonstrated that the regulations of the HDAC9 on the level of its expression as of its role in the various breast cancer cell lines were implicated in the estrogen signaling. This regulation takes place at the transcriptional level and in the ERet#945; activity.In addition, using broad spectrum HDAC inhibitors (HDIs) such as TSA (Tricostatin A), many studies have shown that these inhibitors had antiangiogenic activity. Thus, the design or the identification of selective and potent HDAC inhibitors as agents anti-tumoral and/or anti-metastatic can emerge in a novel opportunity used alone or in combination with the already existing agents for the treatment of cancers. In order to identify and characterize new HDIs, my thesis works consisted to establish bioluminescent cell lines for screening HDAC inhibitors. Different cell GAL4-VP16-HDACs chimeras' models were generated to determine the selectivity of HDIs for the different HDACs.

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition has recently emerged as a novel therapy for cancer treatment. However, currently approved histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are pan-inhibitors thus inhibiting all 11 zinc dependent HDAC isoforms including those not involved in tumorigenesis. These inhibitors are also associated with various side effects including a potentially fatal cardiotoxicity. To address these issues, isoform selective HDACi were designed and synthesized. The use of 3-hydroxy-pyridin-2-thione (3HPT) as zinc chelation group resulted in small molecules devoid of HDAC1 inhibition but active against HDAC6 and/or 8. Selected 3HPT containing HDACi displayed anticancer activity against various cancer cell lines including DU145, LNCaP and Jurkat. Surprisingly, the lead-compounds were very potent against Jurkat Jγ cells which are resistant to SAHA-induced apoptosis. HDACi were also targeted to cancer cells using folic or pteroic acids as targeting groups. Incorporation of the folic acid into the HDACi pharmacophoric model resulted in inhibitors selective for HDAC6, whereas pteroic-based HDACi inhibited both HDAC1 and 6. Only the pteroic-based inhibitors displayed anticancer activities against folate receptor overexpressing tumors such KB and HeLa. Furthermore, cell-based studies established the inhibition of HDAC1 as the basis for the anticancer activities of the pteroic-based HDACi.

No description available.

Background: The higher-order structure of chromatin changes in response to extracellular and environmental signals. We observed nuclear morphological changes in biopsied cancer tissue after chemotherapy. Since chromatin structure dictates gene expression, and therefore function, further investigation of this phenomenon may increase our understanding of therapeutic responses. I hypothesised that nuclear morphological changes in cancer in response to DNA-damage by chemotherapy are mediated by histone deacetylases (de Ruijter, van Gennip et al.). Methods: Ovarian cancer cell lines PEO1/PEO4 (platinum sensitive/resistant) were selected as in vitro models, and primary ovarian cancer xenografts OV1002 and HOX424 as in vivo models. Expression levels of HDACs, heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1), and DNA damage response (DDR) proteins were profiled by Western blot analysis after treatment with cisplatin. Immunofluorescence imaging was undertaken using confocal microscopy, and nuclear texture and γH2AX foci were measured in Image J. Cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. Thirty eight different ovarian cancer biopsies and 175 xenograft samples were assessed for HDAC and HP1 expression in response to chemotherapy by quantitative immunofluorescence. HDAC2 expression was modulated by interfering RNAs (siRNA). Results: I demonstrated nuclear morphological changes in clinical tumours, xenografts, and cell lines in response to platinum chemotherapy by robust measurement of nuclear texture. Expression of HDAC2 increased in PEO1 cells treated with cisplatin at 24h, and this was accompanied by high expression of HP1s. Expression of components of both HDACs and DDR pathways (pBRCA1, γH2AX, pATM, pATR) showed time dependent changes after cisplatin treatment. Knockdown of HDAC2 reduced the expression of HP1, induced DNA double strand breaks (DSB) measured by γH2AX, and interfered with the activation of DDR induced by cisplatin. Furthermore, HDAC2 depletion affected γH2AX foci formation, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis triggered by cisplatin, and was additive to the inhibitory effect of cisplatin in cell lines. By inhibiting expression of HDAC2, I observed reversible alteration of chromatin patterns during cisplatin treatment to some degree. In clinical ovarian cancer specimens, expression of HDAC4, HDAC8 and HP1γ significantly increased after chemotherapy in sensitive patients, with enhanced heterogeneity in chromatin pattern. HDAC2, HDAC8, and HP1 expression were also increased after carboplatin treatment in carboplatin-sensitive xenografts. Conclusion: These results demonstrate alterations in nuclear morphology after chemotherapy, and implicate HDACs in having a role in higher order chromatin changes and in cellular DNA damage responses in ovarian cancer both in vitro and in vivo.

Le virus de la leucémie bovine (BLV) est un rétrovirus B-lymphotrope qui a été identifié comme l’agent étiologique de la leucose bovine enzootique. L’infection par le BLV se caractérise par l’absence de virémie due à la latence du virus dans la majorité des cellules infectées. Cette latence résulte de la répression transcriptionnelle du provirus in vivo; elle favorise très probablement le développement tumoral en permettant aux cellules infectées d’échapper au système immunitaire de l’hôte. Cependant, la transcription du BLV peut être activée de manière rapide et très efficace par la protéine virale TaxBLV. La trans-activation par TaxBLV joue un rôle crucial dans la pathogenèse associée au BLV car elle permet la production de nouvelles particules virales nécessaires à la propagation du virus. Au cours de notre travail de thèse, nous avons étudié différents mécanismes impliqués au cours de ces deux phases clés (latence et trans-activation par TaxBLV) de l’expression du BLV. Le promoteur unique de la transcription du BLV se situe à l’extrémité 5’ du génome proviral, dans la longue répétition terminale 5’ (LTR 5’) composée des régions U3, R et U5. Les mécanismes impliqués dans la trans-activation du LTR 5’ par TaxBLV sont encore mal connus. La trans-activation du LTR 5’ du BLV par TaxBLV requiert la présence de trois répétitions imparfaites de 21pb (TxREs pour Tax Responsive Elements) agissant en cis et situées dans la région U3. Chacune des TxREs possède dans sa partie centrale un motif imparfait de 8 nucléotides correspondant au site de liaison des protéines de la famille CREB/ATF (sites CREs pour cAMP-Responsive Element). Des expériences de retard de migration sur gel ont montré que les protéines CREB, ATF-1 et ATF-2 lient les CREs viraux in vitro. Comme TaxBLV ne semble pas capable de lier directement l’ADN du LTR, il a été suggéré que les facteurs CREB/ATF serviraient de médiateurs de la trans-activation par TaxBLV. De plus, il a également été suggéré au cours de ces dernières années que les facteurs de transcription CREB/ATF jouent aussi un rôle essentiel en l’absence de TaxBLV lors de l’initiation de la transcription virale. CREB/ATF sont connus pour recruter les co-activateurs CBP/p300 qui possèdent une activité histone-acétyltransférase, suggérant qu’à l’instar d’autres rétrovirus tels que HIV-I ou HTLV-I, l’acétylation protéique pourrait jouer un rôle important dans la régulation de la transcription du BLV. Au cours de la première partie de ce travail, nous avons mis en évidence un synergisme transcriptionnel entre TaxBLV et les inhibiteurs de désacétylases TSA et NaBut, indiquant que l’acétylation protéique joue un rôle important dans la trans-activation par TaxBLV. Nous avons ensuite montré que ni TaxBLV, ni son médiateur CREB ne sont acétylés in vivo au niveau d’un résidu lysine interne, mais que la TSA synergise avec TaxBLV via un mécanisme indirect, sensible à l’inhibition de la synthèse protéique. Fonctionnellement, CREB/ATF semblent jouer un rôle crucial dans le synergisme TaxBLV/TSA car la mutation des CREs viraux ou la sur-expression d’un dominant négatif CREB inhibent ce synergisme. Des expériences de gel retard et de ChIP ont démontré, in vitro et in vivo, que les inhibiteurs de désacétylases augmentent la liaison des facteurs CREB/ATF aux TxREs. Nos résultats suggèrent donc que le synergisme TaxBLV/TSA serait dû à une augmentation de la trans-activation par TaxBLV observée suite à l’augmentation, induite par la TSA, du recrutement de CREB/ATF au niveau des TxREs. CREB/ATF appartiennent à la famille des facteurs de transcription CREB/CREM/ATF agissant au niveau des promoteurs contenant des éléments CREs. Cependant, la liaison de CREM aux CREs imparfaits du LTR du BLV n’a jamais été étudiée. Dans la seconde partie de ce travail, nous avons montré que des isoformes du gène CREM sont exprimées dans des PBMCs isolés à partir d’un mouton infecté par le BLV et que ces protéines CREM sont capables de lier in vitro et in vivo le promoteur du BLV, via les motifs CREs présents au centre de chacune des TxREs. Des analyses fonctionnelles ont ensuite montré qu’en l’absence de TaxBLV, la surexpression de l’isoforme activatrice CREMt induit la transcription dirigée par le LTR 5’ du BLV. Les résultats que nous avons obtenus suggèrent que CREMt serait capable d’activer la transcription du BLV en réponse à l’activation des cellules B infectées, via la phosphorylation de la sérine 117 de CREMt et via le recrutement par CREMt des co-activateurs CBP/p300. CREMt serait donc impliqué dans les stades précoces de l’initiation de la transcription du BLV. Cependant, nous avons montré que CREMt n’est pas impliqué dans les stades tardifs de l’expression virale puisqu’il ne semble pas capable d’induire la trans-activation par TaxBLV. Au contraire, nous avons montré par des expériences de compétition que CREMt diminue la trans-activation par TaxBLV lorsque celle-ci est induite par CREB, probablement en entrant en compétition avec CREB pour la liaison au niveau des TxREs. L’expression du gène CREM est régulée transcriptionnellement et post-transcriptionnellement et mène à la production de différentes isoformes capables d’agir comme des activateurs ou des répresseurs de la transcription. Des expériences de RT-PCR nous ont permis de mettre en évidence la présence d’isoformes répressives ICER dans les cellules YR2 infectées par le BLV. Par des expériences de transfection transitoire, nous avons montré qu’ICER est capable de réprimer la trans-activation par TaxBLV, suggérant qu’ICER retarderait la trans-activation par TaxBLV afin d’échapper au système immunitaire de l’hôte infecté jusqu’à ce qu’un niveau suffisant du trans-activateur TaxBLV soit produit.

<p>Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been shown to play key roles in tumorigenesis, and</p><p>have been validated as effective enzyme target for cancer treatment. Largazole, a marine natural</p><p>product isolated from the cyanobacterium Symploca, is an extremely potent HDAC inhibitor that</p><p>has been shown to possess high differential cytotoxicity towards cancer cells along with excellent</p><p>HDAC class-selectivity. However, improvements can be made in the isoform-selectivity and</p><p>pharmacokinetic properties of largazole.</p><p>In attempts to make these improvements and furnish a more efficient biochemical probe</p><p>as well as a potential therapeutic, several largazole analogues have been designed, synthesized,</p><p>and tested for their biological activity. Three different types of analogues were prepared. First,</p><p>different chemical functionalities were introduced at the C2 position to probe the class Iselectivity profile of largazole. Additionally, docking studies led to the design of a potential</p><p>HDAC8-selective analogue. Secondly, the thiol moiety in largazole was replaced with a wide</p><p>variety of othe zinc-binding group in order to probe the effect of Zn2+ affinity on HDAC</p><p>inhibition. Lastly, three disulfide analogues of largazole were prepared in order to utilize a</p><p>different prodrug strategy to modulate the pharmacokinetic properties of largazole.</p><p>Through these analogues it was shown that C2 position can be modified significantly</p><p>without a major loss in activity while also eliciting minimal changes in isoform-selectivity. While</p><p>the Zn2+-binding group plays a major role in HDAC inhibition, it was also shown that the thiol</p><p>can be replaced by other functionalities while still retaining inhibitory activity. Lastly, the use of</p><p>a disulfide prodrug strategy was shown to affect pharmacokinetic properties resulting in varying</p><p>functional responses in vitro and in vivo.</p><p>v</p><p>Largazole is already an impressive HDAC inhibitor that shows incredible promise.</p><p>However, in order to further develop this natural product into an anti-cancer therapeutic as well as</p><p>a chemical probe, improvements in the areas of pharmacokinetics as well as isoform-selectivity</p><p>are required. Through these studies we plan on building upon existing structure–activity</p><p>relationships to further our understanding of largazole’s mechanism of inhibition so that we may</p><p>improve these properties and ultimately develop largazole into an efficient HDAC inhibitor that</p><p>may be used as an anti-cancer therapeutic as well as a chemical probe for the studying of</p><p>biochemical systems.</p> / Dissertation

In 2106, there were 171,550 new cases of blood cancers and over one million people in the United States living with one of these disorders. Bone marrow transplants have good outcomes, but these procedures require a donor who is a perfect match, and thus many patients are unable to receive treatment. It is important to find patient-derived treatments, such as molecules which stimulate hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) formation without the need for a donor. Therefore, a study was initiated to use human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology to make a patient-derived, personalized HSC. Epigenetic regulators are divided into readers, writers, and erasers, and each of these classes has shown some effect on HSC formation. Writers add functional groups to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and histone proteins, whereas erasers remove them. Readers are groups on transcription factors which interpret these changes and increase or decrease the recruitment of transcriptional machinery accordingly. In this study, a screen of 12 different candidate molecules with distinct epigenetic targets in casper zebrafish was conducted at 36 hours postfertilization (hpf) to reveal increases or decreases in definitive HSC development. The two writer molecules, C646 (histone acetyltransferase, or HAT, inhibitor) and OICR9249 (WDR5 inhibitor), and the two eraser molecules, Ex-527 (Sirt1 inhibitor) and JIB-04 (bromodomain inhibitor), showed varying degrees of increasing HSC formation. Of these molecules, C646 created the most significant increase and was further tested in the zebrafish at 48 and 72 hpf and in a murine model using ex vivo technique and a colony-forming unit (CFU) assay. In contrast to these results, the two eraser molecules, entinostat (class I histone deacetylase, or HDAC, inhibitor) and vorinostat (general HDAC inhibitor), were found to decrease HSC formation in zebrafish. The overall findings of this study provide insight into specific epigenetic regulators in HSC development and identify particular epigenetic markers that could regulate HSC formation from endothelial cells. This discovery will be a stepping stone in utilizing patient-derived hemogenic endothelial cells as a novel source of bone marrow-independent HSCs to treat patients with leukemia, lymphoma, and bone marrow cancers. / 2019-07-11T00:00:00Z

L'ajout simultané d'inhibiteurs des histones déacétylases (HDAC) au TNFα prolonge l'induction du facteur de transcription NF-kB en stabilisant l'activation du complexe IKK. Au cours de ce travail, l'effet de la Trichostatin A (TSA), un inhibiteur de HDACs à large spectre daction, sur les différentes voies d'activation du NF-kB a été étudié. L'effet de laddition simultanée de la TSA aux inducteurs de la voie classique (TNFα, PMA), de la voie alternative (Lymphotoxine β) et des voies alternatives (H2O2 et Pervanadate de Sodium) a été analysé. Le pervanadate de sodium (PV) est agent insulino-mimétique qui inhibe les tyrosines phosphatases et mime un stress oxydant. Ces études comparatives ont montré un prolongement de l'activité du NF-kB si la TSA est ajoutée simultanément au TNFα, PMA et au PV ; pas si elle est ajoutée à l'H2O2 ou à des agents induisant la voie alternative. Les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents aux prolongements de l'activation élicitée par le TNFα et le PV ont été étudiés en détails. Deux processus différents sont impliqués. La TSA ajoutée aux inducteurs de la voie classique prolonge l'activité du complexe IKK alors qu'ajoutée au PV elle induit un retard de synthèse important du mRNA de l'inhibiteur IkBα. De nombreuses expériences d'immuno-précipitation de la chromatine ont montré que l'ajout de la TSA au PV diminue (i) le recrutement de l'ARN polymérase II, (ii) l'acétylation et la phosphorylation de l'histone H3 sur la Lys14 et la Ser 10 respectivement, (iii) la phosphorylation sur la Ser 536 de p65 et (iv) le recrutement d'IKKα. Il est important de savoir qu'aucune de ces différences ne s'observent au niveau du promoteur d'Icam-1, un autre gène dépendant du NF-kB. Ces observations ont donc montré que l'effet de la TSA sur l'activation du NF-kB dépend non seulement du type de stimuli mais aussi du promoteur. Ce travail met en évidence un rôle inhibiteur des HDAC dans l'activation du NF-kB qui varie en fonction des stimuli.

Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an inherited autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a GAA trinucleotide repeat expansion mutation within the first intron of the FXN gene. Normal individuals have 5 to 30 GAA repeats, whereas affected individuals have from approximately 70 to more than 1,000 GAA triplets. In addition to progressive neurological disability, FRDA is associated with cardiomyopathy and an increased risk of diabetes mellitus. Currently there is no effective therapy for FRDA and this is perhaps due to the lack of an effective system to test potential drugs. Therefore, the main aim of this thesis is to develop a novel cell culture system, to aid in rapid drug screening for FRDA. Firstly, I have demonstrated the establishment of novel cell culture systems, including primary fibroblasts, neural stem cells (NSC) and splenocytes, from FRDA YAC transgenic mouse models (YG8 and YG22). Then, I have shown the differentiation of NSCs into neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. The presence of these cells was confirmed by using cell specific immunofluorescence assays. I have also shown that both YG8 and YG22 rescue mice have less tolerance to hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress than WT mice, as similarly seen in FRDA patient fibroblasts. Recent findings indicate that FRDA is associated with heterochromatin-mediated silencing of the FXN gene accompanied by histone changes, flanking the GAA repeats. This suggested potential therapeutic use of compounds which can reduce the methylation and increase the acetylation of histone proteins. Therefore, using human and mouse primary fibroblast cell lines I have investigated the efficacy and tolerability of various DNA demethylating agents, GAA interacting compounds and class III histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Although DNA demethylating agents showed increased FXN expression, no correlation between the level of DNA methylation and FXN expression was identified. Nevertheless, the use of GAA interacting compounds, particularly DB221, and the HDAC inhibitor, nicotinamide, have shown encouraging results, provoking us to use such compounds in future long-term in vivo studies. In addition, I have also investigated the long-term efficacy of two benzamide-type HDAC inhibitors, RGFA 136 and RGFP 109, on the FRDA YAC transgenic mice. No overt toxicity was identified with either drug, indicating a safe administration of these compounds. Both compounds produced improved functional analysis together with significantly reduced DRG neurodegeneration. However, neither of these compounds was shown to significantly increase the FXN mRNA expression. Nevertheless, elevated levels of frataxin protein in the brain tissues were obtained with RGFP 109, suggesting that RGFP 109 is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier. I have also found increased levels of global acetylated H3 and H4 histone proteins in brain tissues, along with significant increase in aconitase enzyme activity, particularly with RGFP 109 treatments. Overall, these results support future clinical trial development with such compounds.

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACIs) have long been studied and shown promises in the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders including Huntington’s disease (HD). Based on many demonstrated potentials of HDACIs in mitigating various diseases, we evaluated the utility of [18F]FAHA, a radiolabeled derivative of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), as a PET imaging agent for characterizing HDAC activity in a non-human primate model and a R6/2 transgenic mouse model of HD. We were aiming at HD as a potential first application, and therefore also examined the expression of HDAC and acetyl histone (AH) in brains of HD patients. This thesis describes that [18F]FAHA was metabolized rapidly to [18F]FACE in both blood plasma and brain. Kinetic analysis indicated that peripherally generated [18F]FACE contributed to the total brain activity. We therefore used a dual-input function model to analyze the kinetics of tracer accumulation and inhibition by SAHA in rhesus monkeys. Parametric images demonstrated the inhibition of HDAC activity in the brain by SAHA in a dose-dependent manner. Huntington’s mice (R6/2) showed a gradual increase of [18F]FAHA accumulation in all organs including the brain with age. In human tissue we found significant losses of acetyl histons expression from cells in the caudate nucleus and Purkinje cells of the cerebellum in HD, while the level of HDAC 5 was increased in these cells. The data obtained in rhesus monkeys indicated that PET imaging with [18F]FAHA could be used as a pharmacodynamic biomarker of the inhibition of class IIa HDACs by HDACIs in the brain and facilitate the development and clinical translation of novel class-IIa HDACIs.