• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 20
  • 14
  • 5
  • 4
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 62
  • 19
  • 15
  • 14
  • 14
  • 13
  • 11
  • 9
  • 9
  • 9
  • 9
  • 9
  • 8
  • 7
  • 7
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Estrutura da vegetação da floresta paludosa da restinga no sul do Brasil

Mancino, Luciana Carla January 2014 (has links)
As florestas que ocorrem na planície costeira brasileira podem ser classificadas em Florestas Arenosas (FAR) e Paludosas da Restinga (FPR). A inundação constante nos solos das FPR sustentam comunidades pobres em espécies. Mas, nos locais com inundações curtas, a riqueza de espécies pode ser ainda maior do que florestas adjacentes bem drenadas. O objetivo geral foi determinar o padrão florístico-estrutural do componente arbóreo e herbáceo da FPR em três áreas localizadas em Içara (IÇA) e Balneário Arroio do Silva (BAS), em Santa Catarina e Morrinhos do Sul (MDS), no Rio Grande do Sul, determinar os fatores ambientais que influenciam esses componentes, mostrar as diferenças nos padrões do componente arbóreo entre FPR e FAR e propor o seu reconhecimento como distintas fisionomias da Restinga. Esta tese compreende três capítulos (artigos). No primeiro capítulo, analisamos variações no padrão florístico-estrutural do componente arbóreo em três áreas da FPR no nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul e Sul de Santa Catarina. Hipotetizamos que locais com condições ambientais mais estressantes tivesse menor diversidade e que a grande variação no regime hidrológico e condições físico-químicas do solo deveria resultar em diferenças na estrutura e composição de espécies. No segundo capítulo, avaliamos a estrutura do componente herbáceo-terrícola e e sua correlação com a luminosidade, fertilidade edáfica, microtopografia e a cobertura de palmeiras. O terceiro capítulo buscou determinar se havia diferenças no padrão florístico-estrutural do componente arbóreo das FPR e FAR, seus hábitats e suas relações com fatores de solo, latitude, com base neste e em outros levantamentos no Sul do Brasil. Foram instaladas 13 parcelas de 100 m² (20 x 50 m) para o levantamento das árvores e de 13 parcelas de 5 m² (1 x 5 m contíguas) para as espécies herbáceas em cada uma das áreas. Os fatores ambientais analisados foram os parâmetros químicos e físico-hídricos do solo (0-15 cm de profundidade), a microtopografia, a abertura do dossel (luz) e a cobertura de palmeiras. As espécies arbóreas (capítulo 1) com CAP ≥ 12 cm (ou DAP ≥ 3,8 cm) e altura ≥ 3 m foram registradas e avaliadas pela densidade, frequência, altura e diversidade. As espécies herbáceas terrícolas (capítulo 2) foram avaliadas pela riqueza e cobertura, e através de análises multivariadas (Análise de Correspondência Canônica - CCA) com a matriz das espécies e das variáveis ambientais com alta correlação. A luminosidade foi determinada a partir de fotografias hemisféricas do dossel. No capítulo 3, utilizamos as espécies arbóreas de estudos científicos com DAP ≥ 5 cm e realizamos uma NPManova para mostrar as diferenças florístico-estruturais entre FPR e FAR e uma CCA com a matriz das espécies e com o tipo de solo, precipitação, altitude e latitude. As FPR apresentaram abertura do dossel, características de solo e microtopografia muito variáveis, baixa similaridade florística entre as áreas e elevada riqueza de espécies herbáceas terrícolas e arbóreas. No primeiro capítulo, encontramos nas três áreas 111 espécies arbóreas e 40 famílias com muito baixa similaridade florística entre as áreas. As três áreas apresentaram diferenças na composicão e estrutura devido a presença de muitas espécies com baixa frequência e ampla distribuição (Mata Atlântica) em locais sem inundação constante, contribuindo para a manutenção da diversidade regional no Sul do Brasil. No segundo capítulo, registramos 41 espécies herbáceas terrícolas pertencentes à 20 famílias. A média de riqueza e cobertura de ervas foi significativamente diferente entre as áreas, como também a variação do regime de luz, cobertura de palmeiras e vários parâmetros do solo. Monilófitas se destacaram em riqueza e monocotiledôneas em cobertura. Mostramos a influência da luminosidade e alguns parâmetros do solo sobre a cobertura vegetal, explicando a separação de grupos de espécies, em termos de preferência de habitat. No terceiro capítulo, os estudos compilados continham 265 espécies arbóreas da FPR e 109 na FAR e as claras diferenças florístico-estruturais entre essas fisionomias tornaram-se óbvias. A CCA indicou que as espécies foram influenciadas principalmente pelas características dos solos e microtopográficas, ligadas à frequência de inundação. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo em termos de riqueza de espécies arbóreas e herbáceas foram um tanto surpreendentes. Nossas análises confirmaram as diferenças de solo e florístico-estruturais entre as FPR e as FAR. Essas diferenças florístico-estruturais são suficientemente claras para permitir a consideração dessas fisionomias tão distintas da Restinga, essenciais para sua devida conservação. / The forests that occur in the brazilian coastal plain can be classified into Sandy Restinga Forests (SARF) and Swamp Restinga Forest (SWRF). The constant flooding of soils in SWRF support species poor communities. However, at sties where only short periods of flooding occur, richness may be even larger than that of adjacent well-drained forests. The overall goals of this work were (1) to determine the floristic- structural pattern of tree and terricolous herbaceous species of SWRF in three areas located in Içara (IÇA) and Balneário Arroio do Silva (BAS), Santa Catarina, and Morrinhos do Sul (MDS), Rio Grande do Sul, (2) to determine some of the environmental factors that influence these components, and (3) to show differences in the tree component between SWRF and SARF. This work comprises three chapters (articles). In the first chapter we examine variations in floristic-structural pattern of the tree component in three areas of the SWRF in northeastern Rio Grande do Sul and southern Santa Catarina. We expected that sites with more stressful environmental conditions had lower diversity and that the wide variation in the hydrological regime and physico-chemical soil conditions should result in differences in structure and species composition. In chapter two, we evaluate the structure of terricolous herbaceous component and its correlation with luminosity, soil fertility, microtopography and palm cover. In the third chapter, we analyze differences in floristic-structural pattern of the tree component of the SWRF and SARF, their habitats and their relations with edaphic and biogeographic factors, based on our own data and on that from other surveys in southern Brazil. Thirteen plots of 100 m² (20 x 50 m) were installed for the survey of trees and 13 plots of 5 m² for terrestrial herbaceous species in each of the three SWRF areas. Environmental factors were analyzed, including chemical and physical-hydric soil parameters (0-15 cm depth), microtopography, canopy openness (light) and palm cover. Tree species (Chapter 1) with diameter at breast height ≥ 3.8 cm and height ≥ 3 m were recorded and evaluated with respect to density, frequency, height and diversity. Terricolous herbaceous species (Chapter 2) were evaluated regarding richness and cover, and by help of multivariate analysis (Canonical Correspondence Analysis - CCA), using the matrices of species and of environmental variables. Luminosity was determined by help of hemispherical canopy photographs. In Chapter 3, we use tree species with diameter at breast height ≥ 5 cm of scientific studies. We performed a NPManova to show the floristic-structural differences between SWRF and SARF and a CCA of species matrix with soil type, rainfall, altitude and latitude. In general, the three SWRF areas showed highly variable canopy openness, soil characteristics and microtopography, very low floristic similarity between areas and high richness of terricolous herbaceous and trees species. The data from the first chapter showed a total of 111 tree species belonging to 40 families. The three areas showed differences in composition and structure due to the presence of many species with low frequency and wide distribution (Atlantic Rain Forest) in places without constant flooding, contributing to the maintenance of regional diversity in southern Brazil. In the second chapter, we recorded 41 terricolous herbaceous species belong to 20 families. Mean richness and cover of herbs differed significantly between areas, as well as the variation of luminosity, palm cover and many soil parameters. Monilophytes were characteristic in terms of richness and monocots in terms of cover value. We showed the influence of light and some soil parameters on vegetation cover, explaining the separation of groups of species in terms of habitat preference. In the third chapter, the compiled studies contained a total of 265 tree species in SWRF and 109 in SARF and clear floristic-phytosociological differences between SWRF and SARF became obvious. CCA indicated that the species were mainly influenced by microtopography and soil characteristics related to the frequency of flooding. Results obtained in this study regarding richness of tree and herbaceous species were somewhat surprising. Our analyses confirmed the soil and floristic-structural differences between the SWRF and the SARF. These floristic-structural differences are clear enough to allow for consideration as distinct physiognomies of Restinga, essential for their proper consideration in conservation.
32

Estrutura e aspectos fitogeográficos de remanescentes florestais na Restinga Sulbrasileira

Scherer, Adriano January 2009 (has links)
As restingas constituem um mosaico de ambientes presentes nas planícies costeiras brasileiras. Sua vegetação se desenvolve em areias quartzosas e engloba variadas formações, de comunidades herbáceas de dunas até florestas. A restinga sulbrasileira se estende entre as latitudes 28°30'S, no estado de Santa Catarina, e 33°45'S, no extremo sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Esta tese visou compreender, em escala geográfica mais ampla, a influência de variáveis ambientais sobre a estrutura e composição dos componentes arbóreo e herbáceo-subarbustivo nas florestas da restinga sulbrasileira. Em 15 remanescentes florestais distribuídos nessa região, realizou-se a caracterização florística e fitossociológica do componente arbóreo e verificou-se a relação entre diversidade, latitude e variáveis climáticas. O levantamento do componente arbóreo foi feito em áreas de 0,1 ha em cada remanescente, subdivididas em 10 parcelas de 10 x 10 m. Todas as árvores com DAP>= 3,0 cm foram registradas. Com os parâmetros estruturais usuais em fitossociologia foi feita uma análise da variância, comparando-se os remanescentes. Também foi avaliada a composição do solo superficial (20 cm de profundidade) dos remanescentes. Os dados de riqueza e informações sobre temperatura atmosférica e precipitação foram empregados em análises de regressão para verificar sua relação com a latitude. Realizou-se ainda uma Análise de Agrupamento para avaliar a similaridade florística entre as áreas. A composição e estrutura do componente herbáceo-subarbustivo sob diferentes níveis de uso por gado bovino nos remanescentes também foi estudada. A fitossociologia da sinúsia herbácea-subarbustiva foi feita em 10 parcelas de 1,0 m² e a florística, nas 10 parcelas de 10 x 10 m. Registrou-se a intensidade de uso por gado através de visualização direta ou vestígios dos animais. Foram feitas análise da variância e Análise de Coordenadas Principais com índices estruturais da sinúsia herbácea-subarbustiva nos remanescentes, comparando-os quanto à intensidade de uso por gado bovino. Registraram-se 116 espécies arbóreas no total, porém a riqueza variou de 11 a 43 espécies por remanescente. Espécies provenientes por mais de uma rota de imigração e pelo corredor atlântico contribuíram com 43% e 39% dessa flora, respectivamente. A diversidade arbórea variou de 1,372 a 3,175 nats/ind. O componente arbóreo apresentou densidade entre 1.520 e 3.830 ind./ha, porte baixo e predomínio de diâmetros pequenos. Constataram-se diferenças significativas na estrutura do componente arbóreo entre alguns remanescentes. Essas diferenças podem estar relacionadas a variações nas condições de fertilidade, acidez e teores de alumínio no solo. Houve uma distinção florística no componente arbóreo entre o norte e o centro-sul da restinga sulbrasileira, além de gradientes de riqueza e diversidade no sentido norte-sul relacionados às condições de temperatura e precipitação. Para a sinúsia herbácea-subarbustiva, constataram-se diferenças significativas no conjunto de variáveis estruturais (cobertura, altura e medidas de diversidade) entre remanescentes sob níveis médio e alto de uso por gado bovino. Sob alta intensidade de uso por gado bovino, a sinúsia herbácea-subarbustiva apresenta menores valores de altura, riqueza, diversidade e equabilidade e alta dominância de poucas espécies. O estudo destes componentes permitiu verificar que variáveis edáficas, climáticas e antrópicas condicionam a estrutura florestal em diferentes intensidades e/ou escalas espaciais. / (Structure and phytogeographic features of forest remnants in south Brazilian restinga). Restingas comprise a mosaic of environments present in Brazilian coastal plains. Its vegetation grows in quartzarenic sands and includes several formations, from dune herb communities to forests. South Brazilian restinga extents between latitudes 28°30'S, in Santa Catarina state, and 33°45'S, in the extreme southern of Rio Grande do Sul. This thesis aimed to investigate, in broader geographical scale, the influence of environmental variables on structure and composition of tree and herb-subshrubby components in south Brazilian restinga forests. We analysed the floristic and phytosociological patterns of tree component and the relation among diversity, latitude and climatic variables into 15 forest remnants distributed in this region. Tree component survey was carried out in 0.1 ha areas, subdivided in 10 x 10 m plots. All trees with DBH >= 3.0 cm were sampled. With structural parameters usually estimated in phytosociology an ANOVA was performed to seek for relations among the remnants. The composition of superficial soil (20 cm deep) was also assessed in the remants. Richness, atmospheric temperature and rainfall data were employed in regression analyses to verify its relation to latitude. A Cluster Analysis was also performed to evaluate floristic similarity among areas. Composition and structure of herb-subshrubby component under different levels of cattle usage in remnants was studied as well. Phytosociology of herb-subshrubby synusiae was carried out in 10 plots of 1.0 m² and the floristics was accomplished in those 10 x 10 m plots. The intensity of cattle usage was registered by direct observation or animal traces. We performed an ANOVA and Principal Coordinates Analysis with herb-subshrubby structural data among remnants to compare them in relation to cattle usage levels. We sampled 116 tree species, but remnant richness varied from 11 to 43 species. Species from more than one immigration route and from the Atlantic route contributed with 43% and 39% of this flora, respectively. Diversity of trees varied from 1.372 to 3.175 nats/ind. Tree synusiae had density between 1,520 and 3,830 ind./ha, low height and predominance of small diameters. Significant differences in tree component structure were observed among some remnants. These differences may be related to variations in conditions of soil fertility, acidity and aluminium content. A floristic distinction between the northern and the central-southern portion of south Brazilian restinga was verified, besides richness and diversity gradients towards north-south associated to temperature and rainfall conditions. For herb-subshrubby synusiae, significant differences were observed in the set of structural variables (coverage, height and diversity measures) among remnants under moderate and high cattle-using levels. Under high cattle-using levels, herb-subshrubby synusiae shows lower values of height, richness, diversity and eveness, and higher dominance of few species. The study of these components permited to verify that soil, climatic and anthropic variables determined forest structure in different intensities and/or spatial scales.
33

Herbáceas da floresta atlântica nordestina : regeneração natural em uma cronossequência de abandono agrícola e potencial invasor / Herbaceous atlantic forest northeastern : natural regeneration in a chronosequence agricultural abandonment and potential invasive

LIMA, Patrícia Barbosa 29 February 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-02T13:20:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia Barbosa Lima.pdf: 4109614 bytes, checksum: 3b7b42d45a4e5399c06e4dca0fa7137f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T13:20:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia Barbosa Lima.pdf: 4109614 bytes, checksum: 3b7b42d45a4e5399c06e4dca0fa7137f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Secondary forest areas in different successional stages are predominantly found in tropical rainforest areas, and can help with biodiversity maintenance. These forests show gradual changes in biotic and abiotic environment throughout the forest succession. The successional trajectory is well described for woody flora. Nevertheless, studies on herbaceous plants are still lagging. This study was divided into two manuscripts, whose objectives were to: 1) analyze herbaceous assembly in a 30 years chronosequence of sugar cane abandonment, and compare theses assemblade to mature forest sites, also considering environmental factors (chronosequence age, surrounding forest cover, understory light, and soil characteristics) that drive the herbs responses; and 2) understand how aliens herbaceous affect richness, and native forest herbs diversity of this chronosequence. In order to understand this, one sugar cane abandoned chronosequence was selected, containing 15 secondary forest sites (FS) (ages varying from 4 up to 30 years of abandonment), and 15 areas of mature forest (FM) in the Corredor Ecológico Pacatuba-Gargaú landscape, located inside of Paraíba Atlantic forest. In each site were established nine plots of 5x5m, in a total of 270 plots, which all herbs were registered. The plants were identified and posteriorly classified regarding their geographic origin. An NMDS was performed in order to verify difference in the floristic composition among FS and FM sites, as well as, an analysis of indicator species of those environments was performed. Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) were used to test: the impact of age areas, soil characteristics, availability of light, and surrounding forest cover on the structural characteristics of herbs in FS; and the impact of the more representative aliens herbs on native flora of FS. In a total, 42,966 individuals were registered (of this total 32,915 and 10,615 native and alien individuals, respectively), in 67 species (59 natives; 6 aliens herbs; 2 morphospecies; 66% and 18% of exclusive species in FS and FM, respectively). The density and the diversity of the herbs were significantly higher in FS than in FM, while the richness was lower in FM and the equability did not exhibit significantive difference. There was more proportion of native herbs than aliens herbs in both habitats. The floristic composition was distinct between FS and FM, also were observed 21 and 11 indicatives species of FS and FM, respectively. The sites age was positively related to richness and species diversity; however, negatively related to the herbs density. Successional progress influenced positively native richness throughout the chronosequence, and minimized negative impact of the only two invasive especies Digitaria insularis and Megathyrsus maximum on native’s species. Surrounding forest cover was also one of the mainly variants that negatively influenced richness and herbs density of the studied landscape. Finally, this study shows that despite the invasive species presence on the sugar cane abandoned chronosequence, the landscape Corredor Ecológico Pacatuba-Gargaú exhibits a dense, diverse, and rich flora of herbs (natives and alien), that are in agreement to the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis, and it is favored by the increment of biotic resistance associated to environmental changes along the successional progress. / Áreas de floresta secundária em diferentes estádios sucessionais predominam na região tropical úmida e podem auxiliar na manutenção da biodiversidade. Estas florestas apresentam uma gradativa mudança nos meios biótico e abiótico no decorrer da sucessão florestal. A trajetória sucessional está bem descrita para a flora lenhosa, todavia estudos sobre as plantas herbáceas continuam defasados. Este trabalho foi dividido em dois manuscritos, que tiveram os objetivos de: 1) analisar a assembleia de herbáceas em uma cronossequência de 30 anos de abandono canavieiro, e comparar essas assembleias com as de sítios de florestas maduras, considerando também fatores ambientais (idade da cronossequência, cobertura florestal circundante, luminosidade no sub-bosque e características edáficas) que direcionam as respostas das ervas; e 2) compreender como herbáceas exóticas afetam a riqueza e a densidade de ervas florestais nativas dessa cronossequência. Para isso, foram selecionadas uma cronossequência de canaviais abandonados contendo 15 sítios de florestas secundárias (FS) (com idades variando de 4 até 30 anos de abandono) e 15 áreas de floresta madura (FM) na paisagem do corredor Ecológico Pacatuba-Gargaú localizada dentro da floresta Atlântica da Paraíba. Em cada sítio foram estabelecidas nove parcelas de 5x5m, totalizando 270 parcelas, nas quais todas as ervas foram registradas. As plantas foram identificadas e posteriormente classificadas quanto à origem geográfica. Um NMDS foi realizado para verificar a diferença na composição florística entre os sítios de FS e FM, bem como, foi realizada uma análise de espécies indicadoras destes ambientes. Modelos Lineares Generalizados (GLMs) foram usados para testar: 1) o impacto da idade das áreas, das características de solo, da disponibilidade de luz e da cobertura florestal circundante sobre as características estruturais das ervas em FS; e 2) o impacto das ervas exóticas mais representativas sobre a flora nativas de FS. Registraram-se 42.966 indivíduos no total (sendo 32.915 e 10.615 indivíduos nativos e exóticos, respectivamente), em 67 espécies (59 nativas; seis exóticas; duas morfoespécies; 66% e 18% de espécies exclusivas em FS e FM, respectivamente). A densidade e a diversidade de ervas foram significativamente maiores em FS do que em FM, enquanto que a riqueza foi menor em FM e a equitabilidade não exibiu diferença significativa. Houve maior proporção de ervas nativas do que ervas exóticas em ambos os hábitats. A composição florística foi distinta entre FS e FM, e foram observados 21 e 11 espécies indicadoras de FS e FM, respectivamente. A idade dos sítios foi positivamente relacionada à riqueza e diversidade de espécies, mas negativamente relacionada com a densidade de ervas. O avanço na sucessão influenciou positivamente a riqueza de nativas ao longo da cronossequência e minimizou o impacto negativo das únicas espécies invasoras Digitaria insularis e Megathyrsus maximum sobre as nativas. E a cobertura florestal circundante foi também uma das principais variáveis que influenciou negativamente a riqueza e densidade de ervas da paisagem estudada. Por fim, este estudo mostrou que apesar de possuir espécies invasoras na cronossequência de abandono canavieiro, a paisagem do Corredor Ecológico Pacatuba-Gargaú exibe uma rica, densa e diversa flora de ervas (nativas e exóticas), que segue os pressupostos da Hipótese do Distúrbio Intermediário e que é favorecida pelo incremento da resistência biótica associada às mudanças ambientais ao longo do avanço sucessional.
34

Distribuição espacial de leguminosas herbáceas em duas áreas de savana de Roraima

Claymir de Oliveira Cavalcante 02 January 2009 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo deste estudo foi o de entender os padrões de distribuição espacial de leguminosas (Fabaceae) herbáceas presentes em duas áreas de savana de Roraima, extremo norte da Amazônia brasileira (Monte Cristo MC e Água Boa AB). A proposta central foi a de identificar fatores ambientais edáficos (física e química do solo) que determinam a presença e a distribuição espacial de espécies desta família nas duas áreas pesquisadas. O estudo inventariou as espécies de leguminosas herbáceas em 12 parcelas permanentes no MC e em 22 no AB (2 m x 250 m cada uma). A riqueza total foi de 25 espécies (4 Caesalpinoidae; 19 Faboidae; 2 Mimosoidae), representadas por 24 espécies no MC e 19 no AB, sendo 18 comuns a ambas as áreas. A diversidade foi maior no MC (H= 1,07) em relação ao AB (H= 0,71). A similaridade (Sij) foi de > 84%, indicando que a distância geográfica (~50 km) não teve grande influência na composição das espécies de leguminosas. Chamaecrista desvauxii Collad. Killip. foi a espécie mais abundante nos dois campos, enquanto Eriosema crinitum H.B.K. no AB e Chamaecrista hispidula Vahl. no MC, assumiram altos valores de IVI (Índice de Valor de Importância). A análise de agrupamento (Genérica) em AB resultou em quatro grupos, sendo um monoespecífico representado por C. desvauxii, presente em quase todos os ambientes daquela localidade. No MC foram formados cinco grupos, sendo o mais rico formado por espécies detentoras dos maiores IVI (C. hispidula, E. crinitum and C. desvauxii). Este grupo combinou pouca influencia do lençol freático, com baixos teores de Fe (< 30 mg.kg-1) e altos de Mn (30-80 mg.kg-1), além de concentrações medianas de argila (15-20%). Os resultados das duas áreas sugerem que há um padrão de distribuição espacial de espécies de leguminosas herbáceas nas savanas das duas áreas amostrais associado à sazonalidade do lençol freático e, em alguns casos, de fertilidade e granulometria do solo. A ampliação deste estudo para outras regiões das savanas de Roraima pode fornecer informações importantes para o processo de conservação deste ecossistema da Amazônia.
35

Tentativas de purificação e produção de antissoro contra  o vírus da morte súbita dos citros e isolamento do CSDaV em plantas herbáceas / Attempts to purify and produce antiserum against the citrus sudden death associated virus and CSDaV isolation in herbaceous plants

Mateus de Almeida Santos 26 August 2011 (has links)
A morte súbita dos citros (MSC) foi identificada em 2001, no município de Comendador Gomes, Minas Gerais, e desde então foi responsável pela perda de 4 milhões de plantas na região sul do Triângulo Mineiro, e no norte e noroeste do estado de São Paulo. É uma doença de combinação copa/porta-enxerto, afetando principalmente laranjeira doce enxertada em limoeiro Cravo, e que culmina na morte das plantas. Passados dez anos do seu relato, até hoje não se tem conhecimento exato do agente causal e dos possíveis vetores. Sabe-se, todavia, que em todas as plantas com morte súbita encontram-se o vírus da tristeza dos citros (Citrus tristeza virus - CTV) e um vírus do Gênero Marafivirus, Família Tymoviridae, denominado Citrus sudden death associated virus (CSDaV). Devido esse fato, há a necessidade de separá-los para testar os postulados de Koch para o CSDaV. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi tentar isolar o CSDaV para verificar o seu real envolvimento com a MSC. Também se procurou purificar esse vírus para a produção de antissoro policlonal para trabalhos de diagnose da doença. Para a purificação do CSDaV foi utilizado o protocolo de purificação do Potato leaf roll virus, porém os resultados não foram satisfatórios devido a constante presença do CTV. Tentativas de remoção do CTV por meio de imunoprecipitação com antissoro homólogo não foram satisfatórias. O antissoro produzido reagiu indistintamente com extratos de plantas infectadas com o CSDaV e o CTV. O CSDaV foi transmitido mecanicamente para plantas de Nicotiana sp., N. clevelandii, Chenopodium amaranticolor e C. quinoa, causando principalmente infecção localizada. A presença do vírus foi confirmada por RT-PCR e a sua identidade por meio do sequenciamento de nucleotídeos do produto da amplificação. Tentativas de transmissão do CSDaV usando inóculo de extrato de folhas de plantas do campo , por meio da Cuscuta sp., através de cortes no tronco das plantas com lâmina embebida no inóculo, com pulgões Toxoptera citricida aparentemente virulíferos somente para o tymovirus e por meio da inoculação de sementes de citros deram resultados negativos. / Citrus sudden death (CSD) disease was identified in 2001, at Comendador Comes County, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Since then the disease has caused the death of 4 million trees in Southwestern Minas Gerais State and Northern São Paulo State. This new and destructive disease affects sweet orange as well as other species, varieties, and hybrids when grafted on Rangpur (Citrus limonia). Then years after the first report on CSD, the causal agent and possible vector(s) have not been precisely identified. It is known, however, that all disease trees are infected with Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) and Citrus sudden death associate virus (CSDaV), which is a member of the Genus Marafivirus, Famíly Tymoviridae. Due to this, it is necessary to separate these pathogens, in order to complete Kochs postulated for the CSDaV. The main purpose of the present work was to try to isolate the CSDaV to verify its role on CSD disease. In addition, attempts were done to purify the virus and produce polyclonal antiserum for disease diagnosis. Purification was carried out as described for Potato leaf roll virus, but results were not suitable due to the constant presence of CTV. Efforts to remove CTV by immunoprecipitation with homologous antiserum did not succeed. The produced antiserum reacted indistinctly with extracts of plants infected with both viruses. SCDaV was mechanically transmitted to Nicotiana sp., N. clevelandii, Chenopodium amaranticolor, and C. quinoa, causing mainly local infection. Infection was confirmed by RT-PCR and virus identity was determined by nucleotide sequence of the amplified fragment. Efforts to transmit CSDaV, using as inoculum extract from field infected plants, by means of Cucucuta sp., by incisions on the trunk of the test-plants, with Toxoptera citricida apparently viruliferous only for the tymovirus, and by means of citrus seed inoculation gave negative results.
36

Pour une meilleure représentation de la diversité des biomes herbacés africains dans les modèles de végétation : apports des traits physionomiques, de l’indice de surface foliaire et des phytolithes de graminées / For a better representation of African grass biomes in vegetation models : inputs from grass physiognomic traits, leaf area index and phytoliths

Pasturel, Marine 12 March 2015 (has links)
Les biomes herbacés africains intertropicaux devraient faire face, dans un proche futur, à des changements drastiques. Les modèles dynamiques de végétation (DGVM) ont des difficultés à simuler les limites actuelles de ces biomes, notamment parce qu’ils ne prennent pas en compte la diversité des couverts herbacés en C4. Il est donc nécessaire de caractériser cette diversité floristique et physionomique afin qu’elle puisse être facilement prise en compte dans les DGVMs, et que les comparaisons modèle/données (phytolithes) soient possibles.Dans cet objectif, les traits physionomiques des graminées en C4 dominantes au Sénégal et en Afrique du Sud ont été répertoriés. Quatre groupes physionomiques ont été statistiquement discriminés. Ils varient avec la distribution spatiale des biomes et les précipitations régionales. Deux groupes sont fortement corrélés à l’indice de surface foliaire (LAI) et à la biomasse herbacée. Au Sénégal ces deux groupes sont bien différenciés par l’indice phytolithique Iph qui est un proxy des couverts herbacés intertropicaux. En Afrique du Sud, les phytolithes n’ont pas permis de tracer l’ensemble de la transition savane/steppe. Ces deux groupes physionomiques remplissent les critères nécessaires à la caractérisation de types fonctionnels de plantes (PFT). L’intégration de ces PFTs dans le modèle LPJ-GUESS améliore la simulation des biomes herbacés actuels et permet de proposer des simulations pour l’horizon 2100. Ces simulations montrent que l’augmentation de la durée de la saison sèche et de la concentration en CO2 atmosphérique devraient favoriser l’expansion simultanée des steppes et des savanes fermées aux dépens des savanes ouvertes. / Intertropical african herbaceous biomes are expected to face drastic changes in a near future. However Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) simulate their modern boundaries with poor accuracy, especially at the regional scale. DGVMs fail to consider the diversity of their C4 grass cover. Efforts are thus needed to characterize this floristic and physiognomic diversity in a way that can be used for enhancing DGVMs simulations, and enabling model/data (phytoliths) comparisons. For that purpose, physiognomic traits of dominant C4 grass species settled in Senegal and South Africa were listed. Four grass physiognomic groups were statistically identified. The abundance of four of them significantly varied with biome distributions and regional precipitation. Two grass physiognomic groups were additionally strongly correlated with leaf area index (LAI) and grass biomass. In Senegal, those two groups were also well traced by the Iph phytolith index which is a tropical grass cover proxy. In South Africa the limited set of phytolith data did not allow to observe the full savanna/steppe transition. The two physiognomic groups finally fulfilled the criteria required for creating Plant Functional Types (PFTs). Those new PFTs, parameterized in the LPJ-GUESS DGVM, enhanced the simulation of modern herbaceous biomes distribution in Senegal and South Africa. Simulations were additionally performed for the 2100 horizon. They evidence that the increase of both length of the dry season and atmospheric CO2 concentration should favor the simultaneous spread of steppes and closed savannas at the expense of open savannas.
37

Relative vegetation height variation and reflectance of herbaceous-dominated patches in Central Sweden

Santiago, Jo January 2020 (has links)
Semi-natural landscapes are recognized as suitable habitats for different plant species and provide ecosystem services that contribute to increased plant biodiversity. At the stand level, plant biodiversity is influenced by vegetation structure, of which vegetation height is an important parameter. Photogrammetry from drone captured images has the potential to provide a quick and cost-effective analysis of vegetation height. In addition, the relation between spectral signatures and species distribution can indicate where higher plant biodiversity can be found, as species can be identified based on their spectral signature. Spectral signatures are thus used in the current study in conjunction with vegetation height as a proxy for plant biodiversity in herbaceous-dominated patches. Two field surveys were conducted to collect drone data and reflectance data in July and August 2019. Twelve plots of ten metres diametre were delimited in the drone-derived orthophotos around the reflectance readings coordinates. In order to assess vegetation height, the difference between the digital surface model derived from the orthophotos and the national digital elevation model was determined. Two statistical indices were calculated: the modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI) and the coefficient of variation of heights (CV). The relationship between the two indices was evaluated as a proxy for plant biodiversity. Drone-derived point clouds can be used to measure vegetation height in herbaceous-dominated environments due to the very fine scale of drone imagery. A possible negative correlation was found between MSAVI and CV on both surveyed months (July r2 = 0.675; August r2 = 0.401) if the outlier plots were removed from the analysis. There is not enough evidence to clearly explain the anomalous behaviour of the outlier plots. Further research is needed to confirm the use of the relationship between vegetation height variability and reflectance as a proxy for plant biodiversity assessment in herbaceous-dominated environments.
38

Assessing Two Year Growth and Survival of Two Oak Species and Three Planting Stocks on Hurricane Katrina Damaged Land

Hall, Andrew Taylor 06 May 2017 (has links)
Hurricane Katrina made landfall in 2005 damaging 1.2 billion cubic meters of timber including 48 million cubic meters of hardwood. An economically efficient method of artificial oak regeneration is necessary in many areas to restore this high value resource. Bareroot, conventional containerized, and EKOgrown® seedlings of Quercus shumardii and Q. texana were planted on two sites in south Mississippi. Growth and survival were evaluated for two years. Survival was assessed monthly and at the end of each growing season. Height and groundline diameter were assessed initially after planting and the end of each growing season. After two growing seasons, Q. Nuttallii exhibited superior performance generally when compared to Q. Shumardii. Conventional containerized had poor survival and initial growth likely caused by freeze damage in the nursery. EKOgrown® seedlings performed better than other planting stocks, however, high seedling cost makes them less cost-effective than bareroot seedlings which exhibited acceptable performance overall.
39

Herb Layer Dynamics and Disturbance Response in the Mixed Mesophytic Forest Region of Southeastern Ohio

Small, Christine Jodie 11 October 2001 (has links)
No description available.
40

Erosion éolienne dans le Damagaram Est (Sud-Est du Niger) : paramétrisation, quantification et moyens de lutte/Wind erosion in the eastern Damagaram (South-East of Niger) : parametrization, quantification and control

Tidjani, Adamou Didier 22 April 2008 (has links)
Les cuvettes du Damagaram Est (Sud-Est du Niger), sources importantes de productions alimentaires et de revenus, sont sujettes à ensablement par des sédiments éoliens. L’amplification du phénomène de la désertification au Sahel a exacerbé ce processus. L’objectif de ce travail, effectué au Nord-Ouest de Gouré, est d’évaluer l’impact de l’occupation du sol sur l’activité éolienne et l’ensablement des cuvettes d’une part, et d’autre part de tester l’efficacité d’une technique de fixation de dunes en terme de réduction des flux éoliens et de restauration écologique. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, nous avons suivi pendant 3 ans les caractéristiques du vent et l’activité éolienne ainsi que mesuré les flux de sédiments éoliens en relation avec l’évolution de la biomasse végétale. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que l’érosion éolienne sur les pâturages suit une dynamique saisonnière marquée, principalement en relation avec la dynamique temporelle de la hauteur de rugosité aérodynamique (Z0). Cette dynamique est due à l’impact de la pluviométrie et des activités pastorales et anthropiques sur la végétation herbacée. Les pâturages sur sols sableux apparaissent comme des zones potentielles de déflation au cours de la deuxième moitié de la saison sèche et pourraient ainsi contribuer à l’ensablement des cuvettes. Les tempêtes observées dans la première moitié de la saison des pluies au Sahel sont responsables d’une mobilisation importante de sédiments éoliens. L’analyse physico-chimique de ces sédiments montre globalement que les proportions de limons et d’argiles augmentent au détriment de la proportion de sables quand la hauteur de collecte augmente. Ceci s’accompagne d’un enrichissement important en nutriments (N, P, K) et en carbone. Les bilans de masse au niveau parcellaire sont globalement positifs, indiquant un apport net de sédiments, de nutriments et de carbone. Cependant, les incertitudes liées à ces bilans de masse sont très élevées. Si ces résultats semblent donc indiquer l’existence de sources de sédiments extérieures à la parcelle dans le contexte de cette étude, ils ne peuvent être interprétés comme preuve de l’absence d’érosion sur les sols dunaires à vocation pastorale. L’emploi de palissades antiérosives à base de Leptadenia pyrotechnica s’est révélé être une technique très efficace de fixation mécanique de dunes vives en zone semi-aride, permettant de réduire de plus de 95% les flux dès la première année. Elle entraîne la reprise des herbacées, tant en quantité qu’en diversité des espèces. Cette végétation renforce progressivement l’action anti-érosive. Cette technique constitue de ce fait une méthode adéquate de restauration des dunes dégradées en condition de non pâture. / The “cuvettes” of Eastern Damagaram (South-Eastern Niger), which are an important source of food and revenue, are being silted up by aeolian sediment. The amplification of the desertification phenomenon in the Sahel is exacerbating this process. The objective of this research, carried out to the North-West of Gouré, was to evaluate the impact of land use on the aeolian activity and the silting up of the cuvettes on the one hand, and on the other hand to evaluate the effectiveness of a dune fixation technique in terms of flux reduction and ecological restoration. To achieve these objectives, the wind characteristics and the aeolian activity were monitored for three years and we measured the sediment fluxes in relation to the development of the herbaceaous cover. It was shown that sediment fluxes on pasture land follow clear seasonal dynamics related to the temporal dynamics of the aerodynamic roughness length (Z0). These dynamics are due to the impact of rainfall as well as pastoral and human activities on the herbaceous vegetation. Pasture land on sandy soils appears to be a potential source of sediment during the second half of the dry season and may therefore contribute to silting up of the cuvettes. The dust storms observed during the early part of the rainy season in the Sahel are responsible for an important mobilization of aeolian sediment. The physico-chemical analysis of the sediment indicates an increase in the clay and silt content relative to the sand content as the height increases above ground. This goes together with an enrichment in nutrients (N, P, K) and carbon. The mass balances at plot level are positive overall, thereby indicating a net addition of sediment, nutrients and carbon. However, the uncertainty associated with these mass balances is very high. Although the results seem to indicate the existence of external sources of sediment in the present study, they cannot be interpreted as a definite proof of the absence of erosion on grazed dune soils. The use of windbreaks made of Leptadenia pyrotechnica proved to be a very effective mechanical dune fixation technique, reducing sediment fluxes by more than 95% as off the first year. The windbreaks resulted in a progressive recovery of the herbaceous cover, both in quantity and species diversity. The herbaceous cover reinforced the anti-erosive effectiveness of the windbreak. This technique therefore constitutes an adequate method for the restoration of degraded dunes under zero grazing conditions.

Page generated in 0.0918 seconds