Some of weeds have disappeared owing to the plant production specialization; some of them have become more resistive. Those weeds have taken significant role due to its danger and frequency of presence. The thesis is mainly focused on description of biology and morphology of weeds, possibilities of weeds spread and weed control. Methods of mechanical and chemical regulation are described based on these facts. The experiments, which were carried on maize, determined the effect of selected herbicide and its active substance on weed control. Following precautions, which were suggested, have led to successful suppression of specific significant weeds.

This thesis concerns on biology, occurrence and especially, herbicide regulation of Viola arvensis Murray on arable land. On the land of the farm DZV NOVA Bystřice a small-plot experiment focused on monitoring and regulation of Viola arvensis was carried out. This experiment was carried out from September 2012 to January 2014 on three crops (winter wheat, winter barley and winter rape) in three locations. In the theoretical part we describe the biology and occurrence of this frequent weed. The aim of the thesis was to evaluate the abundance of Viola arvensis and other weed species and verify the effect of different herbicides on Viola arvensis and other weeds. The effectiveness of the tested herbicide combinations was statistically significant for Viola arvensis and also for the other weeds (P 0, 05). The exceptions were Veronica persica, Geranium pussilum and Hordeum vulgare, where the effectiveness of these agents was not proved (P > 0, 05). The results summarize the numbers of weed species and effectiveness of applied herbicides. Viola arvensis was the most frequent weed species found on the examined sites. The effectiveness of herbicide agents used against this weed was very high. The highest was by preparations Maraton + Glean 75 WG, Maraton + Logran 20 WG, Cougar Forte + Logran 20 WG a Sumimax + Glean 75 WG (100 %). Lower was by preparations Butisan 400 SC + Command 36 SC (80 %) a Butisan Star + Garland Forte (75 %). In the winter barley and winter wheat, the applied herbicides were 100% effective, only in the winter rape the effectiveness was lower (75 - 80%). I can confirm the initial hypothesis about the effectiveness of the different herbicides on field pansy because their effectiveness differed.

Damages, which weeds caused annually are difficult to quantify and its negative influence manifests annually in all crops and all fields.Chemical weed control is presently considered an important method for controlling weeds. The essence of chemical pest weeds consists in the use of herbicides to reduce weed species population under the economic threshold of harmfulness. In an effort to control weed populations using three methods: mechanical, chemical and biological. In the thesis was mapped weeds in potatoes on private land in Plasná, district of Jindřichův Hradec in region of South Bohemia. In the practical part of this thesis, I conducted an experiment that was aimed at monitoring the effects of selected herbicides in crops of potatoes. The aim of the experiment was to verify the effects of herbicides on the population most frequently occurring weeds in the root crops. The results showed that the herbicide is more effective for preemergence weed monitored. Assessment of weed infestation was carried out numerical method (ANOVA, Tukey = 0,05) in the ARM 8 (GyllingDataManage ment, Inc.) Spring 2013 - Fall 2013.

A very limited range of crops provides the human nutrition. In some time there was selected a little amount of weedy species that plays an important role with respect to quantum and danger. Galium aparine belongs to these species. Therefore an herbicide experiment was carried out with Triticum aestivum catering for a chemical regulation of this weed. In particular 26 varieties of a half of a hectare there was used 21 herbicide preparations and their combinations altogether in demanding conditions of low preparation of soil. It was realised at a land with a large amount of Galium aparine. Most of the preparations had a very good effect regarding the actual control. At some of them Galium aparine nevertheless outgrew and produced seeds. Although these seeds were produced in a little amount, they supply the reserve in a soil. In the literary recherche are described biology, harmfulness and potential methods of regulation of Galium aparine.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-05-17T12:51:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lecio Leone de Almeida.pdf: 4818559 bytes, checksum: c904471979bd6f907fbbae1681e53e45 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-17T12:51:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lecio Leone de Almeida.pdf: 4818559 bytes, checksum: c904471979bd6f907fbbae1681e53e45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-01 / The inadequate use of herbicides may cause serious and sometimes chronic poisoning due to long exposure to low levels. Herbicides may also be teratogenic, mutagenic, cancerigenous agents and endocrine disruptors, with the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases and reproduction disorders. Several studies have shown that melatonin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating qualities, besides affecting the reproduction system. It is a beneficent agent in the intoxication by herbicides even though no reports are extant on the use of melatonin against intoxications by Glyphosate-Roundup® alone or associated to Paraquat. Current analysis investigates the effect of melatonin on the reproduction and hepatic aspects in female rats exposed to sub-lethal doses of the herbicide Paraquat (50 mg/kg) and/or Glyphosate-Roundup® (500 mg/kg) of body weight, alone or associated. Thirty-five pregnant rats were used, randomly divided into 7 groups with 5 animals each. Group I (control/saline), groups (II and III) exposed to Paraquat and Glyphosate-Roundup® respectively, the IV group exposed to the associated herbicide, while the rats of the groups (V and VI ) were exposed to the herbicides alone and group (VII) above the associated herbicides, however the groups (V, VI and VII) were simultaneously treated with melatonin (10 mg/kg body weight). Both exposure as treatment with melatonin was during the first third of pregnancy. Thus, the hematological profile, function and hepatic oxidative stress, reproduction parameters such as body weight gain, ovaries weight, number of implantation sites, corpora lutea, pre-implantation losses, implantation rates and histopathology of implantation sites and liver were analyzed. Results post-exposure to associated or single herbicides revealed decrease in body and ovary weights, number of implantation sites, implantation rate (the implantation rate (number of implanted embryos compared with the number of corpora lutea), total number of corpora lutea, percentage increase of pre-implantation losses. The hematological profile revealed a reduction of erythrocytes in hemoglobin concentrations, in hematocrit rates, increase in total counts of leucocytes, in the number of segmented neutrophils, eosinophils and decrease in lymphocytes. Moreover, decrease in serum levels of albumin, increase in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (AP), high levels of reactive compounds to thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) and reduction in the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) were reported in biochemical and hepatic oxidative stress analyses. The histopathological analysis of the implantation sites revealed the disorganization of blastocyte and degeneration of cytotrophoblasts within the blastocyte cavity, whilst in histochemical analysis was observed reduction number of uterine natural killer cells (uNKs). Morphometry revealed decrease endometrial parameters of superficial and glandular epithelium, as well as the diameter of the endometrial glands. In the histopathological analysis of liver samples was observed the presence of necrotic hepatocytes, portal and central lobular inflammatory infiltrate and congestion of sinusoid capillaries. Treatments with melatonin provided results significantly similar to those in control animals, with the exception of serum albumin levels in rats associated group (Paraquat 50 mg/kg) and/or Glyphosate-Roundup® 500 mg/kg of body weight), which remained low. Treatment with melatonin at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight is a protecting agent against experimentally induced maternal and embryo poisoning by herbicides. Body weight, reproduction, hematological, biochemical parameters maintenance and hepatic oxidative stress was reduced. / O uso inadequado de herbicidas pode resultar em intoxicações agudas e, às vezes crônicas por exposição em longo prazo a baixos níveis, podendo atuar ainda como agentes teratogênicos, mutagênicos, cancerígenos e disruptores endócrinos, levando ao aparecimento de doenças neurodegenerativas e distúrbios reprodutivos. Estudos têm revelado que a melatonina tem propriedades antioxidantes, anti-inflamatórias e imunomoduladoras e atua na reprodução. Essa indolamina está entre os agentes que têm se mostrado benéfico em intoxicações por herbicidas, porém não há relatos de seu uso contra intoxicações por Glifosato-Roundup® e/ou Paraquat associado com Glifosato-Roundup®. Assim, investigou-se o efeito da melatonina sobre indicadores reprodutivos e parâmetros hepáticos em ratas prenhes expostas a doses subletais dos herbicidas Paraquat (50 mg/kg do peso corporal) e/ou Glifosato-Roundup® (500 mg/kg do peso corporal). Foram utilizadas 35 ratas prenhes, divididas aleatoriamente em 7 grupos com 5 animais cada, sendo o grupo I (controle/salina), os grupos (II e III) expostos aos herbicidas Paraquat e Glifosato-Roundup® respectivamente, o grupo IV exposto aos herbicidas associados, enquanto as ratas dos grupos (V e VI) foram exposta aos herbicidas individualmente e o grupo (VII) exposto aos herbicidas associados, porém os grupos (V, VI e VII) foram tratados simultaneamente com melatonina (10 mg/kg do peso corporal).Tanto a exposição como o tratamento com melatonina foram durante o terço inicial da gestação. Assim, após esses procedimentos foram analisados o perfil hematológico, função e estresse oxidativo hepático, parâmetros reprodutivos como peso das fêmeas, peso dos ovários, número de sítios de implantação, de corpos lúteos, perdas pré-implantação, taxa de implantação, histopatologia do fígado, histopatologia e histoquímica dos sítios de implantação e morfometria dos epitélios superficial e glandular do endométrio. A aplicação experimental dos herbicidas Glifosato-Roundup e/ou Paraquat proporcionaram toxicidade materno-embrionário e hepática, onde podem-se detalhar os seguintes efeitos: redução nos seguintes parâmetros: ganho de peso corporal, peso dos ovários, no número de sítios de implantação, na taxa de implantação, no número total de corpos lúteos e aumento do percentual de perdas pré-implantação. Quanto ao perfil hematológico observou-se redução no número de eritrócitos, na concentração de hemoglobina, nos valores do hematócrito, aumento na contagem total de leucócitos, no número de neutrófilos segmentados, de eosinófilos e redução no número de linfócitos. Além disso, nas análises bioquímicas e do estresse oxidativo hepático foram observadas redução nos níveis séricos de albumina, aumento dos níveis séricos de alanina aminotransferase (ALT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e fosfatase alcalina (FA), níveis altos de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e redução dos níveis de glutationa reduzida (GSH). A análise histopatológica dos sítios de implantação revelou desorganização do blastocisto e degeneração do citotrofoblasto localizado dentro da cavidade blastocística, enquanto na análise histoquímica observou-se redução no número de células natural killer uterinas (nNK). A análise morfométrica de parâmetros do endométrio revelou redução dos epitélios superficial e glandular, bem como no diâmetro das glândulas endometriais. Na análise histopatológica de amostras de fígado foi observada a presença de hepatócitos necróticos, infiltrado inflamatório portal e centrolobular, congestão dos capilares sinusoides. Após tratamento com melatonina verificou-se que os parâmetros supracitados foram similares aos do controle, exceto os níveis de albumina sérica em ratas do grupo associado (Paraquat 50 mg/kg e Glifosato-Roundup® 500 mg/kg de peso corporal) que permaneceram baixos. Dessa forma pôde-se concluir que a melatonina na dose de 10 mg/kg de peso corporal atuou como um agente protetor contra a toxicidade materno/embrionária induzidas experimentalmente por herbicidas, favorecendo a manutenção do peso corporal, de parâmetros reprodutivos, hematológicos, bioquímicos e redução do estresse oxidativo hepático.

O ácido 2,4 diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) é um herbicida amplamente utilizado na agricultura sendo moderadamente tóxico para os seres humanos e demais animais. Apresenta neurotoxicidade, mas seu mecanismo de ação no sistema nervoso não está totalmente esclarecido. Há indícios de que este herbicida atue nos neurônios serotoninérgicos e dopaminérgicos de maneira seletiva, mas não há estudos suficientes para afirmarem sua exata ação sobre o sistema nervoso periférico. Entre os efeitos advindos da intoxicação com 2,4-D estão manifestações gastrointestinais. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar os efeitos da administração do 2,4-D diluído em água nos neurônios mioentéricos do duodeno de ratos. Para tanto, 36 ratos (Rattus norvegicus) foram separados em três grupos (n = 12): controle (C); tratamento com 2,5 &#956;g/Kg de 2,4-D (B) e tratamento com 5 &#956;g/Kg de 2,4-D (A). Após 15 dias de experimento, os animais foram anestesiados, eutanasiados e seus duodenos foram retirados. Os neurônios mioentéricos foram evidenciados por meio de preparados de membrana corados pelo método de Giemsa e pela técnica de evidenciação neuronal pela ação da NADH-diaforase. Estes preparados de membrana foram analisados ao microscópio de luz para contagem dos neurônios e através de programa computadorizado de análise de imagens foi feita a mensuração do perfil do corpo celular (PCC) desses neurônios. A análise quantitativa demonstrou diminuição no número de neurônios do duodeno nos animais que receberam 2,4-D, em ambas as técnicas (p<0,05). Predominaram nos três grupos de animais neurônios de tamanho entre 101 e 300&#956;m2. A incidência de neurônios grandes (entre 301 e 600 µm2) foi significantemente maior (p<0,05) nos animais tratados com 2,4-D. Os resultados sugerem que o 2,4-D afeta o plexo mioentérico, sendo sua ação neurotóxica manifestada pela diminuição no número de neurônios e aumento no número de neurônios grandes. / The 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) it is a herbicid thoroughly used in the agriculture and it is poisonous for the human beings and other animals. It presents neurotoxicity but its action mechanism in the nervous system is not totally known. There are evidences that herbicid actuate on selective mode in serotoninergics and dopaminergics neurons, but there isn?t significant studies to prove its discuss action on the peripheric nervous system. Among the effects succeeding of the intoxication with 2,4-D are gastrointestinal manifestations. The present work had as objective verifies the effects of the administration for 15 days of 5 &#956;g and 2,5 &#956;g/Kg of body weight of 2,4-D diluted in water in the duodenum myenteric neurons of the rats. In order to do so, 15 rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into three groups (n = 12): controls (C); treatment with 2,5&#956;g/Kg of 2,4-D (B); and treatment with 5&#956;g/Kg of 2,4-D (A). 15 days later, the animals were anesthetized, killed without pain and your duodenums were removed. The myenteric neurons were stained employing the Giemsa and the NADH-diaforase methods by means of whole mounts preparations. These whole mounts preparations were analyzed in light microscope to count the neurons and through image analysis software to measured the cellular body profile (CBP) of these neurons. The quantitative analysis evidenced reduction in the number of duodenum neurons in animals which received 2,4-D, in both techniques (p<0,05). Predominated in three groups neurons with size between 101 and 300 &#956;m2. Incidence of big neurons (between 301 e 600 &#956;m2) was significantly higher (p<0,05) in the treated with 2,4-D. The results suggest that the 2,4-D affect the myenteric plexus, and its action is expressed by reduction in neurons number and increase in incidence of big neurons.

Over the last decades the amount of weeds in our fields have noticeably decreased. The easily annihilated and susceptible species were almost eradicated by means of herbicides and agrotechnical operations. Their place was taken by more resistant species, which are a huge problem for the farmers. For this purpose I decided to make an experiment under the working circumstances. I observed the occurrence of the weeds in certain localities. Especially I concentrated on the silky bent grass (Apera spica-venti), on its occurrence, regulation, extension and susceptibility or resistance to certain herbicides. The effect of the tested herbicide combinations was statistically significant for silky bent grass as well as for the other weeds (P 0.05). The coach grass was the only exception, where the effect of these preparations was not proved, as well as Vicia cracca, Lamium purpurem, Galium aparine, Geranium pusillum (P > 0.05). However the coach grass appeared among these inconclusively responsive weeds more frequently. (P >0.05). As the results of experiment showed, the most effective combinations for elimination of the silky bent grass (Apera spica-venti) were Sumimax + Glean, Cugar Forte + Glean + Dural a Cugar Forte + Logran. All these combinations were proved to be 100% effective against the silky bent grass (Apera spica-venti). The other combinations were not 100% effective. These comprised Rapsan + Command+ Grounded with 89 % effectivity, Sumimax + Logran 91 % effectivity a Butisan+ Clomate+ Grounded 67 % effectivity. The results show that the silky bent grass (Apera spica-venti) is more susceptible to some herbicide combinations and in the fields it can be successfully reduced. On the contrary the silky bent grass (Apera spica-venti) is resilient to some other agents. From this point of view the right choice of the herbicides is crucial in next year.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-19T10:42:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Fl?vio Augusto Monteiro dos Santos.pdf: 4111195 bytes, checksum: ddcb80aea1817a4ed3fb05f0655b6ac4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-19T10:42:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Fl?vio Augusto Monteiro dos Santos.pdf: 4111195 bytes, checksum: ddcb80aea1817a4ed3fb05f0655b6ac4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-18 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Forest restoration in pastures dominated by Urochloa spp. (brachiaria) has relatively high cost, mainly due to the difficulty of controlling the populations of these species. The objective of this study was to determine the most efficient form of control for the rapid formation of afforestation, with lower maintenance costs. five different strategies were compared to control brachiaria populations in forest restoration area in the city of Bom Jardim, RJ: T1 (weeding in bands along the lines of planting and mowing between the lines); T2 (weeding in ranges in plant rows and glyphosate applications between the lines); T3 (weeding in ranges in plant rows, mowing the supplementary cover lines and fertilization for forest species); T4 (weeding in total area and consortium with herbaceous legume nitrogen fixing) and T5 (weeding in ranges in plant rows, mowing and consortium with eucalyptus between the lines). Evaluated the growth in height, diameter at ground level and length of crown ten native species of the Atlantic, as well as all costs involved in the implementation and maintenance of each treatment up to 30 months after planting. In every age assessment, forest plants showed significantly higher growth in treatments intercropped with legumes and glyphosate application. When compared to the conventional management (T1), the group formed by the ten native species grew in height, diameter at ground level and in the pantry units that received the T4 (Legumes) and T2 (Glyphosate). Both the consortium with legumes (T4) and the application of glyphosate (T2) were effective strategies in training time reductions of deployed settlement, resulting in growth gain of 78% and 58% respectively compared to the conventional management (T1 ). However, the maintenance cost of the treatment consortium with legumes (T4) was almost six times greater than the treatment of glyphosate application (T2), indicating that the latter was also the most efficient strategy for promoting growth of indigenous species at lower cost maintenance. Supplementary fertilization increased maintenance costs and growth gain was not different from the conventional treatment (T1). The cultivation of eucalyptus in the planting lines not harmed the growth of native species up to 30 months after planting. The future use of eucalyptus wood has as predicate revenue generation in the areas intended for forest restoration. Once all forest species assessed, increased in gain when intercropped with legumes, and you can anticipate the formation of the population, this strategy should be enhanced to achieve gains in efficiency. The control strategy by applying glyphosate was the most efficient, so that with only two application of this herbicide was possible to form stands to catalyze forest restoration in state of Rio de Janeiro / A restaura??o florestal em ?reas de pastagens, dominadas por Urochloa spp. (braqui?rias) apresenta custo relativamente elevado, principalmente pela dificuldade de controle das popula??es destas esp?cies. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a forma de controle mais eficaz para a r?pida forma??o do povoamento florestal, com menor custo de manuten??o. Foram comparadas cinco diferentes estrat?gias para controle de popula??es de braqui?ria em ?rea de restaura??o florestal no munic?pio de Bom Jardim, RJ: T1 (capina em faixas nas linhas de plantio e ro?adas nas entrelinhas); T2 (capina em faixas nas linhas de plantio e aplica??es do herbicida glyphosate nas entrelinhas); T3 (capina em faixas nas linhas de plantio, ro?ada nas entrelinhas e aduba??es de cobertura complementar para as esp?cies florestais); T4 (capina em ?rea total e cons?rcio com leguminosas herb?ceas fixadoras de nitrog?nio) e T5 (capina em faixas nas linhas de plantio, ro?adas e cons?rcio com eucalipto nas entrelinhas). Avaliou-se o crescimento em altura, di?metro ao n?vel do solo e comprimento de copa de dez esp?cies arb?reas nativas da Mata Atl?ntica, bem como todos os custos envolvidos na aplica??o e manuten??o de cada tratamento at? 30 meses ap?s o plantio. Em todas as ?pocas de avalia??o, as plantas florestais apresentaram crescimento significativamente superior nos tratamentos cons?rcio com leguminosas e de aplica??o de glyphosate. Quando comparadas com o manejo convencional (T1), o grupo formado pelas dez esp?cies florestais nativas cresceram mais em altura, di?metro ao n?vel do solo e de copa nas unidades que receberam o T4 (Leguminosas) e o T2 (Glyphosate). Tanto o cons?rcio com leguminosas (T4) quanto a aplica??o de glyphosate (T2) foram estrat?gias eficazes na redu??o de tempo de forma??o do povoamento implantado, resultando em ganho de crescimento de 78% e 58%, respectivamente, quando comparadas com o manejo convencional (T1). Entretanto, o custo de manuten??o no tratamento cons?rcio com leguminosas (T4) foi quase seis vezes maior que o tratamento de aplica??o de glyphosate (T2), indicando que esta ?ltima foi tamb?m a estrat?gia mais eficiente, uma vez que o r?pido crescimento das esp?cies nativas foi alcan?ado com menor custo de manuten??o. Aduba??es complementares aumentaram os custos de manuten??o e o ganho de crescimento n?o diferiu do tratamento convencional (T1). O cultivo do eucalipto nas entrelinhas de plantio n?o prejudicou o crescimento das esp?cies nativas at? os 30 meses ap?s o plantio. O uso futuro da madeira de eucalipto tem como predicativo a gera??o de receita nas ?reas destinadas ? restaura??o florestal. Uma vez que todas as esp?cies florestais avaliadas, apresentaram ganho em crescimento quando em cons?rcio com leguminosas, sendo poss?vel antecipar a forma??o do povoamento, esta estrat?gia deve ser aprimorada, visando ganhos em efici?ncia. A estrat?gia de controle por aplica??o de glyphosate foi a mais eficiente, de tal forma que com apenas duas aplica??o deste herbicida foi poss?vel formar povoamentos para catalisar a restaura??o florestal no estado do Rio de Janeiro.

Weed infestation of the arable land by persistent weeds is serious problem today. Very dangerous species occuring in all crops, not just only on the arable land, is "Elytrigia repens". It's spread is connected with decrease the level of tillage and with reduction of agrotechnical measures. The target of my thesis is to broadening of knowledges and to suggest other possible solutions of regulation of the occurrence of "Elytrigia repens". SO we did an herbicidal attempt at "Triticum aestivum", which was focused on chemical regulation of this weed. There were used three herbicidal products in different variants. Using of herbicidal products reduces the occurrence of weed species.