Les traitements anthelminthiques (AH) visant à maîtriser l’impact des strongles gastro-intestinaux (SGI) sur la croissance des jeunes bovins doivent être rationnalisés afin de préserver durablement leur efficacité. L’objectif de cette thèse a été de développer et d’évaluer des stratégies de traitement ciblé sélectif (TCS) basées sur la croissance chez les génisses laitières de première saison de pâturage afin de préserver des populations refuges de SGI, non exposées aux AH, et ainsi de retarder l’apparition de résistance. La relation croissance/parasitisme en fin de saison a tout d’abord été étudiée dans des environnements variés ce qui a permis d’appréhender des lots plus infestés et, à l’intérieur de ces lots, des individus plus fortement infestés. Un arbre de décision de traitement de rentrée a été ensuite proposé en combinant des indicateurs de conduite au pâturage pour identifier les groupes à risque et plusieurs seuils de GMQ pour identifier les animaux souffrant le plus du parasitisme. Une stratégie de TCS basée sur le GMQ moyen réalisé à mi- saison a été évaluée sur le terrain par comparaison avec un traitement collectif. Aucune différence significative, en termes de croissance et de parasitisme, n’a été observée à la rentrée entre le groupe TCS et le groupe traité collectivement. Enfin, les attitudes et les perceptions des vétérinaires vis-à-vis du contrôle des parasitoses digestives en élevage bovin laitier et notamment d’une gestion plus raisonnée des anthelminthiques, ont été évaluées. Les vétérinaires reconnaissent la nécessité d’appréhender les traitements AH de manière raisonnée mais identifient de nombreux freins relatifs au développement du conseil et à la disponibilité d’outils simples, fiables et peu couteux. Les résultats de cette thèse montrent qu’il est possible de cibler l’utilisation des AH chez les génisses laitières de première saison de pâturage en se basant sur des indicateurs individuels et de groupe simples d’emploi. / In first grazing season calves (FGSC), the anthelmintic (AH) treatments used to control the negative impact of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) on growth must be rationalized to preserve their long-term efficacy. The aim of this PhD thesis was to develop and assess targeted selective treatment (TST) strategies based on growth in FGSC, in order to preserve GIN populations in refugia i.e. not exposed to AH, and thus delay the emergence of AH resistance. Firstly, the relation growth/GIN infection at housing was demonstrated in different environments which allowed identifying groups, and within groups, the most infected animals. Then, a tree treatment decision at housing was proposed combing grazing management indicators to identify the groups at risk, and several average daily weight gain (ADWG) thresholds to identify, within groups, the animals suffering the most of infection. A TST strategy based on mid- season mean ADWG was assessed in field survey in comparison with whole group treatment (WGT). No significant difference, in terms of growth and GIN infection, was observed at housing between the TST and the WGT groups. Lastly, the veterinarians’ behaviors and perceptions about the control of GIN in dairy cattle farming, including a more rational AH management, were assessed. The veterinarians recognize the need to consider the sustainability of the AH treatment but identify serval obstacles as the development of advices and the availability of simple, reliable and cheap tools.The results of this thesis show that it is possible to target the use of AH in FGSC basing on individual and group indicators.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(農学) / 乙第13101号 / 論農博第2847号 / 新制||農||1051(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H29||N5033(農学部図書室) / (主査)教授 廣岡 博之, 教授 松井 徹, 准教授 熊谷 元 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

"A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Education." Title from PDF of title page (Georgia Southern University, viewed on May 6, 2010). Delores D. Liston, major professor; Grigory Dmitriyev, Hsiu-Lien Lu, David Alley, committee members. Electronic version approved: December 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p.167-181).

Master of Science / Animal Sciences and Industry / John R. Jaeger / Cattle consuming low-protein forage (<7% CP) require additional supplemental protein to maintain BW and BCS. Daily delivery of protein supplements places undue financial burden on cattle producers. Supplementing cows as infrequently as once every 6 d) has resulted in similar changes cow BW and BCS when compared to daily supplementation. As calving season nears, producers may wish to increase supplementation frequency. The responses to a change in supplementation frequency during the third trimester of gestation have not been widely investigated. Therefore, our objective in Study 1 was to evaluate the effect of altering supplementation frequency during late gestation on performance of spring-calving cows grazing low-quality, dormant native range and supplemented with dried distillers grains with solubles (DDG). Angus × cows (n = 238; mean age = 6 ± 2.5 yr; average initial BW = 618 ± 56.2 kg; average initial BCS = 5.7 ± 0.03) were stratified by age, BW, BCS, and assigned randomly to 1 of 4 treatments: 1) DDG daily (D1); 2) DDG once every 6 d (D6); 3) DDG daily from d 1 to d 60 and then every 6 d (D1-D6); 4) DDG every 6 d from d 1 to d 60 and then daily (D6-D1). Treatments were initiated 100 d prior to expected onset of calving. Cow BW and BCS were measured every 28 d. Cows were sorted daily before supplementation at 0830 h. Supplement delivery was calculated to meet dietary CP requirements. Increasing supplementation frequency 28 d prepartum negatively affected final BW and BW change from d 61-88 for the D6-D1 supplementation group (P < 0.05) compared to other supplementation groups. Cow BW change for the study (d 1-88) was also less (P < 0.02) for the D6-D1 group compared to other groups but was also affected (P < 0.01) by year. Under the conditions of our study, increasing supplementation frequency 28 d before calving was not a viable means of increasing prepartum cow performance. The development of replacement heifers is a significant expense for cow-calf producers. Reducing the cost of heifer development programs while achieving high pregnancy rates is an industry-wide goal. Therefore, our objective in Study 2 was to determine if DDGS was a viable replacement for an oilseed meal-based protein supplement when developing heifers on low-quality, dormant native range. Treatments consisted of daily supplementation of either 1.65 kg DM DDG (DDG; 0.57 kg CP) or 1.37 kg DM of a 73.6% soybean meal and 26.4% rolled sorghum grain mixture (SBM-S; 0.56 kg CP). Treatments were administered from 1/15 until 4/8 (84 d). Initial BW and BCS were not different between treatments (P ≥ 0.29). Final BW and BCS also did not differ (P ≥ 0.55) between treatments; moreover, rates of BW and BCS change were not different (P ˃ 0.30) between treatments. Proportions of heifers pubertal before ovulation synchronization, first service conception rates, and final pregnancy rates were not affected (P > 0.40) by treatment. Under the conditions of our study supplemental CP fed at a rate of approximately 0.56 kg daily was sufficient to promote growth and BCS change adequate for optimal reproductive performance; moreover, supplement ruminal degradability of CP did not influence heifer performance over an 84-d development period.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-04-12T13:39:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Evaristo Jorge Oliveira de Souza.pdf: 1070758 bytes, checksum: 357f837383506ddadc3af5f661c13bc8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-12T13:39:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Evaristo Jorge Oliveira de Souza.pdf: 1070758 bytes, checksum: 357f837383506ddadc3af5f661c13bc8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-13 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The objective of this work was to evaluate of carcass traits, deposition pattems of body tissues, energy and protein requirements of Nellore (NE), Nellore x Angus (NA) and Nellore x Simental (NS), fed with two levels concentrate (30 and 50% of dry matter diet in concentrate). Sixty nine heifers (23 NE, 23 NA and 23 NS) were used, being 12 heifers (four in each genetic group) slaughtered before the beginning of the experiment as the baseline group. Twelve heifers (four in each genetic group) were fed the level maintenance and thirty six (twelve in each genetic group) were ad libitun fed with 30 (six in each group) and 50% (six in each group) of dry matter diet in concentrate. Nine remaining animals were to digestibility trial. At the end of the experiment all these animals were slaughtered and its corporal composition and empty body weight (EBW) determined. The net energy requirements for gain were estimate as a retained energy (RE) as a function of EBW0,75 and empty body gain (EBG). The net energy requirements for maintenance were obtained as a function of heat production (HP) on metabolizable energy intake (MEI). The metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance were obtained as a function of RE and MEI. The net protein requirements for gain were estimate as retained protein (RP) as RE and EBG. The requirements of metabolizable protein for maintenance were estimate as metabolizable protein intake (MPI) as function of empty body gain (EBG). The net protein requirements for maintenance as RP as a function MPI. Chemical constituents of EBW and EBG there were not effects of genetic group (P>0.05). There were not effects of genetic group in energy and protein requirements so it’s proposed the model RE = 0.0703 * EBW0.75 * EBG1.128 for net energy requirements for gain and NPg = 197.40 * EBG – 11.14 * RE for net protein requirements for gain. The net and metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance for all group were 70.55 and 106.53 kcal/EBW0.75/day, respectively. The net protein requirements for maintenance was 1.07 g/ EBW0.75/day and the metabolizable protein requirements for maintenance were 3.88 g/EBW0.75/day for all group. / Este trabalho objetivou determinar as características de carcaça, a taxa de deposição de tecidos corporais e as exigências nutricionais de energia e proteína para fêmeas Nelore (NE), F1 Nelore x Angus (NA) e F1 Nelore x Simental (NS), alimentadas com dois níveis de concentrado (30 e 50%). Foram utilizadas 69 novilhas de três grupos genéticos, sendo 23 NE, 23 NA e 23 NS, das quais 12 pertencentes ao grupo referência (quatro de cada grupo genético) foram abatidas ao início do experimento. Outras 12 novilhas (quatro de cada grupo genético) foram alimentadas ao nível de mantença e 36 novilhas (12 animais de cada grupo genético) foram mantidas em sistema de alimentação à vontade com 30 (seis de cada grupo) ou 50% (seis de cada grupo) da matéria seca da ração em concentrado. As nove fêmeas restantes (três de cada grupo genético) foram utilizadas em um experimento paralelo para estimativa da digestibilidade das rações. Ao final do experimento todos os animais foram abatidos e a composição corporal e o peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ) determinados. As exigências líquidas de energia para ganho foram estimadas pela equação da energia retida (ER) em função do peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ) e ganho de peso de corpo vazio (GPCVZ). As exigências de energia líquida para mantença foram obtidas pela equação da produção de calor (PC) e o consumo de energia metabolizável (CEM). As exigências de energia metabolizável para mantença foram estimadas a partir da relação entre a ER e o CEM. Os requerimentos líquidos de proteína para ganho foram estimados pela proteína retida (PR) em função do GPCVZ e ER. Os requerimentos de proteína metabolizável para mantença foram obtidos contrastando o consumo de proteína metabolizável (CPM) com o GPCVZ. As exigências líquidas de proteína para mantença foram obtidas pela equação de regressão da proteína retida e o CEM. Os constituintes químicos do peso de corpo vazio e do ganho de peso de corpo vazio não sofreram efeito dos grupos genéticos (P>0,05). Não houve efeito dos grupos genéticos sobre as exigências de energia e proteína; desta forma, recomenda-se o uso das equações ER = 0,0703 x PCVZ0,75 x GPCVZ1,128 para predizer as exigências líquidas de energia para ganho e PLg = 197,40 x GPCVZ – 11,14 x ER para predizer as exigências líquidas de proteína para ganho. As exigências de energia líquida e metabolizável para mantença de todos os grupos foram 70,55 e 106,53 kcal/kgPCVZ0,75/dia, respectivamente. As exigências de proteína líquida para mantença foi 1,07 g/PCVZ0,75/dia e os requerimentos de proteína metabolizável para mantença foram 3,88 g/PCVZ0,75/dia para todos os grupos.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2017-05-04T12:31:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Guilherme Aniceto Veras.pdf: 755618 bytes, checksum: abf9279c842f5f903daa9429771d78c0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-04T12:31:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guilherme Aniceto Veras.pdf: 755618 bytes, checksum: abf9279c842f5f903daa9429771d78c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different progesterone concentrations (P4) on follicular dynamics in Holstein heifers (Bos taurus) subjected to synchronization of estrus and ovulation. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station of São Bento do Una/PE Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco / IPA, between September and December 2012. There were used 19 pubertal Holstein heifers presenting BSC between 3.0 and 3.5 and kept in intensive system. The heifers were divided into two groups, receiving an intravaginal devices at D0 containing 0.75 g of P4 in G1 (n = 10) and 1 g of P4, in G2 (n = 9) along with 2 mg BE im. At D7, there were applied 530μg of cloprostenol and 300 IU of eCG im, at D8 intravaginal devices were removed. At D9, heifers in both groups received 1mg of EB im and at D10 TAI were preceded. The ovarian activity was monitored at D0, D4, D8, D10 and at each 6 hours after TAI until ovulation. Pregnancy diagnosis were performed 30 days after TAI. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were compared by the test of Turkey at 5% by the statistical program SPSS 16 for Windows. Binomial variables were analyzed by chi-square. No significant effect was observed between wave synchronization (100 vs. 100%), ovulation rate (70 vs. 89%), time of ovulation (60.5 ± 2.65 vs. 64.5 ± 0.33 h) and conception rate (40 vs. 44.4%) between G1 and G2, respectively. The dominant follicle average diameter at D9 between heifers that ovulated from G1 was 14,8±0,6 mm and in G2 11,2±1,6mm presenting no statistical difference (P=0.07) the same way was not also observed statistical difference between heifers that did not ovulate from G1 (9.6±0.7mm and in G2 (7.7±0.03)(P=0.42). .) Already when comparing the average diameters of dominant follicles in D9 between the heifers that ovulated (14.8 ± 0.6 mm) and those that did not ovulate (9.6 ± 0.7 mm) from G1, it was observed significant difference (P ˂ 0.05), as well as from G2 (11,2 ± 1.6 vs. 7.7 ± 0.03 mm). The ovulation rate increased significantly in the follicles larger than 11 mm, measured on D9 However, conception rates were higher when the follicles were larger than 8 mm on D9. In the present study, no significant effect was observed in DFØ, OFØ, time of ovulation, ovulation and conception rates in pubertal Holstein heifers, but animals receiving device with lower concentrations of P4 in D0 showed higher daily rate growth follicular. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de progesterona (P4) sobre a dinâmica folicular em novilhas Holandesas (Bos taurus) submetidas à sincronização de estro e ovulação. O experimento foi realizado na Estação Experimental de São Bento do Una/PE do Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco/IPA, entre setembro e dezembro de 2012. Foram utilizadas 19 novilhas púberes Holandesas, com ECC entre 3,0 e 3,5 e mantidas em sistema intensivo. Foram distribuídas em dois grupos, onde no D0, receberam implantes intravaginal contendo 0,75g de P4 no G1 (n=10) e 1g de P4 no G2 (n=9), associado a 2 mg de BE i.m. No D7, foram aplicados 530μg de cloprostenol sódico e 300 UI de eCG i.m. e no D8 os implantes intravaginais foram removidos. No D9, foi aplicado 1mg de BE i.m. em ambos os grupos e no D10 a IATF. A atividade ovariana foi acompanhada no D0, D4, D8, D10 e após a IA de 6/6 horas até a ovulação. O diagnóstico de gestação, realizado 30 dias após a IATF. Os dados foram analisados pelo SPSS 16.0, empregando-se a análise de variância (ANOVA). Sendo evidenciada diferença estatística, aplicou-se o teste de Turkey. As variáveis binominais foram analisadas pelo Qui-quadrado. Não foi observado efeito significativo entre a sincronização da onda (100 vs. 100%), taxa de ovulação (70 vs. 89%), momento da ovulação (60,5±2,65 vs. 64,5±0,33 h) e taxa de concepção (40 vs. 44,4%) entre G1 e G2, respectivamente. O diâmetro do folículo dominante no D9 (ØFD) (13,5±0,1 vs. 10,8±1,7 mm) não diferiu entre os grupos, assim como o Ø máx. FD (14,3±1,5 vs. 11,9±0,86 mm) e do Ø máx. FO (14,7±0,74 vs. 12,3±1,37 mm), porém a taxa de crescimento diário dos folículos foi significativamente maior no G1 que no G2 (1,6±0,12 vs. 1,0±0,18 mm/dia). O diâmetro médio do folículo dominante no D9 entre as novilhas que ovularam do grupo G1 foi 14,8±0,6 mm e no G2 11,2±1,6 mm não se observando diferença estatística entre os tratamentos (P=0,07), da mesma forma que também não se observou diferença estatística entre novilhas que não ovularam do G1 (9,6±0,7) e do G2 (7,7±0,03)(P=0,42). Já ao se comparar os diâmetros médios dos folículos dominantes no D9 entre as novilhas que ovularam (14,8±0,6 mm) e as que não ovularam (9,6±0,7 mm) do G1, observou-se diferença significativa (P˂0,05), assim como no G2 (11,2±1,6 vs. 7,7±0,03 mm. A taxa de ovulação aumentou significativamente nos folículos maiores de 11 mm, mensurados no D9, no entanto, as taxas de concepção foram maiores quando os folículos se encontravam maiores que 8 mm, no D9. No presente estudo não foi observado efeito significativo da concentração de P4 no ØFD, ØFO, momento da ovulação, taxas de ovulação e concepção em novilhas púberes Holandesas, porém os animais que receberam dispositivo com menor concentração de P4 no D0 apresentaram maior taxa de crescimento folicular diário.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o fornecimento crônico de leptina recombinante ovina (oLeptina) e do nível de energia da dieta na idade, peso vivo (PV), escore de condição corporal (ECC) e composição corporal à puberdade, assim como avaliar seus efeitos no desenvolvimento dos folículos ovarianos e no consumo de matéria seca (CMS). Foram utilizadas 36 novilhas da raça Nelore, com média de 18 a 20 meses de idade, 276,1 ± 17,9 kg PV e ECC de 4,7 ± 0,46, distribuídas aleatoriamente em três tratamentos: A) Dieta de alta energia; B) Dieta de baixa energia, BL) Dieta de baixa energia com administração subcutânea de oLeptina. Os animais foram alojados de 2 baias coletivas de acordo com a dieta oferecida. As dietas foram formuladas para promover um ganho de peso médio diário (GMD) de 0,3 kg PV/dia e 1,0 kg PV/dia. O controle de consumo foi feito através da pesagem diária das sobras e manutenção dessas entre 5 e 10% do total oferecido. Os animais foram pesados e tiveram o ECC avaliado duas vezes por semana, para acompanhamento do GMD. Foi administrado 12 g de óxido de cromo/animal/dia por deglutição forçada por 10 dias, com coleta de amostras de fezes, dieta e sobras nos últimos 5 dias, para estimativa do consumo individual de MS e energia, através da determinação do cromo nas fezes e do FDNi nas fezes, dietas e sobras. O grupo BL recebeu 4,8 µg de oLeptina/kg PV, via subcutânea, duas vezes ao dia (6:00 e 18:00 horas) por 56 dias, enquanto os grupos A e B receberam 2 ml de solução salina. O diâmetro máximo do folículo dominante (FD) e a presença de corpo lúteo (CL) foram avaliados através de ultrassonografia transretal duas vezes por semana, até o momento da puberdade. No momento da ultrassonografia, foram coletadas amostras de sangue, por punção da veia jugular, para dosagem da concentração sérica de progesterona. A idade à puberdade foi considerada como a idade na primeira detecção de um CL, confirmado como sendo funcional por dosagem de progesterona acima de 1 ng/ml. Após a confirmação da puberdade os animais foram abatidos para estimativa da composição corporal, através da determinação do teor de água em cortes da 9a-10a-11a costelas. O maior teor de energia na dieta reduziu a idade e aumentou o ECC à puberdade (P<0,05). A leptina não teve efeito na idade, PV ou ECC à puberdade (P>0,05). Tanto o maior consumo de energia quanto a leptina aumentaram a velocidade de crescimento e determinaram maior diâmetro médio do FD (P<0,05), entretanto a velocidade de crescimento do FD do grupo BL voltou a diminuir, igualando-se à do grupo BL, após cerca de 30 dias de tratamento, comportando-se de forma quadrática à análise de regressão. O maior consumo de energia determinou maior teor de extrato etéreo e menores teores de proteína, matéria seca e matéria mineral no corpo vazio, além de maior espessura de gordura subcutânea e área de olho de lombo na carcaça (P<0,05). A aplicação de leptina não alterou a composição corporal das novilhas à puberdade (P>0,05). Não houve diferença no CMS (kg MS/dia) entre os grupos, entretanto o grupo A teve menor CMS em % PV, além de maior consumo de energia digestível, metabolizável e líquida para ganho (P<0,05). A leptina não reduziu o CMS das novilhas (P>0,05) tanto em kg MS/dia quanto em % PV. A energia acelera a obtenção da puberdade e altera a composição corporal à puberdade de novilhas zebuínas. A aplicação de leptina não acelerou a obtenção da puberdade de novilhas zebuínas em baixo consumo de energia, mas aumentou temporariamente a taxa de crescimento folicular desses animais. / This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of chronic administration of recombinant ovine leptin (oLeptin) and the energy level of the diet on age, body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS) and body composition at puberty, as well as to evaluate its effects on dominant follicle (DF) development and dry matter (DM) intake. Thirty six Nellore heifers, 18 to 20 months old, with 276.1 ± 17.9 kg BW and BCS of 4.7 ± 0.46 were randomly distributed into three treatments: H) High energy diet; L) Low energy diet; LL) Low energy diet with subcutaneous administration of oLeptin. Heifers were housed in two collective pens according to the diet offered. Diets were formulated to promote an average daily gain (ADG) of 0.3 kg BW/day and 1.0 kg BW/day. Intake was controlled daily by weighting the orts and keeping it between 5 and 10% of the total offered. Heifers were weighed and had their BCS was evaluated twice weekly, in order to control the ADG. Heifers received 12 g of chromic oxide/animal/day by forced swallowing for 10 days, while feces, diet and orts were sampled in the last 5 days, in order to estimate individual DM and energy intake, which was done by feces determination of chromic oxide, and diet and, feces and orts determination of iNDF. The LL group received 4.8 µg oLeptina/kg BW, subcutaneously, twice a day (at 06:00 and 18:00), for 56 days, while H and L groups received 2 ml of saline solution. Maximum DF diameter and presence of corpus luteum (CL) were evaluated twice weekly by transrectal ultrasound, until heifers achieved puberty. At the time of ultrasound evaluation, blood was sampled by jugular venipuncture for serum progesterone determination. Age at puberty was considered as age at first detection of a CL confirmed to be functional by serum progesterone above 1 ng/ml. After puberty confirmation heifers were slaughtered for body composition estimation, which was done by water determination on 9a-10a-11a rib cuts. High energy intake reduced age and enhanced BCS at puberty (P<0.05). Leptin administration did not affect age, BW or BCS at puberty (P>0.05). The high energy intake as well as leptin administration accelerated the DF growth and determined greater DF diameter (P<0.05), however the rate of growth on the LL group decreased after around 30 days of treatment equaling the rate of growth of the L group, and behaving in a quadratic manner at regression analysis. High energy intake enhanced ether extract and lowered protein and minerals proportion on empty body (P<0.05). It also enhanced carcass subcutaneous fat and the longissimus muscle area (P<0.05). Leptin administration did not alter the body composition of heifers at puberty (P>0.05). There was no difference on DM intake (kg DM/day) between groups, however the H group had higher DM intake in terms of % BW, as well as higher intake of digestible, metabolizable and net energy for gain (P<0.05). Leptin did not reduce DM intake neither in terms of kg BW/day nor % BW (P>0.05). Energy intake accelerates the onset of puberty and alters body composition at puberty of zebu heifers. Leptin administration did not accelerate puberty onset of zebu heifers receiving low energy diet, but temporarily enhanced the follicular growth rate of these animals.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o fornecimento crônico de leptina recombinante ovina (oLeptina) e do nível de energia da dieta na idade, peso vivo (PV), escore de condição corporal (ECC) e composição corporal à puberdade, assim como avaliar seus efeitos no desenvolvimento dos folículos ovarianos e no consumo de matéria seca (CMS). Foram utilizadas 36 novilhas da raça Nelore, com média de 18 a 20 meses de idade, 276,1 ± 17,9 kg PV e ECC de 4,7 ± 0,46, distribuídas aleatoriamente em três tratamentos: A) Dieta de alta energia; B) Dieta de baixa energia, BL) Dieta de baixa energia com administração subcutânea de oLeptina. Os animais foram alojados de 2 baias coletivas de acordo com a dieta oferecida. As dietas foram formuladas para promover um ganho de peso médio diário (GMD) de 0,3 kg PV/dia e 1,0 kg PV/dia. O controle de consumo foi feito através da pesagem diária das sobras e manutenção dessas entre 5 e 10% do total oferecido. Os animais foram pesados e tiveram o ECC avaliado duas vezes por semana, para acompanhamento do GMD. Foi administrado 12 g de óxido de cromo/animal/dia por deglutição forçada por 10 dias, com coleta de amostras de fezes, dieta e sobras nos últimos 5 dias, para estimativa do consumo individual de MS e energia, através da determinação do cromo nas fezes e do FDNi nas fezes, dietas e sobras. O grupo BL recebeu 4,8 µg de oLeptina/kg PV, via subcutânea, duas vezes ao dia (6:00 e 18:00 horas) por 56 dias, enquanto os grupos A e B receberam 2 ml de solução salina. O diâmetro máximo do folículo dominante (FD) e a presença de corpo lúteo (CL) foram avaliados através de ultrassonografia transretal duas vezes por semana, até o momento da puberdade. No momento da ultrassonografia, foram coletadas amostras de sangue, por punção da veia jugular, para dosagem da concentração sérica de progesterona. A idade à puberdade foi considerada como a idade na primeira detecção de um CL, confirmado como sendo funcional por dosagem de progesterona acima de 1 ng/ml. Após a confirmação da puberdade os animais foram abatidos para estimativa da composição corporal, através da determinação do teor de água em cortes da 9a-10a-11a costelas. O maior teor de energia na dieta reduziu a idade e aumentou o ECC à puberdade (P<0,05). A leptina não teve efeito na idade, PV ou ECC à puberdade (P>0,05). Tanto o maior consumo de energia quanto a leptina aumentaram a velocidade de crescimento e determinaram maior diâmetro médio do FD (P<0,05), entretanto a velocidade de crescimento do FD do grupo BL voltou a diminuir, igualando-se à do grupo BL, após cerca de 30 dias de tratamento, comportando-se de forma quadrática à análise de regressão. O maior consumo de energia determinou maior teor de extrato etéreo e menores teores de proteína, matéria seca e matéria mineral no corpo vazio, além de maior espessura de gordura subcutânea e área de olho de lombo na carcaça (P<0,05). A aplicação de leptina não alterou a composição corporal das novilhas à puberdade (P>0,05). Não houve diferença no CMS (kg MS/dia) entre os grupos, entretanto o grupo A teve menor CMS em % PV, além de maior consumo de energia digestível, metabolizável e líquida para ganho (P<0,05). A leptina não reduziu o CMS das novilhas (P>0,05) tanto em kg MS/dia quanto em % PV. A energia acelera a obtenção da puberdade e altera a composição corporal à puberdade de novilhas zebuínas. A aplicação de leptina não acelerou a obtenção da puberdade de novilhas zebuínas em baixo consumo de energia, mas aumentou temporariamente a taxa de crescimento folicular desses animais. / This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of chronic administration of recombinant ovine leptin (oLeptin) and the energy level of the diet on age, body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS) and body composition at puberty, as well as to evaluate its effects on dominant follicle (DF) development and dry matter (DM) intake. Thirty six Nellore heifers, 18 to 20 months old, with 276.1 ± 17.9 kg BW and BCS of 4.7 ± 0.46 were randomly distributed into three treatments: H) High energy diet; L) Low energy diet; LL) Low energy diet with subcutaneous administration of oLeptin. Heifers were housed in two collective pens according to the diet offered. Diets were formulated to promote an average daily gain (ADG) of 0.3 kg BW/day and 1.0 kg BW/day. Intake was controlled daily by weighting the orts and keeping it between 5 and 10% of the total offered. Heifers were weighed and had their BCS was evaluated twice weekly, in order to control the ADG. Heifers received 12 g of chromic oxide/animal/day by forced swallowing for 10 days, while feces, diet and orts were sampled in the last 5 days, in order to estimate individual DM and energy intake, which was done by feces determination of chromic oxide, and diet and, feces and orts determination of iNDF. The LL group received 4.8 µg oLeptina/kg BW, subcutaneously, twice a day (at 06:00 and 18:00), for 56 days, while H and L groups received 2 ml of saline solution. Maximum DF diameter and presence of corpus luteum (CL) were evaluated twice weekly by transrectal ultrasound, until heifers achieved puberty. At the time of ultrasound evaluation, blood was sampled by jugular venipuncture for serum progesterone determination. Age at puberty was considered as age at first detection of a CL confirmed to be functional by serum progesterone above 1 ng/ml. After puberty confirmation heifers were slaughtered for body composition estimation, which was done by water determination on 9a-10a-11a rib cuts. High energy intake reduced age and enhanced BCS at puberty (P<0.05). Leptin administration did not affect age, BW or BCS at puberty (P>0.05). The high energy intake as well as leptin administration accelerated the DF growth and determined greater DF diameter (P<0.05), however the rate of growth on the LL group decreased after around 30 days of treatment equaling the rate of growth of the L group, and behaving in a quadratic manner at regression analysis. High energy intake enhanced ether extract and lowered protein and minerals proportion on empty body (P<0.05). It also enhanced carcass subcutaneous fat and the longissimus muscle area (P<0.05). Leptin administration did not alter the body composition of heifers at puberty (P>0.05). There was no difference on DM intake (kg DM/day) between groups, however the H group had higher DM intake in terms of % BW, as well as higher intake of digestible, metabolizable and net energy for gain (P<0.05). Leptin did not reduce DM intake neither in terms of kg BW/day nor % BW (P>0.05). Energy intake accelerates the onset of puberty and alters body composition at puberty of zebu heifers. Leptin administration did not accelerate puberty onset of zebu heifers receiving low energy diet, but temporarily enhanced the follicular growth rate of these animals.

<p>(From abstract) </p> <p>In the first study, the urine collection method was effectively applied for evaluation of intestinal permeability using Cr-EDTA, an indigestible oral marker, demonstrating the applicability of the procedure in 1-week-old and 6-week-old neonatal heifer calves (n=15 calves). Calf health observations were recorded during the entire urinary catheterization process and collection period to evaluate any negative health reactions to the procedure, or localized reactions. Proportion of localized reactions were analyzed, and the proportions did not exceed 20% for the calves catheterized at either 1 week or 6 weeks of age. </p> <p>In the second study, the developed catheterization procedure and urine collection method was applied using Cr-EDTA as an oral marker to investigate if L-GLN supplementation would offer improvement to intestinal permeability. In this larger study, 30 Holstein heifer calves [1.5 ± 0.5 days old; 37.1 ± 0.86 kg body weight (<strong>BW</strong>)] were blocked by serum total protein, BW, and age, and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: <strong>GLN</strong> [24% crude protein (<strong>CP</strong>)], 17% fat milk replacer (<strong>MR</strong>) +10 g L-GLN/kg MR powder) or <strong>NS</strong> (24% CP, 17% fat MR). MR was reconstituted to 12.5% solids with warm water and fed 3.8 L/calf/d until weaning. Calves were weaned at 56.4 ± 0.5 days of age, and had <em>ad libitum</em> grain (17% CP, 2% fat) and water access throughout the experimental period.</p> <p>During the preweaning period, calves were individually housed in hutches and health observations, which included respiratory and fecal scores, were assessed daily. Body weight was measured weekly, and grain and MR intake was assessed daily to calculate average daily gain (<strong>ADG</strong>), average daily feed intake [<strong>ADFI</strong>; grain intake (dry matter (<strong>DM)</strong> basis) + MR intake (DM basis)], and feed efficiency (<strong>G:F</strong>; ADG:ADFI). At weaning, calves were weighed, moved to pens (n = 3 pens/treatment, 4-5 calves/pen), provided free access to grain and grass hay, and then weighed 2 weeks post-weaning. Additionally, urinary catheters were placed at 1 and 6 weeks of age, and calves were orally dosed with 1 L Cr-EDTA in their MR. Urine samples were then collected over a 24-hr period for Cr output analysis as an <em>in vivo</em>biomarker of intestinal permeability. </p> <p>Blood was collected on study days 1, 2, 5, 7, 14, 21, 42, 56, and 70 to measure haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, leukocyte data, neutrophil: lymphocyte (<strong>N:L</strong>), glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, insulin, and cortisol. Two study periods were identified for data analysis representing greater (<strong>P1</strong>; weeks 1-3) and reduced (<strong>P2</strong>; weeks 4-8) enteric disease susceptibility. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX or PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4 with calf as the experimental unit. There was a decrease in total preweaning Cr output (<em>P</em> < 0.05) for GLN calves, and Cr output in 1 week old calves was decreased (<em>P</em> = 0.04) in GLN versus NS calves. The N:L was decreased overall (<em>P</em> = 0.03) and during P2 (<em>P</em> = 0.01) and P2 neutrophil count tended to be reduced (<em>P</em> = 0.07) in GLN versus NS calves. There were no MR treatment differences for ADFI, ADG, body measurements, post-absorptive metabolic biomarkers, disease scores, and therapeutic treatments (<em>P</em> > 0.10). In summary, L-GLN supplementation improved intestinal integrity and biomarkers of physiological stress in pre-weaned Holstein heifer calves managed under production-relevant conditions.  </p>

This study analyzed skeletal development, body condition, and total body fat development of growing heifers. A total of 144 female primiparous Holstein cattle from four commercial dairy farms with different degrees of stillbirth rates were examined during the rearing period. This included measurements in body condition, fat tissue, metabolic, and endocrine factors. Pelvic measurements and the sacrum height were analyzed to assess skeletal development. The body condition was classified via body condition scoring, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), back fat thickness measurements, and the body mass. For the first time, BIA was used as an appropriate method to evaluate the fat tissue content of cattle throughout the rearing period. This analysis technique can be performed on heifers aged 8–15 months. Throughout that period, the fat content decreased while the skeletal development increased. In addition, high free fatty acid concentrations in serum of the animals with high frame development were found, supporting our hypothesis that stored energy of body fat deposits is used for skeletal growth. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate complex endocrine relationships between fat metabolism and skeletal growth by using specific markers, such as leptin, insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and estradiol (E2). Food analysis showed high crude protein (CP) levels in the total mixed ration above recommendation for daily protein intake of all farms. However, there was a positive correlation between CP and the body frame measurements in our study. In summary, we established a novel regression formula for BIA analysis (“BIA-Heine”) in heifers to evaluate the body composition throughout different ages and physiological stages in the development of heifers. This special formula allows the evaluation of fat tissue without a whole-body analysis and therefore provides an innovative technique for animal welfare support.