No description available.

Patients who are treated in an intensive care unit need continuous monitoring in orderfor clinicians to be prepared to intervene should a secondary event occur. For patientstreated at the neurointensive care unit (NICU) who have suffered a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) this secondary event could be ischemia, resulting in a lack of blood flow.Blood flow can be measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The process is facilitated with a software called NOVA. Repeated measurements can therefore be performedas a way to monitor the patients, which in this context would be referred to as longitudinalmeasurements. As more data can be collected ways of analyzing and visualizing the datain a comprehensible way is needed. The aim of this thesis was therefore to develop and implement a method for analyzing and visualizing the longitudinal MR measurement data.With this aim in mind two research questions were relevant. The first one was how NOVAflow longitudinal measurements can be visualized to simplify interpretation by cliniciansand the second one was in what ways the longitudinal data can be analyzed. A graphicaluser interface (GUI) was created to present the developed analysis and visualization tool.Development of the tool progressed using feedback from supervisors and neurosurgeons.Visualization and analysis was done through plots of blood velocity and blood flow as themain component as well as a 2D vessel map. The final implementation showed multipleexamples of how the longitudinal data could be both visualized and analyzed. The resultstherefore provided a tool to analyze and visualize NOVA flow longitudinal measurementsin a way which was easily interpreted. Further improvements of the tool is possible andan area of improvement could involve increasing the adaptability of the tool.

Objective: Dissecting aneurysms (DAs) of the vertebrobasilar territory manifesting with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are associated with significant morbi-mortality, especially in the case of re-hemorrhage. Sufficient reconstruction of the affected vessel is paramount, in particular, if a dominant vertebral artery (VA) is impacted. Reconstructive options include stent-assisted coiling and flow diversion (FD). The latter is technically less challenging and does not require catheterization of the fragile aneurysm. Our study aims to report a multicentric experience with FD for reconstruction of DA in acute SAH. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study investigated 31 patients (age: 30–78 years, mean 55.5 years) who had suffered from SAH due to a DA of the dominant VA. The patients were treated between 2010 and 2020 in one of the following German neurovascular centers: University Hospital Leipzig, Katharinenhospital Stuttgart, BG Hospital Bergmannstrost Halle/Saale, and Heinrich-Braun-Klinikum Zwickau. Clinical history, imaging, implanted devices, and outcomes were reviewed for the study. Results: Reconstruction with flow-diverting stents was performed in all cases. The p64 was implanted in 14 patients; one of them required an additional balloon expandable stent to reconstruct severe stenosis in the target segment. One case demanded additional liquid embolization after procedural rupture, and in one case, p64 was combined with a PED. Further 13 patients were treated exclusively with the PED. The p48MW-HPC was used in two patients, one in combination with two additional Silk Vista Baby (SVB). Moreover, one patient was treated with a single SVB, one with a SILK+. Six patients died [Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) 1]. Causes of death were periprocedural re-hemorrhage, thrombotic occlusion of the main pulmonary artery, and delayed parenchymal hemorrhage. The remaining three patients died in the acute–subacute phase related to the severity of the initial hemorrhage and associated comorbidities. One patient became apallic (GOS 2), whereas two patients had severe disability (GOS 3) and four had moderate disability (GOS 4). Eighteen patients showed a complete recovery (GOS 5). Conclusion: Reconstruction of VA-DA in acute SAH with flow-diverting stents is a promising approach. However, the severity of the condition is reflected by high overall morbi-mortality, even despite technically successful endovascular treatment.

No description available.

Thesis (MMed)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background Occult blood loss from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), causing iron deficiency often with anaemia, can be diagnostically and therapeutically challenging. This is because the endoscopic and radiologic tests may be negative due to the slow, chronic and intermittent nature of the gastrointestinal bleeding, making timing key in detection and localisation of the bleed. These limitations can be approached using two different radioactive isotopes. Firstly, we tested the sensitivity of extending Cr-51 RBC for 21 days relative to 5 days to detect GIT bleeding and its use to optimise timing of a Tc-99m RBC study for GIT blood loss localisation. Finally, we tested if the information provided by the Tc-99m RBC study aided gastroenterologic intervention for anatomical localisation of a lesion. Method In this retrospective review, after obtaining institutional and ethics committee approval, records of patients referred for evaluation of possible GIT blood loss were reviewed. In each; daily appearance of radiochromium in stool was measured in the whole body counter. In those cases exceeding 50 ml/day, a technetium-99m (Tc-99m) localization study was performed. These studies were correlated with clinical findings. Results A total of 59 Cr-51 RBC studies were carried out in 36 females and 21 males (n = 57). In 32 (54%) the radiochromium results were positive with 75% of the bleeding incidences occurring after 5 days of stool collection. Of 17 cases in whom Tc-99m RBC imaging studies were performed, 14 (82%) were positive with specific anatomical sites successfully defined in twelve. In all patients with blood loss of >100 ml/24h, Tc-99m RBC were positive and localised. Ten of the 17 Tc-99m RBC studies were further investigated and half diagnosed with small-bowel angiodysplasia. Conclusion This sequential twin isotope method is practical in revealing otherwise silent intestinal haemorrhage. Although it has good patient acceptability and clinical as well as diagnostic utility in management, further studies are required to clearly establish a cut-off level of blood loss for performing imaging studies and the impact of the findings on the overall patient management. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond Die evaluasie van okkulte bloedverlies uit die gastro-intestinale kanaal (GIT), met gevolglike ystertekort anemie, kan diagnosties en terapeuties uitdagend wees. Dit is omdat endoskopiese en radiologiese ondersoeke negatief mag wees as gevolg van die stadige, chroniese en intermitterende aard van die gastro-intestinale bloeding, wat die presiese tydstip van opsporing en lokalisering van die bloeding krities belangrik maak. Hierdie beperkings kan aangespreek word deur twee verskillende radioaktiewe isotope te gebruik. Eerstens is die sensitiwiteit van die verlenging van die Cr-51 RBS studie tot 21 dae in plaas van 5 dae om die GIT bloeding op te spoor, getoets, asook die gebruik daarvan om die optimale tyd vir ‘n Tc-99m RBS studie om die GIT bloedverlies te lokaliseer, vas te stel. Laastens is getoets of die inligting van die Tc-99m RBS studie wel bygedra het tot die gastroenterologiese ingreep om die letsel anatomies te lokaliseer. Metode Na institusionele en etiese komitee toestemming is inligting van pasiënte wat vir die evaluering van ‘n moontlike GI bloedverlies verwys is, in hierdie retrospektiewe oorsig nagegaan. Die daaglikse voorkoms van radioaktiewe chroom in stoelgangmonsters is in ‘n heelliggaamteller gemeet. In gevalle waar dit 50 ml/dag oorskry het, is ‘n tegnesium 99m (Tc 99m) studie gedoen. Hierdie studies is met die kliniese bevindinge gekorreleer. Resultate ‘n Totaal van 59 Cr-51 RBS studies is in 36 vroue en 21 mans (n = 57) gedoen. Die gemerkte chroomstudies was positief in 32 (54%), met 75% van die bloedings wat meer as 5 dae na versameling van die stoelgang plaasgevind het. In veertien (82%) van die 17 gevalle waar Tc-99m RBS studies gedoen is, was die studies positief. Spesifieke anatomiese gebiede van bloeding kon in 12 hiervan suksesvol bevestig word. Tc-99m RBS studies was positief in al die pasiënte met ‘n bloedverlies van >100 ml/24h, en kon gelokaliseer word. Tien van die 17 Tc-99m RBS studies is verder ondersoek en die helfte daarvan gediagnoseer met dunderm angiodisplasie. Gevolgtrekking Die opeenvolgende twee isotoopmetode om andersins asimptomatiese dermbloeding op te spoor, is prakties uitvoerbaar. Alhoewel die studies goed deur pasiënte aanvaar is, en ook van kliniese en diagnostiese waarde in die hantering van die pasiënte is, is verdere studies nodig om die afsnypunt vir die hoeveelheid bloedverlies om beeldingstudies uit te voer, sonder twyfel vas te stel, asook om die impak van die bevindings op ‘n groter pasiëntpopulasie vas te stel.

<p>Uvod Napredak hirur&scaron;kih i anesteziolo&scaron;kih tehnika učinio je hirur&scaron;ku intervenciju ugradnje totalne proteze kolena uspe&scaron;nom i bezbednom. Međutim, po&scaron;to spada u opsežne ortopedske intervencije, praćena je značajnim gubicima krvnog volumena, kao i značajnom potro&scaron;njom krvi i krvnih derivata. Trendovi u savremenoj medicini idu u pravcu restrikcije upotrebe krvi i krvnih derivata i čine se veliki napori u istraživanju i razvijanju metoda i tehnika koje mogu biti alternative alogenoj transfuziji krvi. Traneksamična kiselina koja ima antifibrinolitičko dejstvo, može dovesti do značajnog smanjenja perioperativnog krvarenja. Ciljevi istraživanja su bili utvrđivanje uticaja traneksamične kiseline na perioperativno krvarenje kod operacija ugradnje totalne proteze kolena, kao i utvrđivanje postojanja uticaja traneksamične kiseline na perioperativnu upotrebu alogene krvi kod operaacija ugradnje totalne proteze kolena. Matrijal i metode u studiju je bilo uključeno 96 bolesnika oba pola, starijih od 18 godina, kojima je bila ugrađivana primarna elektivna totalna proteza kolena. Oni su bili podeljeni u dve grupe, 48 u ispitivanoj grupi kod kojih je primenjivana traneksamična kiselina i 48 bolesnika koji su bili kontrolna grupa. Svi bolesnici su bili u spinalnoj anesteziji i primenjivana je pneumatska poveska na ekstremitetu koji se operisao. Ispitivana grupa je dobijala traneksamičnu kiselinu u dva navrata u dozi od 15 mg /kg i 10 mg/kg u vidu kontinuirane i.v. infuzije u trajanju od 15 minuta. Prvo davanje leka je bilo neposredno nakon uvoda u anesteziju. Drugo davanje leka je bilo 15 minuta pre otpu&scaron;tanja pneumatske poveske. Kontrolna grupa je dobijala istu količinu 0.9% fiziolo&scaron;kog rastvora koji je primenjivan na isti način. Intraoperativni gubitak krvi je beležen i meren kao gubitak u aspiratoru i gubitak na gazama. Postoperativn gubitak krvi se merio nakon 6, 12 sati i nakon 24 sata, kao gubitak na drenove Beležio se i broj primenjenih jedinica krvi i broj ukupno dobijenih mililitara krvi i ostalih krvnih produkata, kao i vreme njihove primene. Rezultati Postoji statistički značajna razlika u prosečnom intraoperativnom krvarenju između grupa (Z = -7,281; p = 000). Prosečno intraoperativno krvarenje u ispitivanoj grupi je bilo 100 &plusmn; 92,690 ml, a u kontrolnoj 447 &plusmn; 299,282 ml. U kontrolnoj grupi bolesnici imaju statistički značajno veće ukupno postoperativno krvarenje od bolesnika iz ispitivane grupe (T test, t=4,024, p&lt;0,01) ( ispitivana grupa 309,78&plusmn; 143,612 ml, kontrolna grupa 455,42 &plusmn; 201,177 ml). Razlika je bila statistički značajna nakon 6 sati (p &lt; 001) i nakon 12 sati u korist ispitivane grupe (p&lt;0,05). Postji statistički značajna razlika u ukupnom perioperativnom krvarenju među grupama i traneksamična kiselina je statistički značajno (p&lt;0,000) smanjila ukupno krvarenje од 919,36 ml (95%IP 822,083-1016,640) na 405, 32 ml (95% IP 353, 407-457, 231). Ukupno perioperativno krvarenje je u proseku iznosilo 662, 34 ml i kretalo se u intervalu od 100 do 1700 ml. U ispitivanoj grupi je samo 5 (10,4%) ispitanika primilo transfuziju, dok je u kontrolnoj grupi 39 (81,3%), &scaron;to je statistički značajna razlika (2=45,692; p=0,000). Prosečna količina date alogene krvi u ispitivanoj grupi je 33,33 &plusmn; 99,2 ml, dok je prosečna količina date alogene krvi u kontrolnoj grupi bila skoro deset puta veća i iznosila je 319,2 &plusmn; 230 ml, &scaron;to je statistički značajno veće (Z = -6,625; p = 000). Postoperativne vrednosti hemoglobina, hematokrita i trombocita bile su statistički značajno veće u isptivanoj grupi. Bolesnici iz ispitivane grupe su statistički značajno ranije postoperativno uzimali prvi obrok, sedeli i ustajali od bolesnika u kontrolnoj grupi. Zaključci Iz dobijenih rezultata o intraoperativnom, postoperativnom i ukupnom perioperativnom krvarenju može se zaključiti da je traneksamična kiselina veoma efikasan lek i da statistički značajno smanjuje krvarenje vezano za ugradnju totalne proteze kolena i da smanjuje upotrebu transfuzije alogene krvi za 66,7%. Traneksamična kiselina je uticajem na smanjenje perioperativnog krvarenja dovela do očuvanja vrednosti hemoglobina, hematokrita i trombocita. Bolesnici koji su dobijali traneksamičnu kiselinu su takođe imali brži i kvalitetniji neposredni postoperativni oporavak.</p> / <p>Uvod Napredak hirur&scaron;kih i anesteziolo&scaron;kih tehnika učinio je hirur&scaron;ku intervenciju ugradnje totalne proteze kolena uspe&scaron;nom i bezbednom. Međutim, po&scaron;to spada u opsežne ortopedske intervencije, praćena je značajnim gubicima krvnog volumena, kao i značajnom potro&scaron;njom krvi i krvnih derivata. Trendovi u savremenoj medicini idu u pravcu restrikcije upotrebe krvi i krvnih derivata i čine se veliki napori u istraživanju i razvijanju metoda i tehnika koje mogu biti alternative alogenoj transfuziji krvi. Traneksamična kiselina koja ima antifibrinolitičko dejstvo, može dovesti do značajnog smanjenja perioperativnog krvarenja. Ciljevi istraživanja su bili utvrđivanje uticaja traneksamične kiseline na perioperativno krvarenje kod operacija ugradnje totalne proteze kolena, kao i utvrđivanje postojanja uticaja traneksamične kiseline na perioperativnu upotrebu alogene krvi kod operaacija ugradnje totalne proteze kolena. Matrijal i metode u studiju je bilo uključeno 96 bolesnika oba pola, starijih od 18 godina, kojima je bila ugrađivana primarna elektivna totalna proteza kolena. Oni su bili podeljeni u dve grupe, 48 u ispitivanoj grupi kod kojih je primenjivana traneksamična kiselina i 48 bolesnika koji su bili kontrolna grupa. Svi bolesnici su bili u spinalnoj anesteziji i primenjivana je pneumatska poveska na ekstremitetu koji se operisao. Ispitivana grupa je dobijala traneksamičnu kiselinu u dva navrata u dozi od 15 mg /kg i 10 mg/kg u vidu kontinuirane i.v. infuzije u trajanju od 15 minuta. Prvo davanje leka je bilo neposredno nakon uvoda u anesteziju. Drugo davanje leka je bilo 15 minuta pre otpu&scaron;tanja pneumatske poveske. Kontrolna grupa je dobijala istu količinu 0.9% fiziolo&scaron;kog rastvora koji je primenjivan na isti način. Intraoperativni gubitak krvi je beležen i meren kao gubitak u aspiratoru i gubitak na gazama. Postoperativn gubitak krvi se merio nakon 6, 12 sati i nakon 24 sata, kao gubitak na drenove Beležio se i broj primenjenih jedinica krvi i broj ukupno dobijenih mililitara krvi i ostalih krvnih produkata, kao i vreme njihove primene. Rezultati Postoji statistički značajna razlika u prosečnom intraoperativnom krvarenju između grupa (Z = -7,281; p = 000). Prosečno intraoperativno krvarenje u ispitivanoj grupi je bilo 100 &plusmn; 92,690 ml, a u kontrolnoj 447 &plusmn; 299,282 ml. U kontrolnoj grupi bolesnici imaju statistički značajno veće ukupno postoperativno krvarenje od bolesnika iz ispitivane grupe (T test, t=4,024, p&lt;0,01) ( ispitivana grupa 309,78&plusmn; 143,612 ml, kontrolna grupa 455,42 &plusmn; 201,177 ml). Razlika je bila statistički značajna nakon 6 sati (p &lt; 001) i nakon 12 sati u korist ispitivane grupe (p&lt;0,05). Postji statistički značajna razlika u ukupnom perioperativnom krvarenju među grupama i traneksamična kiselina je statistički značajno (p&lt;0,000) smanjila ukupno krvarenje od 919,36 ml (95%IP 822,083-1016,640) na 405, 32 ml (95% IP 353, 407-457, 231). Ukupno perioperativno krvarenje je u proseku iznosilo 662, 34 ml i kretalo se u intervalu od 100 do 1700 ml. U ispitivanoj grupi je samo 5 (10,4%) ispitanika primilo transfuziju, dok je u kontrolnoj grupi 39 (81,3%), &scaron;to je statistički značajna razlika (2=45,692; p=0,000). Prosečna količina date alogene krvi u ispitivanoj grupi je 33,33 &plusmn; 99,2 ml, dok je prosečna količina date alogene krvi u kontrolnoj grupi bila skoro deset puta veća i iznosila je 319,2 &plusmn; 230 ml, &scaron;to je statistički značajno veće (Z = -6,625; p = 000). Postoperativne vrednosti hemoglobina, hematokrita i trombocita bile su statistički značajno veće u isptivanoj grupi. Bolesnici iz ispitivane grupe su statistički značajno ranije postoperativno uzimali prvi obrok, sedeli i ustajali od bolesnika u kontrolnoj grupi. Zaključci Iz dobijenih rezultata o intraoperativnom, postoperativnom i ukupnom perioperativnom krvarenju može se zaključiti da je traneksamična kiselina veoma efikasan lek i da statistički značajno smanjuje krvarenje vezano za ugradnju totalne proteze kolena i da smanjuje upotrebu transfuzije alogene krvi za 66,7%. Traneksamična kiselina je uticajem na smanjenje perioperativnog krvarenja dovela do očuvanja vrednosti hemoglobina, hematokrita i trombocita. Bolesnici koji su dobijali traneksamičnu kiselinu su takođe imali brži i kvalitetniji neposredni postoperativni oporavak.</p> / <p>Introduction: Total knee arthroplasty today is efficient and safe surgical procedure. Being extensive orthopaedic surgical procedure poses a risk from substantial perioperative bleeding and consecutive usage of blood products.&nbsp; Trends in modern medicine and surgery are in favor of restrictive usage of blood products and there are paramount efforts in researching and developing new techniques and methods of allogenic blood transfusion alternatives. Tranexamic acid as fibrinolytic agent is good example of substance that can be used to reduce preoperative bleeding in orthopaedic surgery. Aims of the study: We wanted to explore effects of tranexamic acid on perioperative bleeding reduction in total knee arthroplasty, and it&rsquo;s effect on reduction of blood product usage in this surgical population. Маterial and methods: We conducted double blind, randomized controlled trial with 96 adult patient (older than 18 years) in the study, 48 in two groups. All patients had elective, unilateral total knee arthroplasty. First group got tranexamic acid(TA), and second (control) group got normal saline. Surgery was performed in spinal anaesthesia with usage of pneumatic tourniquet in all patients. First group got tranexamic acid 15mg /kg/ bw и 10 mg/kg/bw as continuous intravenous infusion in duration of 15 min. Control group got same amount of normal saline. First dose of TA was given at the beginning of the operation and second dose 15 min before release of the tourniquet. Control group got normal saline at the same way. Intraoperative blood loss was measured as blood loss in suction bottle and blood loss on the surgical sponges. Postoperative blood loss was measured as blood loss in surgical wound drains after 6, 12, and 24 hours. Number of blood units and total amount of blood and blood products in milliliters were also recorded. Results There are statistically significant difference in average intraoperative bleeding between groups in favor tranexamic acid group (Z = -7,281; p = 000).Average intraoperative bleeding in TA group is 100 &plusmn; 92,690 mil, vs 447 &plusmn; 299,282 mil in control group. Patient in TA group has statistically significant less total postoperative bleeding (T test, t=4,024, p&lt;0,01)( TA group 309,78&plusmn; 143,612 mil vs,420 &plusmn; 201,177 mil). Blood loss was statistically significant less after 6 (p &lt; 001) and 12 hrs (p &lt;0,05). in TA group. Total perioperative bleeding was statistically significant less (p&lt; 0,000) in TA group and TA decreased total blood loss from 919,36 ml (95%IP 822,083-1016,640) to 405,32 ml (95%IP 353,407-457,231).Average total blood loss was 662,34 ml with interval from 100 to 1700 ml. In TA group only 5 (10,4%) patients received vs control group where 39 (81,3%) patients received allogenic blood transfusion and that is statistically significant (2=45,692; p=0,000).Average blood usage in TA group was 33,33 &plusmn; 99,2 ml vs 319,2 &plusmn; 230 ml in the control group (Z = -6,625; p = 000). Postoperative hemoglobin, haematocrit and platelets count values were statistically significant less in control group. Patient in TA group had earlier first postoperative meal, sitting and standing earlier than patient in the control group. Concliusions Data from this study clearly shows that intraoperative, postoperative and total perioperative blood loss in total knee arthroplasty are reduced with usage of tranexamic acid. Tranexamic acid is effective in reducing perioperative blood loss and usage of allogenic blood transfusion, which dropped for 66,7%.This reduced blood loss led to higher postoperative hemoglobin levels. Patients from TA group showed faster postoperative functional recover.</p>

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating disease with mean age of 59 years. SAH accounts for 5% of all stroke and more than one quarter of potential life years lost through stroke. With the advanced neurosurgical methods of today two thirds of the patients survive. We know, however, that various cognitive, psychiatric and physical impairments are common that affect quality of life, social life, and the ability to work in the aftermath of SAH. The overall aim constituting this PhD dissertation is to better understand some of the challenges often faced by those surviving SAH. Two SAH patient cohorts have been studied. The first followed 96 consecutively included patients during the first year after ictus. Spasticity and cognitive impairment was assessed after 6 months and the Swedish stroke register follow-up form was used to investigate family support and the use of medical and social services. Return to work was assessed at 12 months. The second cohort assessed attention deficits using the test of variables of attention (T.O.V.A.) at 7 months after ictus in 19 patients with moderate to good recovery. Spasticity was just as common in our SAH patients as after other stroke, though it was rarely treated pharmacologically. By assessing cognitive impairment at 6 months after ictus using the Montreal cognitive assessment, 68% of the patients could be correctly predicted as having returned/not returned to work at 12 months. Seventeen percent of the patients had not had a follow-up appointment 6 months after ictus. These patients were older, more often living alone, had a lower quality of life, more depressive symptoms and more cognitive impairment compared to those having had a follow-up appointment. Twenty percent had had a follow-up in primary care. Seventy-eight percent of those with moderate to severe disability were living in their own accommodations. Fifty-eight percent of the patients had attention deficits. Challenges after SAH were common and often dealt with in the home environment of the patients. The results of this thesis highlight the importance of assisting the patients and their relatives in their struggle back to life after SAH.

INTRODUÇÃO: O sangramento é complicação frequente durante e após cirurgias cardíacas pediátricas, com a hipofibrinogenemia adquirida responsável pela maioria dos casos de sangramento grave. O presente estudo avaliou o efeito do concentrado de fibrinogênio na redução do sangramento pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca congênita com circulação extracorpórea (CEC). MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, randomizado e controlado com crianças submetidas à cirurgia cardíaca congênita. Critérios de inclusão: cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extracorpórea e idade menor de 28 dias de vida, ou RACHS-1 maior ou igual a 3 ou reoperação com idade menor de 10 anos, e FIBTEM A-10 menor que 15 mm. Os pacientes foram randomizados 1:1 para o grupo concentrado de fibrinogênio de acordo com a fórmula [delta-MCF FIBTEM (mm) x kg peso corporal / 140] ou para o grupo controle (soro fisiológico 0,9%). O objetivo primário deste estudo foi avaliar sangramento pós-operatório. Os objetivos secundários foram analisar a necessidade de transfusão alogênica, comparar o perfil do fibrinogênio e a ocorrência de complicações pós-operatórias entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: Foram randomizados 42 pacientes, 21 pacientes foram alocados para o grupo concentrado de fibrinogênio e 21 pacientes para o grupo controle. Em relação ao sangramento pós-operatório, os pacientes randomizados para concentrado de fibrinogênio apresentaram volume de drenagem sanguínea total menor quando comparados ao grupo controle [120 (95 - 180) vs. 210 (125 - 375) ml; p= 0,019)] e no 1º PO [50 (20 - 80) vs. 80 (47,5 - 120) ml; p= 0,014]. Não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação à transfusão intra-operatória (p= 0,343) e à transfusão pósoperatória (p= 0,109). Os níveis de fibrinogênio analisados pelo FIBTEM no tempo 0 (saída de CEC) foram similares entre os grupos (T0: 6,43 ± 1,60 mm vs. 6,86 ± 1,85 mm; p= 0,427). Não houve diferença em relação aos níveis de fibrinogênio, tanto nos resultados obtidos pela análise do FIBTEM A-10 (T1: 11,05 ± 3,43 vs. 7,52 ± 3,03 mm; p= 0,427) quanto pela análise plasmática [T1: 224 vs. 156 mg/dl (p= 0,158); T2: 208 vs. 179 mg/dl; p= 0,155] entre os grupos concentrado de fibrinogênio e controle, após a infusão da solução do estudo. Houve diferença significativa quanto à ventilação mecânica, o grupo concentrado de fibrinogênio apresentou tempo mais prolongado comparado ao grupo controle [11795 (3357 - 34972,5) min vs. 4850 (1130 - 9540) min; p= 0,015]. Além disso, houve uma incidência estatisticamente maior de baixo débito cardíaco no grupo concentrado de fibrinogênio comparado ao grupo controle (23,8% vs. 0%; p= 0,048). Em relação à ocorrência das demais complicações clínicas avaliadas em 28 dias, ao tempo de internação na UTI, tempo de internação hospitalar e mortalidade não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Em crianças submetidas à cirurgia cardíaca, o uso profilático de concentrado de fibrinogênio reduziu o sangramento pós-operatório. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação à transfusão intra e pós-operatória. O perfil do fibrinogênio não apresentou diferença entre os grupos. O grupo concentrado de fibrinogênio apresentou tempo de ventilação mecânica mais prolongado e maior incidência de síndrome de baixo débito cardíaco / INTRODUCTION: Bleeding is a common complication during and after pediatric cardiac surgery, with acquired hypofibrinogenemia being the most associated disorder. This trial evaluated whether the use of prophylactic fibrinogen concentrate reduces bleeding in congenital heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). METHODS: Prospective, randomized, controlled study with children undergoing congenital heart surgery. Inclusion criteria: cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and age under 28 days, or RACHS-1 >= 3 or reoperation with age under 10 years, and FIBTEM-A10 less than 15 mm. Patients were randomized 1:1 to the treatment group [fibrinogen concentrate according to the formula Detla-MCF FIBTEM (mm) x kg body weight / 140] or to the control group (saline 0.9%). The primary objective of this study was to evaluate postoperative bleeding. The secondary objectives were to analyze the need for allogeneic transfusion, to compare the plasmatic fibrinogen, FIBTEM A-10 levels and the occurrence of postoperative complications between the groups. RESULTS: Fortytwo patients were randomized, 21 patients were allocated to the fibrinogen concentrate group and 21 patients to the control group. Regarding postoperative bleeding, patients randomized to fibrinogen concentrate had a lower total blood drainage volume compared to the control group [120 (95 - 180) vs. 210 (125 - 375) ml; p= 0.019)] and lower bleeding in the 1st PO [50 (20 - 80) vs. 80 (47.5 - 120) ml; p= 0.014]. There were no differences between groups regarding intraoperative transfusion (p= 0.343) and postoperative transfusion (p= 0.109). The fibrinogen levels analyzed by FIBTEM at time 0 (after CPB) were similar between the fibrinogen and control concentrate groups (T0: 6.43 ± 1.60 mm vs. 6.86 ± 1.85 mm; p= 0.427). There was no difference in fibrinogen levels, either in the results obtained by FIBTEM A-10 analysis (T1: 11.05 ± 3.43 vs. 7.52 ± 3.03 mm; p= 0.427) or by Clauss analysis [T1: 224 vs. 156 mg/dl (p= 0.158); T2: 208 vs. 179 mg/dl; p= 0.155] between the fibrinogen concentrate and control groups, after intervention. There was a significant difference in mechanical ventilation, the fibrinogen concentrate group had prolonged time compared to the control group [11795 (3357 - 34972.5) min vs. 4850 (1130 - 9540) min; p= 0.015]. In addition, there was a statistically higher incidence of low cardiac output in the fibrinogen concentrate group compared to the control group (23.8% vs. 0%; p= 0.048). Regarding the occurrence of other clinical complications evaluated in 28 days, length of ICU stay, length of hospital stay and mortality, the groups did not present any difference. CONCLUSION: In children undergoing cardiac surgery, prophylactic use of fibrinogen concentrate reduced postoperative bleeding. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding intra and postoperative transfusion. The fibrinogen analysis had no difference between the groups. The fibrinogen concentrate group had a prolonged mechanical ventilation time and a higher incidence of low cardiac output syndrome among the complications

Introdução: Pacientes com cirrose possuem altos níveis de fator VIII e preservação da trombomodulina (TM) (ativador da proteína C) apesar da redução global nas concentrações dos procoagulantes e anticoagulantes naturais. Isto não é levado em conta no teste de TP/INR, o qual não requer a adição de trombomodulina. Deste modo, o TP/INR não é capaz de demonstrar a magnitude da geração de trombina, em condições similares à que ocorre in vivo. De fato, o teste de TP/INR mede o lado procoagulante e se correlaciona com somente 5% do total de trombina gerada. Nossa hipótese é que a geração de trombina está bem preservada na cirrose, ainda que avançada, apesar dos resultados anormais do TP/INR, os quais indicariam coagulopatia. Objetivo: correlacionar os resultados do teste TP/INR com a geração de trombina nos pacientes com cirrose após procedimento invasivo (ligadura elástica de varizes esofagianas - LEVE). Pacientes e métodos: 97 pacientes foram consecutivamente incluídos no estudo (58 homens; 54±10 anos) e divididos em dois grupos INR < 1,5 e INR >= 1,5. Todos os pacientes passaram por uma criteriosa análise clínica e laboratorial, que incluiu revisão dos prontuários, determinação do TP/INR e da geração de trombina (ETP) com e sem adição de trombomodulina e cálculo do rETP (razão dos resultados com e sem adição de trombomodulina). Resultados: Não houve diferença significante na média dos valores de ETP sem trombomodulina no grupo INR < 1,5 (n=72), que foi 1.250±315,7 nmol/min quando comparada ao grupo INR >= 1,5 (n=25), cujos valores foram 1.186±238 nmol/min, p=0,3572. Após adição de trombomodulina, os valores mudaram para 893,0±368,6 e 965,9±232,3 nmol/min, respectivamente (p=0,6265). Ambos os grupos apresentaram preservação da geração de trombina, com valores mais elevados no grupo INR >= 1,5 do que no grupo de pacientes com INR < 1,5 (rETP 0,81±0,1 versus 0,69±0,2; p=0,0042). Evidência de hipercoagulabilidade (valores altos de rETP) foi demonstrada em 80% dos pacientes. Mesmo pacientes com INR >= 1,5 apresentam geração de trombina preservada, o que justificaria a baixa prevalência de sangramento após ligadura elástica de varizes esofagianas (5,2%; 3 pacientes no grupo INR < 1,5 e 2 pacientes no grupo INR >= 1,5). Conclusões: a geração de trombina se encontrou preservada nos pacientes com cirrose e os valores anormais de INR não refletiram a ocorrência de sangramento. A maioria dos pacientes mostrou evidência de hipercoagulabilidade, apesar do INR alargado. Sangramento após LEVE ocorreu em pequena parcela dos pacientes e não foi relacionado ao status da coagulação / Introduction: Patients with cirrhosis have higher levels of factor VIII and preservation of endothelial thrombomodulin (protein C activator) in spite of the global reduction in procoagulant and natural anticoagulant concentrations. This is not taken into account in the laboratory test of INR/PT, which does not require the addition of thrombomodulin and, thus, is not able to emulate the generation of thrombin that happens in vivo. In fact, INR/PT is a measure of procoagulant status and correlates with only 5% of the total amount of generate thrombin. We hypothesized that thrombin generation is well preserved in cirrhosis, even in advanced stages, despite the abnormal result of INR/PT, which would indicate coagulopathy. Aims: to correlated INR/PT with thrombin generation in patients with cirrhosis in the elective setting of an invasive procedure (endoscopic variceal ligation- EVL). Patients and Methods: 97 consecutive patients were prospectively included in this study (58 men; 54±10 years old) and divided into two groups INR < 1.5 and INR >= 1.5. All patients underwent a stringent clinical and laboratory assessment which included review of the clinical chart, INR/PT determinations and assessment of endogenous thrombin potencial (ETP) without and with the addition of thrombomodulin and calculation of the ETP ratio (rETP= without/with thrombomodulin). Results: There was no significant difference in the mean value of ETP without thrombomodulin that was 1,250±315.7nmol/min for patients with INR < 1.5 (n=72) and 1,186±238 in those with INR >= 1.5 (n=25); p= 0.3572. After the addition of thrombomodulin, values changed to 893.0±368.6 and 965.9±232.3, respectively (p= 0.6265). Both groups had preserved thrombin generation, which was higher in patients with INR >=1.5 than in patients with INR < 1.5 (rETP 0.81±0.1 versus 0.69±0.2; p=0.0042). Evidence of hypercoagulability (high rETP) was demonstrated in 80% of patients. Even patients with INR >= 1.5 had preserved thrombin generation, which is likely to account for the low prevalence of post-EVL bleeding (5.2%; n=3 with INR < 1.5 and n=2 with INR >= 1.5). Conclusions: thrombin generation was well preserved in patients with cirrhosis and was not reflected by abnormal results of INR. Most of the patients had evidence of hypercoagulability, despite enlarged INR. Post-procedure bleeding occurred in a small subset of the patients and was not related to the coagulation status

Para desenvolver e avaliar a aplicabilidade de uma escala técnica prognostica das dificuldades no tratamento microcirúrgico dos aneurismas gigantes e complexos da circulação anterior do polígono de Willis, 50 lesões foram operadas. Um valor numérico foi dado a cada uma das 8 variáveis da escala. Somando-se os valores para cada variável, uma nota (de 1 a 14) foi obtida, para cada uma das 50 cirurgias. Dois grupos, portanto, foram definidos: cirurgia difícil (nota de 1 a 8) e cirurgia extremamente difícil (nota de 9 a 14). Foi feita análise estatística comparando-se os 2 grupos em relação a diversas variáveis demográficas e clínicas. Concluiu-se que a escala proposta é útil no planejamento pré-operatório, intra-operatório e prognóstico neste tipo de aneurisma / In order to develop and verify the applicability of a technical and prognostic scale of the difficulties in the microsurgical treatment of giant and complex aneurysms of the anterior circulation of the Cicle of Willis, 50 lesions were operated. A numeric amount was given for each of 8 variants of the scale. By adding each amount for each variant a score(from 1 to 14) was achieved, for each of the 50 surgeries. Two groups, therefore, were established: difficult surgery (scores from 1 to 8) and extremely difficult surgery (scores from 9 to 14). Statistical assessment comparing both groups in relation to several demographic and clinical variants was done. It was concluded that the proposed scale is useful in preoperative, intraoperative and prognostic planning in microsurgery for this kind of aneurysms