Na prática clínica, o enfermeiro precisa sistematizar o cuidado baseado em aspectos que visam garantir a segurança e a qualidade do cuidado aos pacientes. Entre esses aspectos salienta-se que os registros de enfermagem sejam realizados de maneira plena e, principalmente, que sejam compreendidos e valorizados. É nessa perspectiva que a utilização de uma terminologia e sistemas eletrônicos aliados ao processo de enfermagem ganham espaço, favorecendo a qualidade dos registros. A avaliação da qualidade desses registros pode se dar por meio de um instrumento denominado Quality of Diagnoses, Interventions and Outcomes (Q-DIO), publicado em língua inglesa e validado apenas na Suíça. O Q-DIO tem como principal objetivo avaliar a qualidade dos registros de enfermagem. Somado a isso, tem sido utilizado como um indicador para comparar a qualidade dos registros com e sem linguagem padronizada, definir metas, avaliar o impacto da implementação de programas educacionais e ainda, em sistemas de auditoria. Existe uma lacuna no Brasil, assim como nos Estados Unidos da América (EUA), de instrumentos que avaliem questões relativas à qualidade dos registros de enfermagem. Foi nessa perspectiva que esse estudo metodológico foi desenvolvido para validar o Q-DIO no Brasil e nos EUA. O Q-DIO é composto por 29 itens, dividido em quatro domínios (diagnósticos de enfermagem como processo, diagnósticos de enfermagem como produto, intervenções de enfermagem, resultados de enfermagem), composto por escala Likert de três pontos. Para validação do instrumento foram elegíveis registros de pacientes em pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca que tiveram registrados em prontuário o histórico, as evoluções e as prescrições de enfermagem entre um período mínimo de quatro dias. A amostra foi de 180 registros, distribuídos igualmente entre os três centros do estudo, dois no Brasil (centros 1 e 2) e um nos EUA (centro 3). Dentre as propriedades psicométricas, foram avaliadas fidedignidade (consistência interna e estabilidade) e a validade de constructo divergente. Os valores do alfa de Cronbach para as 29 questões foram superiores a 0,70 para todos os centros. Com relação à estabilidade, o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse variou entre 0,64 e 0,85 para intraobservador e 0,68 a 0,82 para interobservador, o que indica níveis satisfatórios e excelentes de concordância. Na validade de constructo divergente observou-se diferença estatística significativa entre as médias da soma dos 29 itens do instrumento entre os três centros. O centro 1 (registros eletrônicos com linguagem padronizada) apresentou média de 36,8(±4,5) [IC95%: 35,63-37,94]; o centro 2 (registros manuais sem linguagem padronizada) obteve média de 11,533(±6,2) [IC95%:9,93-13,14]; o centro 3 (registros eletrônicos sem linguagem padronizada) teve média de 31,2(±5,3) [IC95%: 29,87-32,63]. Esses resultados indicam que o Q-DIO é fidedigno e válido para avaliar a qualidade de registros de enfermagem eletrônicos ou não, e que utilizem ou não linguagem padronizada no Brasil; também nos EUA esse instrumento se mostrou fidedigno e válido para dados eletrônicos sem uso de terminologia padrão. / In clinical practice, nurses must systematize their practice based in certain aspects intended to ensure the safety and quality of the patient care. Among such aspects should be noted that the nursing records must be fully completed, understood, and valued. Taking this into consideration, the use of terminology and electronic systems along with the nursing processes favor the quality of nursing records. The assessment of the quality of such records may be obtained through an instrument called Quality of Diagnoses, Interventions and Outcomes (Q-DIO), published in English and validated in Switzerland. The Q-DIO's main objective is to assess the quality of the nursing records, although it has also been used as an indicator to compare the quality of records with and without standardized language, to set goals, to evaluate the impact of implementing educational programs, and to give some help in audit systems. There is a lack of instruments capable of assessing issues related to the quality of nursing records in Brazil and in the United States (U.S.). It was because of it that this methodological study was developed: to validate the Q-DIO instrument in Brazil and in the U.S. The Q-DIO is composed of 29 items, divided into four domains (nursing diagnoses as process, nursing diagnoses as product, nursing interventions, and nursing outcomes), composed of a three-point Likert scale. To validate the instrument, records from patients in the period after a cardiac surgery, and who had in their historical records trends and nursing prescriptions between a minimum of four days, were selected. The sample has a total of 180 records, divided equally between the three study centers, being two located in Brazil (center 1 and 2) and one in the U.S. (center 3). Among the psychometric properties, reliability (internal consistency and stability) and divergent construct validity were those evaluated. The values of Cronbach's Alpha for the 29 questions were superior to 0.70 for all centers. Regarding stability, the intraclass correlation coefficient ranged between 0.64 to 0.85 for intraobserver, and 0.68 to 0.82 for inter-observer, which indicates excellent and satisfactory levels of agreement. In divergent construct validity, statistically significant differences were observed in the average of the sum of the 29 items of the instrument among the three centers. Center 1 (electronic records with standardized language) had an average of 36.8 (± 9.5) [95%CI: 35.63-37.94]; center 2 (manual records without standardized language) had an average of 11.53 (± 6,2) [95%CI: 9.93-13.14]; and center 3 (electronic records without standardized language) presented an average of 31.2 (± 5.3) [95%CI: 29.87-32.63]. These results indicate that Q-DIO is valid and reliable for assessing the quality of nursing records, being them electronic or not, using standardized language or not, at least in Brazil. In the U.S., this instrument has also proved to be reliable and valid for electronic nursing records without use of standardized language. / En la práctica clínica el enfermero precisa sistematizar el cuidado a partir de aspectos que objetivan garantizar seguridad y calidad del cuidado a los pacientes. Entre esos aspectos destacamos que los registros de enfermería sean realizados de manera plena y principalmente que sean comprendidos, valorados. Es en esta perspectiva, que la utilización de una terminología y de sistemas electrónicos coligados al proceso de enfermería obtienen espacio favoreciendo la calidad de los registros. La evaluación de la calidad de dichos registros puede ser a través de un instrumento nombrado Quality of Diagnoses, Interventions and Outcomes (Q-DIO) publicado en idioma inglés y validado solamente en Suiza. Q-DIO posee por objetivo principal evaluar la calidad de los registros en enfermería. A eso se suma su utilización como un indicador para comparar la calidad de registros con y sin lenguaje patrón, establecer fines, evaluar impacto de la implementación de programas educativos y aún, en sistemas de auditoría. Existe una falla en Brasil, así como en Estados Unidos de América (EUA) sobre instrumentos que evalúen cuestiones relacionadas a la calidad de los registros de enfermería. Fue en esa perspectiva que este estudio metodológico ha sido desarrollado para validar el Q-DIO en Brasil y EUA. Q-DIO está compuesto de 29 puntos, dividido en cuatro aspectos (diagnósticos de enfermería como proceso, diagnósticos de enfermería como producto, intervenciones de enfermería, resultados de enfermería), compuesto por escala Likert de tres puntos. Para validación del instrumento han sido elegidos registros de pacientes en pos operatorio de cirugía cardiaca, que tuvieron registrados en prontuario o histórico y las evoluciones y prescripciones de enfermería entre un periodo mínimo de cuatro días. La muestra fue de 180 registros, distribuidos igualmente entre los tres centros del estudio; dos en Brasil (centro 1 y 2) y uno en EUA (centro 3). Entre las propiedades psicométricas fueron evaluadas la fidedignidad (consistencia interna y estabilidad) y la validez del constructo divergente. Los valores de Alfa de Cronbach para las 29 cuestiones fueron superiores a 0,70 para todos los centros. En lo que se refiere a la estabilidad, el coeficiente de correlación intra-clase tuvo variación entre 0,64 y 0,85 para intra-observador y 0,68 a 0,82 para inter-observador, lo que indica niveles satisfactorios y excelentes de concordancia. En la validad de constructo divergente se pudo observar una diferencia estadística significativa entre las medias de la suma de los 29 puntos del instrumento entre los tres centros. El centro 1 (registros electrónicos con lenguaje patrón) presentó media de 36,8 (+_ 4,5) [IC95%: 35,63 – 37,94], centro 2 (registros manuales sin lenguaje patrón) obtuvo media de 11,53 (+_ 6,2) [IC 95%: 9,93-13,14] y el centro 3 (registros electrónicos sin lenguaje patrón) con media de 31,2 (+_5,3) [IC95%: 29,87-32,63]. Tales resultados indican que Q-DIO es fidedigno y válido para evaluar la calidad de los registros de enfermería, sean ellos electrónicos o no, y que utilicen lenguaje patrón o no en Brasil, así como, en EUA dicho instrumento también se ha mostrado fidedigno y válido para datos electrónicos sin uso de la terminología patrón.

Na prática clínica, o enfermeiro precisa sistematizar o cuidado baseado em aspectos que visam garantir a segurança e a qualidade do cuidado aos pacientes. Entre esses aspectos salienta-se que os registros de enfermagem sejam realizados de maneira plena e, principalmente, que sejam compreendidos e valorizados. É nessa perspectiva que a utilização de uma terminologia e sistemas eletrônicos aliados ao processo de enfermagem ganham espaço, favorecendo a qualidade dos registros. A avaliação da qualidade desses registros pode se dar por meio de um instrumento denominado Quality of Diagnoses, Interventions and Outcomes (Q-DIO), publicado em língua inglesa e validado apenas na Suíça. O Q-DIO tem como principal objetivo avaliar a qualidade dos registros de enfermagem. Somado a isso, tem sido utilizado como um indicador para comparar a qualidade dos registros com e sem linguagem padronizada, definir metas, avaliar o impacto da implementação de programas educacionais e ainda, em sistemas de auditoria. Existe uma lacuna no Brasil, assim como nos Estados Unidos da América (EUA), de instrumentos que avaliem questões relativas à qualidade dos registros de enfermagem. Foi nessa perspectiva que esse estudo metodológico foi desenvolvido para validar o Q-DIO no Brasil e nos EUA. O Q-DIO é composto por 29 itens, dividido em quatro domínios (diagnósticos de enfermagem como processo, diagnósticos de enfermagem como produto, intervenções de enfermagem, resultados de enfermagem), composto por escala Likert de três pontos. Para validação do instrumento foram elegíveis registros de pacientes em pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca que tiveram registrados em prontuário o histórico, as evoluções e as prescrições de enfermagem entre um período mínimo de quatro dias. A amostra foi de 180 registros, distribuídos igualmente entre os três centros do estudo, dois no Brasil (centros 1 e 2) e um nos EUA (centro 3). Dentre as propriedades psicométricas, foram avaliadas fidedignidade (consistência interna e estabilidade) e a validade de constructo divergente. Os valores do alfa de Cronbach para as 29 questões foram superiores a 0,70 para todos os centros. Com relação à estabilidade, o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse variou entre 0,64 e 0,85 para intraobservador e 0,68 a 0,82 para interobservador, o que indica níveis satisfatórios e excelentes de concordância. Na validade de constructo divergente observou-se diferença estatística significativa entre as médias da soma dos 29 itens do instrumento entre os três centros. O centro 1 (registros eletrônicos com linguagem padronizada) apresentou média de 36,8(±4,5) [IC95%: 35,63-37,94]; o centro 2 (registros manuais sem linguagem padronizada) obteve média de 11,533(±6,2) [IC95%:9,93-13,14]; o centro 3 (registros eletrônicos sem linguagem padronizada) teve média de 31,2(±5,3) [IC95%: 29,87-32,63]. Esses resultados indicam que o Q-DIO é fidedigno e válido para avaliar a qualidade de registros de enfermagem eletrônicos ou não, e que utilizem ou não linguagem padronizada no Brasil; também nos EUA esse instrumento se mostrou fidedigno e válido para dados eletrônicos sem uso de terminologia padrão. / In clinical practice, nurses must systematize their practice based in certain aspects intended to ensure the safety and quality of the patient care. Among such aspects should be noted that the nursing records must be fully completed, understood, and valued. Taking this into consideration, the use of terminology and electronic systems along with the nursing processes favor the quality of nursing records. The assessment of the quality of such records may be obtained through an instrument called Quality of Diagnoses, Interventions and Outcomes (Q-DIO), published in English and validated in Switzerland. The Q-DIO's main objective is to assess the quality of the nursing records, although it has also been used as an indicator to compare the quality of records with and without standardized language, to set goals, to evaluate the impact of implementing educational programs, and to give some help in audit systems. There is a lack of instruments capable of assessing issues related to the quality of nursing records in Brazil and in the United States (U.S.). It was because of it that this methodological study was developed: to validate the Q-DIO instrument in Brazil and in the U.S. The Q-DIO is composed of 29 items, divided into four domains (nursing diagnoses as process, nursing diagnoses as product, nursing interventions, and nursing outcomes), composed of a three-point Likert scale. To validate the instrument, records from patients in the period after a cardiac surgery, and who had in their historical records trends and nursing prescriptions between a minimum of four days, were selected. The sample has a total of 180 records, divided equally between the three study centers, being two located in Brazil (center 1 and 2) and one in the U.S. (center 3). Among the psychometric properties, reliability (internal consistency and stability) and divergent construct validity were those evaluated. The values of Cronbach's Alpha for the 29 questions were superior to 0.70 for all centers. Regarding stability, the intraclass correlation coefficient ranged between 0.64 to 0.85 for intraobserver, and 0.68 to 0.82 for inter-observer, which indicates excellent and satisfactory levels of agreement. In divergent construct validity, statistically significant differences were observed in the average of the sum of the 29 items of the instrument among the three centers. Center 1 (electronic records with standardized language) had an average of 36.8 (± 9.5) [95%CI: 35.63-37.94]; center 2 (manual records without standardized language) had an average of 11.53 (± 6,2) [95%CI: 9.93-13.14]; and center 3 (electronic records without standardized language) presented an average of 31.2 (± 5.3) [95%CI: 29.87-32.63]. These results indicate that Q-DIO is valid and reliable for assessing the quality of nursing records, being them electronic or not, using standardized language or not, at least in Brazil. In the U.S., this instrument has also proved to be reliable and valid for electronic nursing records without use of standardized language. / En la práctica clínica el enfermero precisa sistematizar el cuidado a partir de aspectos que objetivan garantizar seguridad y calidad del cuidado a los pacientes. Entre esos aspectos destacamos que los registros de enfermería sean realizados de manera plena y principalmente que sean comprendidos, valorados. Es en esta perspectiva, que la utilización de una terminología y de sistemas electrónicos coligados al proceso de enfermería obtienen espacio favoreciendo la calidad de los registros. La evaluación de la calidad de dichos registros puede ser a través de un instrumento nombrado Quality of Diagnoses, Interventions and Outcomes (Q-DIO) publicado en idioma inglés y validado solamente en Suiza. Q-DIO posee por objetivo principal evaluar la calidad de los registros en enfermería. A eso se suma su utilización como un indicador para comparar la calidad de registros con y sin lenguaje patrón, establecer fines, evaluar impacto de la implementación de programas educativos y aún, en sistemas de auditoría. Existe una falla en Brasil, así como en Estados Unidos de América (EUA) sobre instrumentos que evalúen cuestiones relacionadas a la calidad de los registros de enfermería. Fue en esa perspectiva que este estudio metodológico ha sido desarrollado para validar el Q-DIO en Brasil y EUA. Q-DIO está compuesto de 29 puntos, dividido en cuatro aspectos (diagnósticos de enfermería como proceso, diagnósticos de enfermería como producto, intervenciones de enfermería, resultados de enfermería), compuesto por escala Likert de tres puntos. Para validación del instrumento han sido elegidos registros de pacientes en pos operatorio de cirugía cardiaca, que tuvieron registrados en prontuario o histórico y las evoluciones y prescripciones de enfermería entre un periodo mínimo de cuatro días. La muestra fue de 180 registros, distribuidos igualmente entre los tres centros del estudio; dos en Brasil (centro 1 y 2) y uno en EUA (centro 3). Entre las propiedades psicométricas fueron evaluadas la fidedignidad (consistencia interna y estabilidad) y la validez del constructo divergente. Los valores de Alfa de Cronbach para las 29 cuestiones fueron superiores a 0,70 para todos los centros. En lo que se refiere a la estabilidad, el coeficiente de correlación intra-clase tuvo variación entre 0,64 y 0,85 para intra-observador y 0,68 a 0,82 para inter-observador, lo que indica niveles satisfactorios y excelentes de concordancia. En la validad de constructo divergente se pudo observar una diferencia estadística significativa entre las medias de la suma de los 29 puntos del instrumento entre los tres centros. El centro 1 (registros electrónicos con lenguaje patrón) presentó media de 36,8 (+_ 4,5) [IC95%: 35,63 – 37,94], centro 2 (registros manuales sin lenguaje patrón) obtuvo media de 11,53 (+_ 6,2) [IC 95%: 9,93-13,14] y el centro 3 (registros electrónicos sin lenguaje patrón) con media de 31,2 (+_5,3) [IC95%: 29,87-32,63]. Tales resultados indican que Q-DIO es fidedigno y válido para evaluar la calidad de los registros de enfermería, sean ellos electrónicos o no, y que utilicen lenguaje patrón o no en Brasil, así como, en EUA dicho instrumento también se ha mostrado fidedigno y válido para datos electrónicos sin uso de la terminología patrón.

During the last decade, electronic prescribing has been a point of focus in healthcare industry and is rapidly becoming a standard of practice. It has proven as an important element in improving the quality of patient care, mitigating or eliminating the phone calls back and forth from pharmacies to point of care/health centers. Many e-prescribing systems were developed and marketed but these usually were unsuccessful because of the lack of direct electronic connectivity to local pharmacies and the lack of up-to-date formulary information, clinical guidelines, health plans & services among other reasons. Despite their benefits, the adoption and usage of electronic prescribing systems has been low. In some of the developing countries like Uganda, the problem is even worst. Due to lack of essential resources and manpower, healthcare services have significantly impacted on the productivity and quality of patient care.In an effort to improve, promote and maintain the quality of health services in rural settings of developing countries like Uganda, a high level design for e-prescribing system has been proposed. Design specifications for Electronic Prescribing Management System (EPMS) along with functional prototype are built based on ICT4MPOWER project requirements and previous research and publications in this area.Initially research began with Drug and Stock Management System and EPMS emerged as one of its essential components. In order to strengthen and establish connection between ongoing electronic health record system and drug and stock management development, EPMS component came into lime light. Mare prescription management is not enough to serve patient centric needs. Hence, clinical decision support has been introduced into e- prescribing system to improve the quality of prescribing decisions. In order to develop a patient-centric e-prescribing system that is self-evolving and self sustaining, it is important to update the clinical decision-support system, formularies & guidelines on regular basis. In order to make it usable, it is required to formulate effective health plans and increase associations between pharmacies and other health organizational units. The principal benefit of introducing E-prescribing system into Electronic Health Record (EHR) System is to connect open ended systems to form a strong knowledge base for future. / ICT4MPOWER

I vården är det idag många anställda som kräver åtkomst till patientjournaler. Detta medför att informationen måste vara lättåtkomlig när behoven uppstår. Att skydda patienters integritet är samtidigt mycket viktigt och att inte riskera att några uppgifter läcker ut. Ett problem är att vårdpersonal kan läsa patientjournaler utan att ha behörighet för detta.Studien belyser ett dilemma mellan vårdpersonals etiska inställning till informationssystem i förhållande till hur systemen skyddas. Ena sidan av dilemmat fokuserar på hur benägen vårdpersonal i Sverige är till att medvetet otillåtet läsa elektroniska patientjournaler och på detta sätt agera oetiskt. Den andra sidan riktas till hur informationssystemen inom svensk vård hittar en balans mellan att vara lättillgängliga för användare och samtidigt tillräckligt skyddade mot interna intrång. Frågeställningen som studien behandlar är att identifiera vilka faktorer som ligger till grund för vårdanställdas etiska inställning till olovlig läsning i förhållande till hur systemen skyddas mot dessa intrång.Det är en kvalitativ studie som utförts eftersom fokus har varit att tolka resultatet och identifiera betydande faktorer. För att få en bra grund gjordes en förstudie i form av intervjuer. Detta för att samla information och bredda kunskaper gällande vårdsystem. Det har tagits hänsyn till lagar och regler samt riktlinjer och rutiner för vården inom Västra Götalands län i Sverige, som även är studiens avgränsning. För att få information om hur de vårdanställda ställer sig till interna intrång i vården skickades det ut enkäter. Eftersom ämnet som studien avser kan uppfattas som känsligt har författarna varit tydliga med valfriheten att delta. Detta med tanke på att det gäller brott på arbetsplatsen.Studien resulterar i att även om majoriteten av respondenterna håller sig inom ramarna för vårdens regler, gällande att läsa patientjournaler, visar ändå respondenterna tendenser till att delvis frångå reglerna. Utifrån genomförd studie är det få fall som uppdagas och för att detta ska minska, anser författarna, att loggranskning av vårdanställda borde öka och ske av opartisk granskare. Detta för att skydda patienterna och nå högre säkerhet. Studien riktar sig till vårdpersonal och dess chefer för att upplysa om beteendet och dess risker för patienters integritet och allmänhetens bristande förtroende. / There are many health professionals that require access to health records in today’s health care. This means that information must be easily accessible when needed. Meanwhile the patient´s integrity is a very important issue so no personal sensible information leaks. One problem is that health professionals can read journal of patients in health care information systems without permission.The study researches the tension between two aspects, how health professionals act in health care information systems compared to how the system is secure. One aspect is how nursing staff in Sweden is prone to read journals of patients consciously, thus acting unethical. The other aspect is how the information system within Swedish health care can find the balance between easily user accesses and adequately protected against internal intrusions. The research question is to identify underlying factors how health professionals ethical approach is to illicit reading of electronical health records, in relation to how the systems are protected against these internal intrusions.The conduct of study is through a flexible method approach because the focus is to looking for context and interprets the result. In order to get a good foundation made a pilot study by several interviews. The aim of the pilot study was to expand knowledge regarding health information systems. Laws and regulations, policies and procedures in health care information systems has been considered, focused in Västra Götaland County in Sweden. To find out the nursing staff attitudes to internal intrusion were questionnaires sent out. As the subject of the study can be perceived as sensitive, the authors have made clear to the respondents that it was completely anonymous, considering the case of illegal behavior in the workplace.The finding of the study shows even though the majority of the survey´s respondents remain within the regulations of health care relating to read electronical health records, some of the respondents still shows tendencies to partly abandon them. The authors considered to prevent these tendencies that controls of log history in health care systems should increase and be made by independent auditors. This also for the aim to protect patients and reach more security. The study aims to health professionals and their managers to provide information on the behavior and its risk for patient’s integrity and the public lack of confidence.

Digital transformation is evolving, and it is driving at the helm of the digital evolution. The amount of information accessible to us has revolutionized the way we gather information. Mobile technology and the immediate and ubiquitous access to information has changed how we engage with services including healthcare. Digital technology and digital transformation have afforded people the ability to self-manage in different ways than face-to-face and paper-based methods through different technologies. This study focuses on exploring the use of the most commonly used digital health technologies in the healthcare sector and how it affects physicians’ daily routine practice. The study presents findings from a qualitative methodology involving semi-structured, personal interviews with physicians from Sweden and a physician from Spain. The interviews capture what physicians feel towards digital transformation, digital health technologies and how it affects their work. In a field where a lack of information regarding how physicians work is affected by digital health technologies, this study reveals a general aspect of how reality looks for physicians. A new way of conducting medicine and the changed role of the physician is presented along with the societal implications for physicians and the healthcare sector. The findings demonstrate that physicians’ role, work and the digital transformation in healthcare on a societal level are important in shaping the future for the healthcare industry and the role of the physician in this future. / Den digitala transformationen växer och den drivs vid rodret för den digitala utvecklingen. Mängden information som är tillgänglig för oss har revolutionerat hur vi samlar in information. Mobila tekniker och den omedelbara och allmänt förekommande tillgången till information har förändrat hur vi tillhandahåller oss tjänster inklusive inom vården. Digital teknik och digital transformation har gett människor möjlighet att kontrollera sig själv och sin egen hälsa på olika sätt än ansikte mot ansikte och pappersbaserade metoder genom olika tekniker. Denna studie fokuserar på att utforska användningen av de vanligaste digitala hälsoteknologierna inom hälso- och sjukvårdssektorn och hur det påverkar läkarnas dagliga rutin. Studien presenterar resultat från en kvalitativ metod som involverar semistrukturerade, personliga intervjuer med läkare från Sverige och en läkare från Spanien. Intervjuerna fångar vad läkare tycker om digital transformation, digital hälsoteknik och hur det påverkar deras arbete. I ett fält där brist på information om hur läkare arbetar påverkas av digital hälsoteknik avslöjar denna studie en allmän aspekt av hur verkligheten ser ut för läkare. Ett nytt sätt att bedriva medicin och läkarens förändrade roll presenteras tillsammans med de samhälleliga konsekvenserna för läkare och vårdsektorn. Resultaten visar att läkarnas roll, arbete och den digitala transformationen inom hälso- och sjukvården på samhällsnivå är viktiga för att utforma framtiden för vårdindustrin och läkarens roll i framtiden.

Denna studie undersöker användarupplevelsen av utbildning i journalsystemet Cosmic i Region Jönköpings län. Utbildning är av största vikt för personalens välmående samt för optimal användning av systemet. Syftet med undersökningen är att utforma en enkät för kontinuerligt förbättringsarbete inom området. Enkäten undersöker både kvantitativa och kvalitativa element hos ett urval som stratifierats utifrån användarnas yrkesroller. Enkäten skickades till deltagarnas respektive arbetsmejl, och svaren samlades in och bearbetades med hjälp av enkätprogrammet EsMaker. Ordinalskalor användes som mätverktyg i många av enkätens kvantitativa frågor, medan de kvalitativa frågorna analyserades med hjälp av The constant comparative method.  Studiens resultat visar en godtycklighet gentemot det material som finns samt med kollegor som instruktörer. Dock framkommer starka önskemål om organiserade utbildningar. Ett tydligt mönster är att användarna föredrar utbildningsmetoder som bygger på synkron kommunikation, samt att metoder som bygger på demonstration av programvaran är mer uppskattade än andra. Resultaten visar dock att dessa metoder bör kombineras med övningar för bästa effekt.  Slutsatser som undersökningen genererat är att kommande utbildningsinsatser bör innebära organiserade utbildningar på arbetsplatsen. Vidare forskning kopplat till Ställföreträdande lärande och Aktivitetsbaserat lärande skulle kunna användas för att optimera utbildningens resultat samt användarnas nöjdhet. En djupare analys av enkätresultatet med avseende på yrkesrollernas respektive behov skulle ytterligare kunna höja kvalitén och effektivisera utbildningarna. Studiens absolut viktigaste fynd är vikten av att chefer avsätter tid för sina medarbetare att ta del av de utbildningsmöjligheter som finns. Detta är kärnan i allt, för utan tid till utbildning spelar utbildningsmaterialets kvalitet ingen som helst roll. / This study investigates the end-user experience of education in Cosmic, a system for electronic health records, in Region Jönköping County. Training is of paramount importance for the well-being of the staff and for optimal use of the system. The purpose of the survey is to design a questionnaire that can be used for continuous improvement of the end-user training in the county.  The survey examines both quantitative and qualitative elements of a sample that is stratified based on the end‑users' professions. The survey was sent to the participants' work emails, and the responses were collected and processed using the EsMaker survey program. Ordinal scales were used as a measurement tool in many of the survey's quantitative questions, while the qualitative questions were analyzed using The constant comparative method.  The results of the study show an arbitrary attitude towards the available training material as well as towards colleagues as instructors. However, there are strong desires for organized training. A clear pattern is that users prefer training methods based on synchronous communication, as well as methods based on demonstration of the software. However, the results show that these methods should be combined with individual tasks for the best effect.  Conclusions generated by the survey are that future training efforts should involve organized training at the workplace. Further research linked to vicarious modeling and enactive learning could be used to optimize the results of the education as well as end-user satisfaction. A deeper analysis of the survey results regarding the respective needs of the professional roles could further increase the quality and streamline the education. The study's most important finding is the importance of managers to dedicate time for their employees to use the training opportunities available. This is the essence of everything, because without time for training, the quality of the educational material does not matter whatsoever. / <p>Examensarbete i vårdadministration, YH-utbildning: 20 Yh-poäng.</p>

Disease subtyping has been a critical aim of precision and personalized medicine. With the potential to improve patient outcomes, unsupervised and semi-supervised methods for determining phenotypes of subtypes have emerged with a recent focus on matrix and tensor factorization. However, interpretability of proposed models is debatable. Principal component analysis (PCA), a traditional method of dimensionality reduction, does not impose non-negativity constraints. Thus coefficients of the principal components are, in cases, difficult to translate to real physical units. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) constrains the factorization to positive numbers such that representative types resulting from the factorization are additive. Archetypal analysis (AA) extends this idea and seeks to identify pure types, archetypes, at the extremes of the data from which all other data can be expressed as a convex combination, or by proportion, of the archetypes. Using AA, this study sought to evaluate the sufficiency of AKI staging criteria through unsupervised subtyping. Archetype analysis failed to find a direct 1:1 mapping of archetypes to physician staging and also did not provide additional insight into patient outcomes. Several factors of the analysis such as quality of the data source and the difficulty in selecting features contributed to the outcome. Additionally, after performing feature selection with lasso across data subsets, it was determined that current staging criteria is sufficient to determine patient phenotype with serum creatinine at time of diagnosis to be a necessary factor.

In recent years the number of electronic healthcare records (EHRs)has increased rapidly. EHR represents a systematized collection of patient health information in a digital format. EHR systems maintain diagnoses, medications, procedures, and lab tests associated with the patients at each time they visit the hospital or care center. Since the information is available into multiple visits to hospitals or care centers, the EHR can be used to increasing quality care. This is especially useful when working with chronic diseases because they tend to evolve. There have been many deep learning methods that make use of these EHRs to solve different prediction tasks. Transformers have shown impressive results in many sequence-to-sequence tasks within natural language processing. This paper will mainly focus on using transformers, explicitly using a sequence of visits to do prediction tasks. The model presented in this paper is called CondBEHRT. Compared to previous state-of-art models, CondBEHRT will focus on using as much available data as possible to understand the patient’s trajectory. Based on all patients, the model will learn the medical ontology between diagnoses, medications, and procedures. The results show that the inferred medical ontology that has been learned can simulate reality quite well. Having the medical ontology also gives insights about the explainability of model decisions. We also compare the proposed model with the state-of-the-art methods using two different use cases; predicting the given codes in the next visit and predicting if the patient will be readmitted within 30 days.

Electronic health records (EHRs) are used in Sweden's healthcare systems to store patients' medical information. Patients in Sweden have the right to access and read their health records. Unfortunately, the language used in EHRs is very complex and presents a challenge for readers who lack medical knowledge. Simplifying the language used in EHRs could facilitate the transfer of information between medical staff and patients. This project investigates the possibility of generating Swedish medical synonyms automatically. These synonyms are intended to be used in future systems for lexical simplification that can enhance the readability of Swedish EHRs and simplify medical terminology. Current publicly available Swedish corpora that provide synonyms for medical terminology are insufficient in size to be utilized in a system for lexical simplification. To overcome the obstacle of insufficient corpora, machine learning models are trained to generate synonyms and terms that convey medical concepts in a more understandable way. With the purpose of establishing a foundation for analyzing complex medical terms, a simple mechanism for Complex Word Identification (CWI) is implemented. The mechanism relies on matching strings and substrings from a pre-existing corpus containing hand-curated medical terms in Swedish. To find a suitable strategy for generating medical synonyms automatically, seven different machine learning models are queried for synonym suggestions for 50 complex sample terms. To explore the effect of different input data, we trained our models on different datasets with varying sizes. Three of the seven models are based on BERT and four of them are based on Word2Vec. For each model, results for the 50 complex sample terms are generated and raters with medical knowledge are asked to assess whether the automatically generated suggestions could be considered synonyms. The results vary between the different models and seem to be connected to the amount and quality of the data they have been trained on. Furthermore, the raters involved in judging the synonyms exhibit great disagreement, revealing the complexity and subjectivity of the task to find suitable and widely accepted medical synonyms. The method and models applied in this project do not succeed in creating a stable source of suitable synonyms. The chosen BERT approach based on Masked Language Modelling cannot reliably generate suitable synonyms due to the limitation of generating one term per synonym suggestion only. The Word2Vec models demonstrate some weaknesses due to the lack of context consideration. Despite the fact that the current performance of our models in generating automatic synonym suggestions is not entirely satisfactory, we have observed a promising number of accurate suggestions. This gives us reason to believe that with enhanced training and a larger amount of input data consisting of Swedish medical text, the models could be improved and eventually effectively applied.

PHRサービス「ポケットカルテ」に集積された個々の住民の生涯の健康医療福祉介護履歴情報は、当該個人のLife-Logといえることが判明し、従来の医療費に加えて、健康維持や「未病」対応のための消費の総和を新たな指標「健康費」と定義した。現在の医療経済施策基盤である国民医療費の上位概念となる「健康費」を最適化することは、医療の質を向上しつつ、国民医療費を適正化し、国民皆保険の維持に寄与すると思われる。 / The big data of the life-long history information in health care and welfare care of an individual resident stored in the PHR service "Pocket Karte", has been found to be the Life-Log of the resident. So, I have defined a new index "Health Care Fee" as the sum of consumptions for health maintenance and the "pre-disease" care in addition to the conventional medical costs. It is believed that to optimize the "Health Care Fee", the broader concept of the Estimates of National Medical Care Expenditure as the basis for medical economic policy currently, is to contribute to improve the quality of medical care, and to optimize the Estimates of National Medical Care Expenditure, and to maintain of universal health insurance system in Japan. / 博士(政策科学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Policy and Management / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University