Evidence synthesis is considered a corner stone of modern health care and clinical practice. Systematic reviews of randomised trials, when undertaken with meta-analysis provide summary estimates on the effectiveness of interventions. However, the findings of meta-analysis are often limited by the selective reporting of primary studies, and the variations in population, intervention and outcomes. Furthermore, difficulties in disentangling the study and individual level associations in meta-analysis make them susceptible to ecological fallacy, and may lead to incorrect conclusions. Meta-analysis using Individual Participant Data (IPD) has the potential to overcome many of the above limitations, by using raw trial data. Access to IPD minimises problems from incomplete or incorrect reporting of trial outcomes, by verifying reported results, and by standardising the definition of outcomes where possible. Importantly, this allows detecting any variation in the effects of interventions according to characteristics of the participants. Amalgamated individual datasets assembled to address the effectiveness question, can be further used to explore secondary objectives such as the relationship between surrogate and clinical outcomes. This maximises the use of available clinical data, and addresses the problem of research waste. In this thesis, I evaluated the effects of diet and physical activity based interventions in pregnancy on maternal and offspring outcomes using both study-level and IPD meta-analyses, and assessed the differential effects of interventions on outcomes according to mother's BMI pre or in early pregnancy. I reviewed the variation in outcomes reported in this field, and developed composite outcomes for IPD meta-analysis. I also evaluated the relationship between weight gain in pregnancy and clinical outcomes in pregnancy using the IPD meta-analysis methodology. Aims The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the effects of diet and physical activity based interventions in pregnancy on clinical outcomes using standard and advance methods of evidence synthesis; assess the variation in outcomes and their clinical importance in a trial with those interventions and examine the relationship between gestational weight gain and important clinical outcomes. Methods Delphi methodology, systematic reviews of literature, and meta-analyses using study-level and individual participant data of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Results Composite outcomes Developed composite outcomes comprise of four maternal (gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, preterm birth, caesarean section) and four offspring outcomes (stillbirth, small for gestational age, large for gestational age, and admission to neonatal intensive care unit). The components to assess maternal composite outcome were available in two-thirds (66.7%, 24/36) and for offspring composite in half (50%, 18/36) of the studies in the IPD meta-analysis. The effect of interventions was not statistically significant neither on the maternal nor on the offspring composite - Odds Ratio (OR) 0.90 (95% CI 0.79, 1.03) and OR 0.94 (95% CI 0.83, 1.08), respectively. The direction of the pooled effect was consistent between the composite and its components for the maternal composite and variable for the offspring outcomes. 6 Effects of diet and physical activity based interventions The IPD meta-analysis of 36 RCTs (>12 500 women) showed a significant effect of diet and physical activity based interventions in pregnancy in reducing gestational weight gain (Mean Difference -0.70 kg, 95% CI -0.92, -0.48) and chance of caesarean section delivery (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.83, 0.99) in comparison to routine antenatal care. There was no effect of the interventions on any of the offspring complications. Incorporation of outcome data unavailable on study-level returned more modest magnitude of the summary estimates in comparison to effects obtained using study-level data of trials that shared IPD. The addition of study-level data from non-IPD trials changed the magnitude and the statistical significance of the summary effects on GDM - from OR 0.89 with only IPD (95% CI 0.72, 1.10; 27 studies, 9 427 women) to OR 0.76 (95% CI 0.65, 0.89; 59 studies, 16 885 women). It has also changed the funnel plot structure in the meta-analysis for gestational weight gain (Egger's test p = 0.04 with only IPD to p= 0.61). The IPD meta-analysis shows that the effects of diet and physical activity based interventions on the maternal and the offspring outcomes did not differ by women's BMI status. While the study-level meta-regression indicated that the interventions might reduce gestational weight gain stronger for the obese women - coefficient -0.22 (95% CI -0.33, -0.11) for each 10% change in the proportion of women in the obese class. Outcomes in trials with diet and physical activity based interventions 66 primary publications from trials with diet and physical activity based interventions in pregnancy reported 142 outcomes. Half of those outcomes appeared in the publications once (72/142). 'Critically important' outcomes are reported less often in comparison to 'non-critical' ones (15.5%, 22/142 vs 68.3%, 97/142). The overall quality of outcome reporting varied between trials with the least frequently provided information on the methods to improve the quality of outcome measures (33.3%, 22/66 publications). 7 Gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes IPD from 4 429 pregnant women randomised to the control arms of RCTs with diet and physical activity based interventions were available for the analysis. Women who most often exceeded the IOM recommendation belonged to the overweight (51.5%, 641/ 1 245 women) and the obese groups (44.5%, 695/ 1 562 women) while women with normal BMI most often gained below the recommended amounts (40%, 649/1 622 women). Each kilogram of gestational weight gain within the IOM ranges was not link with a change in the chances of preterm birth, caesarean section, or birth of LGA and SGA infant. Not achieving of the recommended weight was associated with the decreasing chance of giving birth to LGA infant with each kilogram below the lower limit among the obese women (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.65, 0.99). Each kilogram of weight gain above the upper limit was associated with an increase in the chance of caesarean section (adjusted 1.04, 95% CI 1.01, 1.08) and delivering LGA infant (adjusted 1.08, 95% CI 1.05, 1.12) regardless on women's BMI status. Conclusions Diet and physical activity based interventions in pregnancy moderately reduced gestational weight gain and decrease the odds of caesarean delivery. Overall, IPD meta-analysis improved the robustness of the evidence synthesis of RCTs with diet and physical activity based interventions. However, more attention is needed for the data-related issues in IPD meta-analysis as the purported benefits of the method are not always practically realised. The use of the composite outcomes was hampered by the variable availability of important clinical outcomes. The introduction of minimal core outcome set would facilitate the comparison of the wide range of the evaluated interventions and improve implementation of the composite outcomes. Gestational weight gain was found to be associated with the odds of delivering LGA infant and caesarean section. Future research should aim to collect and report a minimal set of outcomes, and ensure better reporting of study conduct and its findings.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Alfred P. Sloan School of Management, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES, DEWEY, AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 95-97. / by Lisa Joy Endlich. / M.C.P.

NHS research ethics committees (RECs) serve as the gatekeepers of health research involving human participants. They have the power to decide, through a regulatory 'event licensing' system, whether or not any given proposed research study is ethical and therefore appropriate to undertake. RECs have several regulatory functions. Their primary function has been to protect the interests of research participants and minimise risk of harm to them. Yet RECs, and other actors connected to them, also provide stewardship for the promotion of ethical and socially valuable research. While this latter function traditionally has been seen as secondary, the 'function hierarchy' is increasingly blurred in regulation. Regulatory bodies charged with managing RECs now emphasise that the functions of RECs are to both protect the interests of research participants, and also promote ethical research that is of potential benefit to participants, science, and society. Though the UK has held in some of its previous regulations (broadly defined) that RECs equally function to facilitate (ethical) health research, I argue that the 'research promotionist' ideology has moved 'up the ladder' in the regulation of RECs and in the regulation of health research, all the way to implementation in law, specifically in the Care Act 2014, and in the regulatory bodies charged with overseeing health research, namely the Health Research Authority. This thesis therefore asks: what impact does this ostensibly twinned regulatory objective then have on the substantive and procedural workings of RECs? I invoke a novel 'anthropology of regulation' as an original methodological contribution, which enables me to study empirically the nature of regulation and the experiences of actors within a regulatory space (or spaces), and the ways in which they themselves are affected by regulation. Anthropology of regulation structures my overall empirical inquiry to query how RECs, with a classic primary mandate to protect research participants, now interact with regulatory bodies charged with promoting health research and reducing perceived regulatory barriers. I further query what this changing environment might do to the bond of research and ethics as seen through REC processes of ethical deliberation and decision-making, by invoking the original concept of 'regulatory stewardship'. I argue that regulatory stewardship is a critical, but hitherto invisible, component of health research regulation, and requires fuller recognition and better integration into the effective functioning of regulatory oversight of research involving human participants.

Introdução: Dentre as várias áreas, abordagens e temas que compõem a Saúde Pública, a Promoção da Saúde constitui-se como um dos mais estabelecidos o que indica a pertinência de reflexão sobre sua produção. E dentre as linhas de pesquisa na área de Promoção da Saúde, nos últimos anos, tem se destacado o tema de Determinantes Sociais de Saúde, essa preocupação expressa por essa linha de pesquisa e atuação sobre os Determinantes Sociais de Saúde (DSS) assim como as propostas de promoção da saúde remetem necessariamente à reflexão sobre a dinâmica social visto que estão voltadas para a transformação das condições de vida. Objetivo: Esse estudo teve por objetivo identificar a produção da pesquisa em DSS na Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de 2004 a 2008, e apontar as áreas de interesse e tendências desse campo de estudo. Metodologia: A metodologia consistiu em uma revisão bibliográfica de estudos sobre DSS, realizada a partir de um levantamento de dados baseado na consulta às seguintes bases de dados: BVS (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde), SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) e banco de tese da Capes. Os indexadores para a pesquisa foram selecionados segundo os Descritores em Ciência da Saúde (DeCS). Resultados: Dentre os diversos determinantes sociais de saúde encontrados durante a coleta de dados, os mais citados foram: inclusão social, segurança, justiça social, transporte, qualidade de vida, modelos de atenção à saúde, educação, lazer, ambiente de trabalho, equidade, distribuição de renda, recursos sustentáveis, ecossistema saudável, stress e saneamento. Deu-se preferência pelos resultados que se referiram diretamente ao tema da pesquisa sobre Determinantes Sociais de Saúde, resultados esses que foram classificados por ano, tipo de publicação: teses, dissertações, artigos de periódicos e por classificação de determinantes sociais de saúde. Conclusão: Verificou-se que a produção cientifica com Determinantes Sociais de Saúde na Faculdade de Saúde Pública USP tem crescido continuamente nesses últimos anos e que a maioria dos trabalhos está voltada para o estudo sobre as iniquidades em saúde seguido, de estudos sobre o empoderamento e a qualidade de vida / Introduction: Among the various areas, approaches and themes that compose the Public Health, Health Promotion was established as one of the most established which indicates the relevance of reflection on their production. And among the lines of research in the area of Health Promotion, in recent years has highlighted the topic of Social Determinants of Health, this concern expressed by this line of research and action on the Social Determinants of Health (SDH) as well as proposals for health promotion necessarily refer to a reflection on the social dynamics as they are geared towards the transformation of living conditions. Objective: This study aimed to identify the production of research in SDH at the School of Public Health, University of São Paulo in the period 2004 to 2008, and point out areas of interest and trends of this field of study. Methodology: The methodology involved a literature review of studies in SDH. Data collection was based on consultation with the following databases: BVS (Virtual Library in Health), SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) and CAPES thesis database. The indices for the study were selected according to the Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS). Results: Among the many social determinants of health found during the data collection, the most cited were: social inclusion, security, social justice, transportation, quality of life, models of health care, education, leisure, work environment, fairness and distribution in income, resources sustainable, healthy ecosystem, stress and sanitation. It was given preference for results that are reported directly to the research theme on Social Determinants of Health, these results were sorted by year, type of publication: theses, dissertations, journal articles and for classification of social determinants of health. Conclusion: It was found that the scientific production with the Social Determinants of Health in the School of Public Health - USP has grown steadily in recent years and that most work is directed toward the study of inequities in health, followed by studies on the empowerment and quality of life

Thesis ( MPH.) --University of Limpopo, 2014 / The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge and practices among households at Ga-Mokgwathi Village regarding the disposal of mercury coated bulbs. Cross-sectional design with quantitative approach was used in this study. The study objectives were to determine the knowledge about the disposal methods of mercury coated bulbs and also to determine the practices of handling broken mercury coated bulbs among the villagers of Ga-Mokgwathi. Data collection was done using self-administered questionnaires. Cluster random sampling was used in the study where a total number of 338 households were randomly selected to participate in the study. The results indicated that 36.7 % of the households at Ga-Mokgwathi Village had knowledge of safe disposal methods of mercury coated bulbs, 7.7% were not sure and 55.6% did not have such knowledge. Furthermore, the results indicated that 51.5% of the households had improper practices regarding the handling of broken mercury coated bulbs, 6.2% were not sure and 42.3% had proper practices regarding the handling of broken mercury coated bulb. The results of the study concluded that the majority of people were lacking knowledge of proper disposal methods and the handling of mercury coated bulbs. These results necessitate education of people about the disposal methods and handling of mercury coated bulbs.

The present study attempted to investigate the information needs/information seeking behaviour of health researchers at the National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Indonesia. Its objective was to identify the relationship between information needs/information seeking behaviour and the characteristics of those health professionals. Those characteristics include institution to which health professionals belonged, institution geographic location, level of appointment, level of education, and work experience. Research was carried out through survey by using a questionnaire. This survey obtained a response rate of 92 percent from a sample of 131 health professionals. Their information needs/information seeking behaviour were correlated with their characteristics to determine relationships, and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the data. Frequency distribution, chi-square analysis, and descriptive analysis were used to obtain the results. The study found that the health information available did not match the health professionals' needs and that there was strong demand by these personnel for automated information services. It also found that total hours reading per week was significantly related to level of appointment, level of education, and work experience at other institutions. The perceived usefulness of journals as information sources was significantly related to institution, geographic location, level of appointment, level of education and work experience at other institutions. Government publications and statistical data as a source of information were found to be related significantly to institution and geographic location. There was also a relationship between the perceived value of reference books and work experience at the current institution. The usefulness of library catalogues as a guide to information was found to be related significantly to institution and geographic location, as was the usefulness of abstracting and indexing services to level of education. Frequency of visiting libraries was significantly related to institution, geographic location and level of appointment. The membership of professional organizations and obtaining useful information from friends, colleagues or personal contact were found to be significantly related to level of education. The study concludes with recommendations and suggestions for further research.

No description available.

abstract: Principle-based ethical frameworks, which commonly make use of codes of ethics, have come to be the popular approach in guiding ethical behavior within scientific research. In this thesis project, I investigate the benefits and shortcomings of this approach, ultimately to argue that codes of ethics are valuable as an exercise in developing a reconciled value profile for a given research community, and also function well as an internal and external proclamation of values and norms. However, this approach results in technical adherence, at best, and given the extent to which scientific research now irreversibly shapes our experience as human beings, I argue for the importance of cultivating ethical virtues in scientific research. In the interest of doing so I explore concepts from Aristotelian virtue ethics, to consider how to ameliorate the shortcomings of principle-based approaches. This project was inspired by a call to research and develop an ethical framework upon which to found a cooperative research network that would be aimed at combating the spread of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in resource-restricted countries, specifically throughout Latin America. The desire to found this network on an ethics-based framework is to move beyond technical compliance and cultivate a research community committed to integrity, therefore establishing and maintaining trust and communication that will allow for unprecedented productive collaboration and meaningful outcomes. I demonstrate in this thesis that this requires more than a code of ethics, and use this initiative as a case study to exhibit the merit of integrating concepts from virtue ethics. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biology 2017

No Brasil, desde a constituição do SUS, a Promoção da Saúde encontra-se dentre suas tarefas, compondo a linha de cuidado integral dos sujeitos. No entanto, ainda há o despreparo dos profissionais para captar e trabalhar com as dimensões subjetivas. Dessa forma, surge a necessidade de instrumentos que permitam indicar as ações de promoção da saúde para a prática de uma clínica com olhar mais ampliado. Neste trabalho optou-se como base teórica a perspectiva de Promoção da Saúde de Labonte, pois articula a abordagem biomédica e comportamental das ações em saúde e agrega à perspectiva sócio-ambiental e emocional intrínseca ao processo saúde doença. Teve como objetivo verificar e descrever os limites e possibilidades do WHOQOL-bref para identificar as dimensões de saúde e bem estar proposta por Labonte. Como metodologia, utilizou-se a técnica Delphi, que consiste em consultar um grupo de especialistas em determinado assunto, por meio de um questionário repassado entre todos os respondentes. Para selecionar os especialistas foram consultados os bancos on-line de teses e dissertações da USP e Unicamp, sendo procurados trabalhos com o descritor WHOQOL e promoção da saúde, dos últimos três anos. A partir da leitura do resumo destes trabalhos foram escolhidos os especialistas cujas temáticas tivessem uma proximidade com o foco deste estudo. Portanto, para o tema promoção da saúde foram escolhidos 14 pesquisadores e para o tema qualidade de vida foram 18. Aceitaram participar da pesquisa 7 pesquisadores da área de qualidade de vida e 9 da área de promoção da saúde. Para cada questão do WHOQOL-bref, excluindo-se a primeira e a segunda, foi perguntado se as mesmas relacionavam-se com um ou mais dimensões de saúde e bem estar de Labonte: Energia Vital, Projeto de Vida e Vida Comunitária. Cada participante recebeu um e-mail que continha uma carta explicitando sobre a pesquisa bem como as dimensões de Labonte para uma possível associação com as questões que se encontravam no site http://qlqt.ipdsc.com.br, como pesquisa Delphi. Após a coleta dos dados, para cada questão do WHOQOL-bref foi aplicado o índice de equivalência em cada dimensão de Labonte. Considerou-se consenso, a dimensão que obteve equivalência maior ou igual a 80% na questão, em ambos os grupos pesquisados. Foram trabalhadas em nova rodada as questões cujas equivalências estivessem entre 25% e 80%, nos dois grupos pesquisados. Portanto, foram necessárias duas rodadas de perguntas para que se chegasse ao resultado. O instrumento WHOQOL-bref demonstrou-se como uma opção de ferramenta auxiliar para captação das dimensões de Promoção da Saúde, pois 83,3% das questões deste teve relação com as dimensões de Saúde e Bem Estar de Labonte. Demostrou-se maior relação com os domínios Energia Vital e Vida Comunitária (42,10% ambos) e menor relação com o domínio Projeto de Vida (15,8%). Evidenciou-se a necessidade de mais estudos que aprimorem o uso do mesmo na prática clínica, contemplando a ampliação da visão do profissional de saúde para questões referentes à Promoção da Saúde. / In Brazil, since the inception of the Brazilian National Health Care System (SUS), Health Promotion has been a priority among its tasks, composing a line of integrated care for individuals. However, there is still the lack of training for professionals to capture and work with the subjective dimensions. Thus, the need arises for instruments to indicate the actions of health promotion in clinical practice with a broader vision. This work was chosen as the theoretical basis of the perspective of Health Promotion of Labonte, articulates the approach for biomedical and behavioral health interventions and adds that environmental and socio-emotional, is intrinsic to the disease process. This study aimed to verify and describe the limits and possibilities of the WHOQOL-bref \"to identify the dimensions of\" health and wellness \"proposed by Labonte. For methodology, the Delphi technique was used, and consisted of consulting a group of subject matter experts through a questionnaire passed among all respondents. On-line banks of theses and dissertations from USP and Unicamp, were consulted to select the experts and to seek works with the descriptor \"WHOQOL\"and \"health promotion\", during the last three years. After reading the summary of these works, experts were chosen whose themes had a closeness with the focus of this study. Fourteen researchers were chosen for the theme \"health promotion\" and eighteen researchers were chosen for the theme \"quality of life\". Seven researchers agreed to participate in the survey in the area of \"quality of life\" and nine in the area of \"health promotion\". For each question of the WHOQOL-bref, excluding the first and second questions, the researchers were asked whether they were related to one or more areas of \"health and welfare\" of Labonte: \"Vital Energy\", \"Project Life and Community Life\". Each participant received an e-mail that contained a letter explaining the survey and the areas of Labonte, for any possible association with the issues that were on site http://qlqt.ipdsc.com.br as the Delphi survey. After collecting the data for each question of the WHOQOL-bref an equivalency index was applied to each area of Labonte. A consensus was considered when an area obtained an equivalency higher than 80% in a question in both research groups. A new round of questions was worked in areas that were higher than 25% and less than 80% in both research groups. Therefore, it took two rounds of questions to achieve the result. The instrument WHOQOL-bref was perceived as an auxiliary tool of choice for capturing the dimensions of health promotion, for 83.3% of the questions that had to do with the dimensions of Health and Welfare of Labonte. It also had a higher relation in the areas of Vital Energy and Community Life (42.10% both) and lower relation in the area Life Project (15.8%). This study demonstrated the need for more studies to prove and improve the relationship of the instrument within the areas of health and well being of Labonte as well as its use in clinical practice contemplating broadening the vision of the health professional for issues related to the Promotion of Health.

A aquicultura està crescendo mais rÃpido do que qualqeur outro setor da produÃÃo de alimentos d eorigem animal, e amis qeu a propria populaÃÃo, dentro desse segmento està a carcinicultura que representa um importante papel na econoimia mundial, devido a quantidade de empregos gerada e ao volume comercializado. No entanto, como em qualqeur cultivo animal, a carcinicultura, enfrenta problemas com doenÃas, tanto de origem bacteriana como viral, sendo as de origem viral as que causam maiores perdas econÃmicas. Considerando o impacto que as enfermidades podem causar aos cultivos, esta pesquisa busca investigar sua ocorrÃncia em fazendas de carcinicultura do Estado do CearÃ. Para a realizaÃÃo do estudo foram selecionadas quatro fazendas de cultivo de camarÃes da espÃcie Litopenaeus vannamei em dois estuÃrios do Estado do CearÃ, sendo um em Aracati (Rio Jaguaribe) e outro em Acaraà (Rio AcaraÃ). A pesquisa foi realizada em duas estaÃÃes do ano: estio e chuvosa, durante duas etapas do ciclo de cultivo, uma amostragem quando os camarÃes estavam com 4g e outr aquando atingiam 8g. Em cada amostragem foram capturados 80 camarÃes, dos quais, 60 se destinavam a anÃlise histopatolÃgica e 20 para a realizaÃÃo da anÃlise a fresco. Os resultados das anÃlises a fresco demonstraram a presenÃa de pouca uniformidade nos tÃbulos hepatopancreaticos, pouca uniformidade nos indivÃduos, presenÃa de gregarinas e a ocorrÃncia fouiling e epicomensais. As anÃlises histopatolÃgicas detectaram a presenÃa d eenfermidades de etiologia bacteriana: vibriose e Hepatopancreatite Necrosante (NHP), enfermidades de etiologia viral: Mionecrose Infecciosa Viral (IMNV) e VÃrus da InfecÃÃo Hipodermal e Necrose HematopoiÃtica (IHHNV), alÃm da presenÃa de parasitas como epicomensais e endoparasitas. O estudo pode concluir que o IMNV teve sua maior prevalÃncia no perÃodo de chuva e o, IHHNV, NHP, para o perÃodo de estio. As vibrioses nÃo tiveram relaÃÃes com as estaÃÃes do ano, sendo a enfermidade maior prevalÃncia em todo o estudo ao lado da necrose subcuticular. / Aquaculture is growing faster than primary than any other sector of food production d eorigem animal, and the amis qeu own population within this segment is that the shrimp is an important role in econoimia world, because the number of jobs generated and the volume commercialized. However, as in qualqeur animal farming, shrimp farming, is facing problems with diseases, both bacterial and viral, and the viral origin of those that cause major economic losses. Considering the impact that illness can cause to crops, this research seeks to investigate its occurrence in shrimp farms of the State of CearÃ. For the study we selected four farms growing shrimp species Litopenaeus vannamei in two estuaries of Cearà State, one in Aracati (Jaguaribe River) and another in Acaraà (Rio AcaraÃ). The survey was conducted in two seasons: summer and rainy during two stages of the crop cycle, a sampling when the shrimp were with 4g and 8g others when reached. In each sample 80 shrimp were captured, of which 60 were for histopathological analysis and 20 for the analysis of fresh. The results of the analysis showed the presence of cool little uniformity in the hepatopancreatic tubules, little uniformity in individuals, and the presence of gregarinas fouiling and epicomensais occurrence. The histopathological analysis detected the presence of bacterial eenfermidades d: Hepatopancreatite vibriosis and necrotizing (NHP), diseases of viral etiology: Viral Infectious myonecrosis (IMNV) Virus Infection and Hipodermal and haematopoietic necrosis (IHHNV), and the presence of parasites like epicomensais and endoparasites. The study may conclude that the IMNV had its highest prevalence during the rainy season and, IHHNV, NHP, for the period of summer. The Vibrio Infections have not had relations with the seasons, and the disease is most prevalent throughout the study next to the subcuticular necrosis.