The study outlines the impact a community based tourism project has on poverty alleviation in Isithumba. Isithumba Adventure Tourism village is the case analysed in this study. This community based tourism project has been developed in KwaZuluNatal, a place called Isithumba found in KwaXimba Tribal Authority outside Durban. The rationale behind the study is to determine whether the Isithumba community based project had a positive impact, negative impact or no impact on the standards of living of the KwaXimba community. This has been achieved through the use of interviews conducted by the researcher in terms of which a survey questionnaire was used to obtain information from the respondents in one hundred households covered by the study. A supplementary questionnaire was also formulated to obtain background information from people who were employed in the project and other key informants. In this regard, the quantitative study was chosen to express in numerical values and to analyze what the studied community feels about the project and its impact on their lives. The study concluded that the project, which was perceived by the community to bring about positive economic, socio-cultural and environmental impact, has produced lower results than anticipated. Those who had been directly involved have witnessed positive impact in the form of job creation, entrepreneurial opportunities and skills development. However, the rest of the local community did not find the project beneficial to them. The researcher therefore concluded that community based tourism projects, if well managed and properly planned, could have positive impact on the local communities, but in this case, the impact was minimal. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.

Media promoting cultural tourism is argued to present specific romantic cultural attributes. In the case of Zulu cultural villages, the image offered is of militarism and bare-breasted maidens. The Western gaze offers the template within which such spectacle is constructed. PheZulu Safari Park is one such venture in the KwaZulu-Natal midlands that offers tourists a "uniquely African experience". Cell phones are rapidly proving to be a viable and accessible medium through which individuals can represent themselves. This dissertation evaluates the use of camera-enabled cell phones by Zulu cultural village performers. The subject-generated representation is analysed in order to assess the performers‘ view of the typical Zulu representation in the media, using a participatory video and participatory communication for development framework. A qualitative methodology was used to conduct focus groups, with field notes and unstructured interviews adding depth to the data. Thematic analysis was applied to the collected data, which included the cellphilms produced by the cultural performers. It was found that video enabled cell phones are indeed a viable technology to use in place of traditional digital video cameras in a participatory video project. The cellphilms that the participants produced negated the typical western media disseminated representation of Zulu culture, as is typified in the participants‘ performance at PheZulu Cultural Village. Although the cellphilms were not specifically targeted at promoting their cultural performance at PheZulu, significantly, it was not dismissing their performance‘s validity either. Instead, the participants used the cellphilms to express other, more personal, aspects of their culture. / M.Soc.Sc. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 2013.

The research question addressed by this dissertation is: How is the tourist experience formed and what constitutes the authenticity of the tourist experience for two market segments (motivated and not motivated by learning) of tourists visiting (political) cultural heritage sites in South Africa. The study explores the correlation between three types of authenticity, namely objective, constructed and existential on two independent tourist samples, motivated and not motivated by learning. This research was initiated for three reasons. The first reason forms part of the research problem; South African cultural experiences received the lowest ratings from the international tourists despite the fact that culture and heritage play a role in reimaging South Africa from Big 5 destination into ‘It’s possible’ and ‘Leave ordinary behind’. It was suspected that not all types of cultural heritage products justify such a low ratings, especially not the political cultural heritage sites South Africa is famous for. The second reason emerged from the academic literature on authenticity theories and calls from the influential group of postmodernist scholars to declare the objective authenticity obsolete and replace it with the existential authenticity. The argument that; the hyperreal nature of the postmodern experience and its detachment from reality makes the authenticity of the site redundant, seemed inapt for cultural heritage sites exclusively dependent on their historical and authentic values. The third reason was the inability of the postmodern paradigm to explain the new tourism phenomenon driven by the tourists search for selfdevelopment through authentic experiences. The new emerging paradigm, transmodernity seemed to offer better theoretical framework in explaining the omnivorouessness of tourists’ consumption and the authentic nature of tourist experiences. The correlational character of the research question required a descriptive correlational design and quantitative methodology. The selected research instrument for primary data collection is a self–administered questionnaire. The sampling strategy is a non–probability sampling, and the sampling method is a convenience or accidental sample. The data was collected from November 2010 to February 2011 at the Constitutional Hill National Heritage Site in Johannesburg. The final sample (436) consists of 254 foreign and 182 domestic tourists. The questionnaire was designed to identify the variables pertinent to each type of authenticity of tourists experience and of the resultant tourist experience. The data analysis provided very interesting results. Firstly, the results of crosstabulation proved that more than half (56%) of the tourists expressed strong agreement that the Constitution Hill provided them with authentic experience, hence a proof that political heritage sites are not responsible for the overall low experiential ratings of the country’s culture and heritage. Secondly, the results of the Spearman’s correlation coefficient proved that objective authenticity as an independent variable have strong positive correlation with constructed and existential authenticity hence a proof that objective authenticity cannot be declared obsolete and replaced with existential authenticity. Finally, the results of the t–test proved that motivation for learning and place of birth do not play an important role in how tourist evaluate and experience the authenticity of the site pointing to the omnivorous nature of tourist consumption. In line with the transmodern paradigm, motivation for learning plays a critical role in triggering the transformative, authentic experience distinctive of the existential authenticity. The results of the study also showed that 32% of tourists are in fact the purposeful, New Age, transmodern Cultural Creatives. Proposed theoretical model of authenticity of tourists experience presents a theoretical platform for future research studies. / Thesis (M.A. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

The research question addressed by this dissertation is: How is the tourist experience formed and what constitutes the authenticity of the tourist experience for two market segments (motivated and not motivated by learning) of tourists visiting (political) cultural heritage sites in South Africa. The study explores the correlation between three types of authenticity, namely objective, constructed and existential on two independent tourist samples, motivated and not motivated by learning. This research was initiated for three reasons. The first reason forms part of the research problem; South African cultural experiences received the lowest ratings from the international tourists despite the fact that culture and heritage play a role in reimaging South Africa from Big 5 destination into ‘It’s possible’ and ‘Leave ordinary behind’. It was suspected that not all types of cultural heritage products justify such a low ratings, especially not the political cultural heritage sites South Africa is famous for. The second reason emerged from the academic literature on authenticity theories and calls from the influential group of postmodernist scholars to declare the objective authenticity obsolete and replace it with the existential authenticity. The argument that; the hyperreal nature of the postmodern experience and its detachment from reality makes the authenticity of the site redundant, seemed inapt for cultural heritage sites exclusively dependent on their historical and authentic values. The third reason was the inability of the postmodern paradigm to explain the new tourism phenomenon driven by the tourists search for selfdevelopment through authentic experiences. The new emerging paradigm, transmodernity seemed to offer better theoretical framework in explaining the omnivorouessness of tourists’ consumption and the authentic nature of tourist experiences. The correlational character of the research question required a descriptive correlational design and quantitative methodology. The selected research instrument for primary data collection is a self–administered questionnaire. The sampling strategy is a non–probability sampling, and the sampling method is a convenience or accidental sample. The data was collected from November 2010 to February 2011 at the Constitutional Hill National Heritage Site in Johannesburg. The final sample (436) consists of 254 foreign and 182 domestic tourists. The questionnaire was designed to identify the variables pertinent to each type of authenticity of tourists experience and of the resultant tourist experience. The data analysis provided very interesting results. Firstly, the results of crosstabulation proved that more than half (56%) of the tourists expressed strong agreement that the Constitution Hill provided them with authentic experience, hence a proof that political heritage sites are not responsible for the overall low experiential ratings of the country’s culture and heritage. Secondly, the results of the Spearman’s correlation coefficient proved that objective authenticity as an independent variable have strong positive correlation with constructed and existential authenticity hence a proof that objective authenticity cannot be declared obsolete and replaced with existential authenticity. Finally, the results of the t–test proved that motivation for learning and place of birth do not play an important role in how tourist evaluate and experience the authenticity of the site pointing to the omnivorous nature of tourist consumption. In line with the transmodern paradigm, motivation for learning plays a critical role in triggering the transformative, authentic experience distinctive of the existential authenticity. The results of the study also showed that 32% of tourists are in fact the purposeful, New Age, transmodern Cultural Creatives. Proposed theoretical model of authenticity of tourists experience presents a theoretical platform for future research studies. / Thesis (M.A. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

The thesis is an examination of Aboriginal cultural tourism based on interviews with national and international tourists. The research found that the opportunity for tourists to share personal intimacy with Aboriginal people often outweighed the attraction to the cultural aspects of the tours and that this can contribute to the discourse of reconciliation.

The thesis is an examination of Aboriginal cultural tourism based on interviews with national and international tourists. The research found that the opportunity for tourists to share personal intimacy with Aboriginal people often outweighed the attraction to the cultural aspects of the tours and that this can contribute to the discourse of reconciliation.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: European cities offer a variety of attractions, activities and facilities to tourists. One component of tourism in this urban context is cultural tourism which is a high potential growth sector within the tourism industry. Cultural tourists travel to cities mainly to see the most important and well known cultural attractions, to take part in cultural festivities, to view the cultural treasures of the cities and to attend performances and exhibitions. Other functions and activities such as retail functions and types also occur in the vicinity of the important cultural attractions of a city. Amongst these activities and functions are shops, cafés and restaurants. In an area of a city where cultural attractions and retail types coexist, the possibility exits that a spatial relationship between cultural tourism and retailing may occur in the sense that the tourists who visit these attractions may support the retail establishments in the vicinity of cultural attractions. The city of Leuven in Belgium is a typical West European city with a variety of cultural tourist attractions as well as functions which can be supportive of cultural tourism. These functions include shops, cafés and restaurants. An investigation was conducted to establish whether a spatial relationship exists between cultural tourism and retail activities in the part of Leuven known as the Ring. The geographical information systems TransCad, Arc/Info en ArcView were used for the processing and analysis of retail and cultural tourism data gathered in the Ring of Leuven. Three analytical procedures were performed separately for shops, cafés and restaurants. These procedures comprised (a) the determination of the numbers and types of supportive functions around the most important cultural-historical tourist attractions, (b) the determination of the numbers and types of supportive functions along the routes to cultural-historical sites from tourist points of origin, and (c) the determination of the numbers and types of supportive functions along guided-walk routes in the city. The analysis results show that a (spatial) relationship does exist between retail and cultural tourism in the Ring of Leuven. On average 44% of the retail functions (shops, cafés and restaurants) are located within a distance of up to saam from the six most important cultural building attractions in Leuven (procedure 1). Retail functions on guided-walk routes totalled 48% with cafés and restaurants being the most abundant (procedure 3). Only 19% of retail functions are located between points of origin and cultural building attractions (procedure 2). A more detailed study should be conducted to establish the exact nature of the spatial relationship which exists between retail and cultural tourism in the Ring of Leuven. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Europese stede bied 'n reeks attraksies, aktiwiteite en fasiliteite vir toeriste. Een komponent van die breër term toerisme in hierdie stedelike konteks is kulturele toerisme wat 'n baie sterk groeisektor binne die toerismemark is. Kulturele toeriste besoek stede hoofsaaklik met die doelom die belangrikste en bekendste kulturele attraksies te besigtig, om aan kulturele feeste deel te neem, die kunsskatte van stede te betrag en om teateropvoerings en tentoonstellings by te woon. In die nabyheid van die belangrikste kulturele attraksies van 'n stad kom ook ander funksies en aktiwiteite soos kleinhandelsfunksies en -tipes voor. Hieronder ressorteer onder andere winkels, cafés en restaurante. In die gedeelte van 'n stad waar kulturele attraksies en kleinhandelstipes naby mekaar voorkom, kan die moontlikheid bestaan van 'n ruimtelike verwantskap tussen kulturele toerisme en kleinhandel, in dié sin dat toeriste wat die attraksies besoek, moontlik ook die kleinhandelstipes wat in die nabyheid van die kulturele attraksies voorkom, salondersteun. Die stad Leuven in België is 'n tipiese voorbeeld van 'n Wes-Europese stad met 'n verskeidenheid kulturele toeriste-attraksies asook funksies wat kulturele toerisme ondersteun. Hierdie ondersteunende funksies sluit winkels, cafés en restaurante in. In die deel van Leuven wat as die Ring bekend staan, is ondersoek ingestel na die voorkoms, al dan nie, van 'n ruimtelike verwantskap tussen kulturele toerisme en kleinhandel. Die geografiese inligtingstelsels TransCad, Arc/Info en ArcView is ingespan vir die verwerking en analise van data oor kleinhandel en kulturele toerisme in die Ring van Leuven. Drie ontledingsprosedures is afsonderlk uitgevoer vir winkels, cafés en restaurante. Hierdie prosedures behels (a) die bepaling van die aantal en tipes ondersteunende funksies rondom die belangrikste kultuurhistoriese toeristeattraksies; (b) die bepaling van die aantal en tipe ondersteunende funksies langs die roetes tussen die toeriste-oorsprongpunte en die belangrikste kultuurhistoriese toeriste-attraksies; en (c) die bepaling van die aantal en tipe ondersteunende funksies langs begeleide stadswandelroetes. Die analiseresultate wys dat 'n verwantskap tussen kleinhandel en kulturele toerisme, ruimtelik-gesproke, wel in die Ring van Leuven bestaan. Só is gemiddeld 44% van die kleinhandelsfunksies (winkels, cafés en restaurante) tot op In afstand van SOOmvanaf die ses belangrikste kulturele gebou-attraksies in Leuven geleë (prosedure 1). Ook kom 48% van die kleinhandelsfunksies langs die roetes van begeleide stadswandelinge voor. Hier is dit egter die cafés en restaurante wat die grootste proporsies uitmaak (prosedure 3). 'n Gemiddelde proporsie van slegs 19% van die kleinhandelsfunksies kom tussen oorsprongpunte en die belangrikste kulturele gebou-attraksies voor. 'n Meer omvattende studie moet onderneem word om vas te stel watter tipe ruimtelike verwantskap tussen kleinhandel en kulturele toerisme binne Leuven se Ring voorkom.

This is a study with the purpose of looking over the pattern of consumption of people visiting tourist attractions associated with war, death and suffering; dark tourism. The demarcation of the work has been to look into attractions inside the Stockholm area which do commercial business with the three aspects of dark tourism. With the help of qualitative and quantitative methods, the authors have collected the material needed for the purpose of the study. These qualitative methods have been interviews with visitors of dark tourism and the commercial business themselves, and with observations on three different attractions in Stockholm. The quantitative method, together with some qualitative aspects, has been a poll, with in-depth questions, to get an understanding of the subject at hand. The places for the observations was Stockholm Ghost Walk, the Vasa museum, and the Army museum. As a result of the study, the authors learned that most visitors didn’t know about dark tourism and that they were, in fact, visiting attractions that was called dark. The phenomena itself was unknown to most of them even though they all had visited at least one place under the dark tourism phenomena. / Detta är en undersökning vars syfte är att se över människors konsumtionsmönster på platser associerade med krig, död och lidande; mörk turism. Avgränsningen för arbetet har varit till de attraktioner i Stockholmsområdet som gör kommersiellt nöje av dessa tre aspekter. Med hjälp av kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder har författarna samlat in det material de behöver för arbetets syfte. Dessa har varit kvalitativa intervjuer med besökare och aktörer på den mörka turism-marknaden i Sverige och observationer på tre attraktioner, samt en kvalitativ och kvantitativ enkät som förarbete för att få en förståelse kring ämnet. De platser som observerades var Stockholm Ghost Walk i Gamla Stan, Vasamuseet samt Armémuseet. Resultatet visar att mörk turism inte alltid är uppenbart som fenomen för besökaren, även om det är ett fenomen som ofta besöks.

Para que um evento assuma sua responsabilidade ambiental, é preciso que o mesmo contabilize a variável ambiental em todas as fases de seu planejamento. A presente investigação propõe-se a examinar as relações estabelecidas entre a variável ambiental e um evento turístico. Assim, o problema de pesquisa decorre da seguinte indagação: a variável ambiental é considerada no planejamento da Festa Nacional da Uva 2006? Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo é identificar a consideração da variável ambiental no planejamento da Festa Nacional da Uva 2006, realizada na cidade de Caxias do Sul, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Aliados ao objetivo geral, destacam-se os seguintes objetivos específicos: a) verificar as relações estabelecidas entre a informação ambiental e o planejamento da Festa da Uva; b) identificar as condições de manejo dos resíduos sólidos gerados na Festa da Uva; c) examinar o princípio da prevenção da geração de resíduos sólidos no planejamento da Festa da Uva; d) identificar ações de educação ambiental no planejamento da Festa da Uva; e) examinar as variáveis água, energia elétrica e água residuária no planejamento da Festa da Uva; f) verificar a consideração do critério ambiental na escolha dos patrocinadores e expositores da Festa da Uva. Para atender aos objetivos propostos, foram realizadas observações diretas no âmbito da Festa da Uva, em dois momentos distintos. Também foram entrevistados 19 sujeitos, os quais correspondem ao presidente, aos vicespresidentes e aos diretores das comissões organizadoras da Festa da Uva. As perguntas que compõem o roteiro de entrevista relacionam-se: a) às práticas ambientais; b) a resíduos sólidos; c) à divulgação da Festa; d) aos expositores e patrocinadores; e) aos desfiles; f) às olimpíadas coloniais; g) à água; h) à energia; i) à água residuária (esgoto). Os resultados obtidos com a pesquisa permitem concluir que existem ações ambientais implantadas de forma isolada na Festa da Uva. Entretanto, é importante construir um novo conceito de planejamento para a Festa da Uva, em que se contemple efetivamente a variável ambiental. Nesse sentido, cabe aos cursos de graduação em turismo e hotelaria e aos cursos stricto sensu em turismo desenvolverem estudos que contemplem a variável ambiental. Como foi possível constatar com a realização da pesquisa, ainda há relações que precisam ser estabelecidas entre a variável ambiental e o planejamento de eventos turísticos. Cabe, portanto, um novo olhar aos eventos turísticos, planejando-os sob a ótica ambiental. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-10-08T11:36:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Gisele Silva Pereira.pdf: 943157 bytes, checksum: f57d2cbb91a2b9c7b76bf14e14707417 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-08T11:36:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Gisele Silva Pereira.pdf: 943157 bytes, checksum: f57d2cbb91a2b9c7b76bf14e14707417 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / An event needs to work out the environmental variable during all planning’s phases in order to accept its environmental responsibility. This present research plans to examine the established relationships between the environmental variable and a tourist event. Therefore, the subject of research originated from the following question: is the environmental variable considered when planning the National Grape Festival 2006? With this in mind, the objective of this study is to identify the consideration given to the environmental variable when planning the National Grape Festival 2006, which happened in Caxias do Sul – RS – Brazil. Along with the general objective, the following specific objectives are pointed out: a) to check the established relationships between environmental information and the Festival’s planning; b) to identify how solid waste produced at the Festival is handled; c) to examine the solid waste prevention principle at the Festival’s planning; d) to identify environmental education actions at the Festival’s planning; e) to examine water, eletric power and residuary water’s variables at the Festival’s planning; f) to check environmental criterion consideration when choosing the Festival’s sponsors and exhbitors. In an effort to meet the objectives suggested, direct observation was carried out regarding the Grape Festival at two different periods of time. On top of that, 19 people were interviewed, including the chairman, vice-chairman and the directors of the Festival’s organizing commitee. The interview script consisted of questions concerning: a) environmental practices; b) solid waste; c) Festival’s advertising; d) sponsors and exhbitors; e) parades; f) local Olympic Games; g) water; h) power; i) residuary water (sewage). Through the results obtained in the research, we are able to conclude that there are many environmental actions introduced in an isolated manner at the Festival. However it is important to build a new planning concept for it, which might effectively include the environmental variable. With regards to it, undergraduate courses such as tourism, hotel management and stricto sensu tourism have responsibility for developing studies which consider the environmental variable. As it was possible to conclude through the research, there are many relationships yet to be established between the environmental variable and tourist events’ planning. Therefore, a new look at tourist events, planning them under an environmental view, is essencial.

Para que um evento assuma sua responsabilidade ambiental, é preciso que o mesmo contabilize a variável ambiental em todas as fases de seu planejamento. A presente investigação propõe-se a examinar as relações estabelecidas entre a variável ambiental e um evento turístico. Assim, o problema de pesquisa decorre da seguinte indagação: a variável ambiental é considerada no planejamento da Festa Nacional da Uva 2006? Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo é identificar a consideração da variável ambiental no planejamento da Festa Nacional da Uva 2006, realizada na cidade de Caxias do Sul, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Aliados ao objetivo geral, destacam-se os seguintes objetivos específicos: a) verificar as relações estabelecidas entre a informação ambiental e o planejamento da Festa da Uva; b) identificar as condições de manejo dos resíduos sólidos gerados na Festa da Uva; c) examinar o princípio da prevenção da geração de resíduos sólidos no planejamento da Festa da Uva; d) identificar ações de educação ambiental no planejamento da Festa da Uva; e) examinar as variáveis água, energia elétrica e água residuária no planejamento da Festa da Uva; f) verificar a consideração do critério ambiental na escolha dos patrocinadores e expositores da Festa da Uva. Para atender aos objetivos propostos, foram realizadas observações diretas no âmbito da Festa da Uva, em dois momentos distintos. Também foram entrevistados 19 sujeitos, os quais correspondem ao presidente, aos vicespresidentes e aos diretores das comissões organizadoras da Festa da Uva. As perguntas que compõem o roteiro de entrevista relacionam-se: a) às práticas ambientais; b) a resíduos sólidos; c) à divulgação da Festa; d) aos expositores e patrocinadores; e) aos desfiles; f) às olimpíadas coloniais; g) à água; h) à energia; i) à água residuária (esgoto). Os resultados obtidos com a pesquisa permitem concluir que existem ações ambientais implantadas de forma isolada na Festa da Uva. Entretanto, é importante construir um novo conceito de planejamento para a Festa da Uva, em que se contemple efetivamente a variável ambiental. Nesse sentido, cabe aos cursos de graduação em turismo e hotelaria e aos cursos stricto sensu em turismo desenvolverem estudos que contemplem a variável ambiental. Como foi possível constatar com a realização da pesquisa, ainda há relações que precisam ser estabelecidas entre a variável ambiental e o planejamento de eventos turísticos. Cabe, portanto, um novo olhar aos eventos turísticos, planejando-os sob a ótica ambiental. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / An event needs to work out the environmental variable during all planning’s phases in order to accept its environmental responsibility. This present research plans to examine the established relationships between the environmental variable and a tourist event. Therefore, the subject of research originated from the following question: is the environmental variable considered when planning the National Grape Festival 2006? With this in mind, the objective of this study is to identify the consideration given to the environmental variable when planning the National Grape Festival 2006, which happened in Caxias do Sul – RS – Brazil. Along with the general objective, the following specific objectives are pointed out: a) to check the established relationships between environmental information and the Festival’s planning; b) to identify how solid waste produced at the Festival is handled; c) to examine the solid waste prevention principle at the Festival’s planning; d) to identify environmental education actions at the Festival’s planning; e) to examine water, eletric power and residuary water’s variables at the Festival’s planning; f) to check environmental criterion consideration when choosing the Festival’s sponsors and exhbitors. In an effort to meet the objectives suggested, direct observation was carried out regarding the Grape Festival at two different periods of time. On top of that, 19 people were interviewed, including the chairman, vice-chairman and the directors of the Festival’s organizing commitee. The interview script consisted of questions concerning: a) environmental practices; b) solid waste; c) Festival’s advertising; d) sponsors and exhbitors; e) parades; f) local Olympic Games; g) water; h) power; i) residuary water (sewage). Through the results obtained in the research, we are able to conclude that there are many environmental actions introduced in an isolated manner at the Festival. However it is important to build a new planning concept for it, which might effectively include the environmental variable. With regards to it, undergraduate courses such as tourism, hotel management and stricto sensu tourism have responsibility for developing studies which consider the environmental variable. As it was possible to conclude through the research, there are many relationships yet to be established between the environmental variable and tourist events’ planning. Therefore, a new look at tourist events, planning them under an environmental view, is essencial.