Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-09-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:00:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fiori_ms_me_botfca.pdf: 522826 bytes, checksum: 2fdad663a43818ad507dbf71d1ee69b9 (MD5) / As plantas defendem-se continuamente contra ataques de bactérias, vírus, fungos, invertebrados e outras plantas. O estresse oxidativo é um tipo de resposta fisiológica da planta após o reconhecimento do patógeno, podendo resultar em sintomas diversos, dependendo da sensibilidade, e dos mecanismos de defesa da planta hospedira. Situações de estresse impostas por diversos fatores, como de estresse biótico, que resulta da ação de micro-organismos patogênicos, nematóides e artrópodes e de interações simbióticas bactéria/cianobactéria/fungoplanta, são de enorme relevância para o crescimento, desenvolvimento, produtividade e sobrevivência dos hospedeiros. A antracnose causada por Colletotrichum gloeosporoides, constitui um sério problema para a cultura da seringueira [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. Ex Adr. De Juss) Müell. Arg.] no Estado de São Paulo. Este fungo ataca diversas partes da planta ou atua como saprófita associado a outros patógenos, prejudicando o crescimento, desenvolvimento e a produtividade. Foram analisadas alterações bioquímicas em folhas de mudas de três clones de seringueira RRIM 600, GT1 e PR255 infectadas pelo fungo C. gloeosporoides, observando os indicadores de estresse oxidativo (lipoperóxidos, peróxido de hidrogênio, pigmentos fotossintéticos e açúcares solúveis) e enzimas antioxidantes (glutationa S-transferase- GST, superóxido dismutase-SOD e peroxidase-POD) relacionadas com proteção contra estresse. Neste trabalho foi observado que a infecção por C. gloesosporoides em plantas H. brasiliensis causa estresse oxidativo, detectado pelo aumento dos teores de peróxido de hidrogênio, acúmulo de carboidratos solúveis e degradação dos teores de clorofila a, b e total. A elevação da atividade das enzimas antioxidantes, GST, SOD e POD nos clones... / Plants defend themselves against attacks by continuously bacteria, viruses, fungi, invertebrates and plants. Oxidative stress is a type of physiological response of plants after pathogen recognition and may result in various symptoms, depending on the sensitivity of the host and the mechanisms of plant defense. Situations of stress imposed by various factors such as the examples of biotic stress, which results from the action of pathogenic microorganisms, nematodes and arthropods and symbiotic interactions of bacteria / cyanobacteria / plant-fungus are of great significance to the level of growth, development, productivity and survival of the hosts. The anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporoides, is a serious problem for the cultivation of rubber [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. Ex Adr. De Juss) Müell. Arg.] in São Paulo State. This fungus attacks the plant parts or acts as a saprophyte associated with other pathogens hampering growth, development and productivity. It was analyzed biochemical changes in leaves of seedlings of three tree clones RRIM 600, PR255 GT1 and infected by C. gloeosporoides, such as, indicators of oxidative stress (lipoperoxides, hydrogen peroxide, photosynthetic pigments and soluble sugars) and antioxidant enzymes (glutathione Stransferase- GST, superoxide dismutase-SOD and peroxidase-POD) related to protection against stress. In this study it was observed that... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

A borracha natural é uma matéria-prima importante na fabricação de urna variedade de artefatos. Atualmente, o Estado de São Paulo é o maior produtor de borracha natural do país. Para as indústrias de transformação de materiais poliméricos é importante que a matéria-prima tenha qualidade e uniformidade. Neste sentido, esse trabalho avaliou as variações intra e interclonais e os efeitos do tipo de coagulação e do porta-enxerto nas propriedades da borracha natural, visando à avaliação da uniformidade da mesma. Foram estudados diferentes clones de seringueira como o RRIM 600, IAN 873 e GT 1. O projeto foi desenvolvido em colaboração com o Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), que vem avaliando a interação genótipo versus ambiente de clones seringueira [Hevea brasilienses (Willd. Ex Adr. de Juss.) Muell. Arg.] recomendados para o plantio no Estado de São Paulo. A avaliação da borracha natural foi realizada através de ensaios padrões e técnicas de espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), análise termogravimétrica (TG), análise termo dinâmico-mecânica (DMTA) e nanoindentação. Os resultados mostraram que as propriedades da borracha são uniformes dentro de um mesmo clone. Já o estudo da variação interclonal das propriedades avaliadas mostrou que existem diferenças significativas entre as borrachas dos clones para todas as propriedades estudadas. As propriedades da borracha são uniformes independentemente do porta-enxerto (RRIM 600, PB 235, SNS, GT 1, IAN 873), utilizado nos clones, com exceção da viscosidade Mooney. No estudo do efeito dos tratamentos de estocagem e coagulação, os resultados mostraram que a coagulação química do látex resulta em borrachas com altos valores de plasticidade e viscosidade. Já para as amostras coaguladas espontaneamente, observou-se que aquelas estocadas por períodos não superiores a 7 dias apresentaram melhores propriedades de plasticidade, viscosidade e PRI, de acordo com as normas da ABNT e da literatura internacional. No estudo das propriedades da borracha natural via técnica de nanoindentação, concluiu-se que a técnica é uma ferramenta que deve ser melhor explorada para a determinação das propriedades da borracha em nanoeseala. De uma forma geral, o trabalho desenvolvido nesta tese de doutorado apresenta resultados inéditos de um estudo sistemático sobre a variação das propriedades da borracha natural e vem contribuir com mais uma etapa do estudo que vem sendo feito pela Embrapa e pelo IAC de avaliação dos aspectos agronômicos da seringueira e das propriedades do produto pós-colheita / Natural rubber is an important raw material used for manufacturing a large variety of products. Nowadays the state of São Paulo is the largest producer of natural rubber in Brazil. Polymeric material industries need raw materiais with high quality and uniformity. In this sense, the proposal of this work was to study and evaluate the properties of natural rubber in order to assess the quality of the product. In the study reported here, the intra and inter dona! variations were analyzed systematically. In addition, the effect of rootstocks and methods of coagulation on the properties of natural rubber were investigated. This project was developed in collaboration with Agronomic Institute of Campinas that investigates the agronomic aspects of rubber tree [Hevea brasilienses (Willd. Ex Adr. de Juss.) Muell. Arg.] clones for wide-scale plantation in various regions of São Paulo State. The evaluation of natural rubber\'s quality was done using standard methods of industry and other techniques such as infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA), dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMTA) and nanoindentation. Results showed that the properties of natural rubber do not change among trees of the same clone. Besides, it was found that the rootstocks (RRIM 600, PB 236 SNS, GT 1 and IAN 873) have no marked influence in the properties of natural rubber clones (RRIM 600 and PB 235). On the other hand, the results of interclonal study have shown highly and significant variations among clones for the rubber properties evaluatcd. Other investigation carried out was the effect of coagulation and storage. Results showed that chemical coagulation and larger periods of storage yields rubber with high values of plasticity and viscosity. Nanoindentation studies of natural rubber demonstrated that this technique might be improved to study elastomers at nanoscale levei. In this sense, the work developed shows a systematic study on the evaluation of natural rubber clones that has not previously performed. It contributes with one more step in the study that has been developed by Embrapa and IAC to improve the quality of natural rubber in São Paulo

Defeitos ósseos assumem importância na crescente prevalência de condições crônicas de saúde, agravando-se conforme o envelhecimento da população. O tratamento convencional baseia-se no transplante autólogo e abordagens extremamente invasivas. Uma proposta promissora é a obtenção de tecidos saudáveis em laboratórios utilizando suportes tridimensionais porosos (scaffolds) que atuarão como arcabouço para o crescimento e diferenciação de células tronco mesenquimais (CTMs) podendo ser otimizados para proporcionar adequada vascularização, uma importante característica na regeneração óssea. CTMs apresentam potencial de diferenciação, imunoregulação e angiogênese. O pico proteico F1 do soro do látex da seringueira Hevea brasiliensis apresenta importante atividade angiogênica e cicatrizante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a influência de scaffolds de policaprolactona (PCL) colonizados com CTMs na osteogênese experimental in vitro e in vivo (xenotransplante), a segurança e a influência do pico F1 do látex em cultura de CTMs aplicadas no scaffold de PCL e PCL reforçado com diferentes concentrações de grafeno (PCL/grafeno) na proliferação e diferenciação osteogênica. Para isso, as CTMs foram isoladas do tecido adiposo humano (ADSCs), caracterizadas por imunofenotipagem e diferenciação in vitro. Scaffolds de PCL, produzidos por técnica de manufatura aditiva, foram avaliados quanto ao potencial de adesão/viabilidade celular (ensaio MTT), diferenciação osteogênica (vermelho de alizarina) e potencial in vivo de osteointegração e osteoindução em defeito crítico de calvária avaliados por histologia e imunoistoquímica. O pico F1 do látex, em diferentes concentrações, foi avaliado em cultura de ADSCs e fibroblastos 3T3 quanto a citotoxicidade (MTT), potencial proliferativo (timidina-tritiada), migratório (scratch assay) e indução osteogênica (fosfatase alcalina). Scaffolds de PCL foram reforçados com grafeno (PCL/grafeno), revestidos com pico F1 (adsorção), avaliados quanto a viabilidade/proliferação celular (Alamar blue) e diferenciação osteogênica (fosfatase alcalina e vermelho de alizarina). A imunofenotipagem das ADSCs demonstrou baixa percentagem para marcadores negativos, alta para os positivos e diferenciação in vitro, comprovando o sucesso do isolamento e manutenção das ADSCs. O scaffold de PCL apresentou não-toxicidade e diferenciação osteogênica induzida pelo meio de cultura. Scaffolds de PCL, pré-colonizado e não colonizado com ADSCs, foram implantados em defeito crítico de calvária de ratos. O grupo que recebeu scaffolds com ADSCs humanas proporcionou melhor formação óssea no animal, com participação direta e indireta das ADSCs neste processo. Nos ensaios in vitro com o pico F1 (cultura 2D), observou-se estímulo proliferativo para as concentrações de 0.00001% e 0.0001%, além de maior percentagem de migração celular para as concentrações de 0.001%, 0.0001% e 0.00001%, diferentes do controle. Os scaffolds de PCL/grafeno demonstraram estimulo proliferativo quando colonizados por ADSCs e este estímulo foi ainda maior em scaffolds revestidos com F1, principalmente na concentração de 0.75% de grafeno. Embora o pico F1 não tenha potencializado a diferenciação osteogênico em cultura 2D, este estímulo foi observado em scaffolds revestidos com F1 com superior atividade da fosfatase alcalina. Este trabalho demonstrou sucesso no emprego de ADSCs humanas e scaffolds in vitro e in vivo (transplante xenogênico) para regeneração óssea, além de apresentar dois promissores produtos para engenharia tecidual como os scaffolds com reforço de grafeno em baixas concentrações e o pico proteico F1 na proliferação e diferenciação celular. / The increment of life expectancy and frequency of chronic diseases in the population has led to an increasing incidence of chronic bone defects. Conventional treatment is based on autologous transplantation, which depends on extremely invasive approaches. A promising proposal is to obtain healthy tissues in laboratories using porous three-dimensional matriz (scaffolds), which enable cellular growth and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Scaffolds can be optimized to provide adequate vascularization, a critical event to bone regeneration. MSCs have potential for differentiation, immunoregulation and angiogenesis. F1 natural latex protein from Hevea brasiliensis rubber tree presents important angiogenic and healing activity. The objective of this work was to investigate the influence of pre-colonized polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds on experimental in vitro and in vivo osteogenesis (xenotransplantation) and also the safety and influence of F1 protein on MSCs seeded on PCL and PCL reinforced with different concentrations of graphene scaffolds (PCL/graphene) in cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. MSCs were isolated from human adipose tissue (ADSCs), characterized by positive and negative markers and also in vitro differentiation. PCL Scaffolds, produced by an additive manufacturing technique, were evaluated for cell adhesion/viability potential (MTT assay), osteogenic differentiation (alizarin red) and in vivo xenogenic grafting potential for osteointegration and osteoinduction evaluated by histology and immunohistochemistry. F1 latex protein, prepared in different concentrations, was evaluated in contact with ADSCs and 3T3 fibroblasts culture in vitro regarding to cytotoxicity (MTT), proliferative potential (tritiated thymidine), migratory (scratch assay) and osteogenic induction (alkaline phosphatase). PCL scaffolds were reinforced with graphene (PCL/graphene scaffolds), coated with F1 protein (adsorption) and evaluated for cell viability/proliferation assay (Alamar blue) and osteogenic differentiation (alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red). ADSCs showed low percentage for negative markers, high percentage for positive markers and differentiation properties in vitro, providing enough information on the successful isolation and maintenance of human ADSCs. PCL scaffolds showed non-toxicity activity and osteogenic differentiation induced by culture medium. PCL scaffolds, pre-colonized and non-colonized with ADSCs, were implanted in a critical calvarial defect in rats. The group of rats which received scaffolds with ADSCs to treat the bone defect had improved bone formation with direct and indirect participation of ADSCs to the bone repair process. To in vitro assays with F1 (2D culture model), proliferative stimulus was observed to F1 0.00001% and 0.0001% samples, in addition to a higher percentage of cell migration to 0.001% and 0.0001%, different from control. PCL/graphene scaffolds demonstrated proliferative stimulation when colonized by ADSCs and this stimulus was even higher to F1 coated PCL/graphene scaffolds, mainly to 0.75% graphene. Although F1 have not enhanced osteogenic differentiation on 2D cell culture model, the stimulus was observed to F1 coated scaffolds with higher alkaline phosphatase activity. This work demonstrated success in the use of ADSCs and scaffolds for bone regeneration and presented two promising products to be applied in tissue engineering field, such as, scaffolds with graphene reinforcement at low concentration and F1 latex protein to improve cell proliferation and differentiation.

Le caoutchouc naturel produit du latex d'Hevea brasiliensis a des propriétés remarquables qui n'ont jamais été égalées par ses homologues synthétiques. Toutefois, ce matériau d'origine naturel présente un désavantage : la variabilité non négligeable de ses propriétés. Cette dernière est partiellement attribuée aux 3 à 5 % de composés non isoprènes (lipides, protéines, sucres et minéraux) présents dans le caoutchouc naturel. Parmi les facteurs pouvant être tenus comme responsables de cette variabilité, l'origine clonale semble prépondérante. L'objectif principal de cette étude était d'évaluer l'impact de l'origine clonale sur la variabilité en composition biochimique du latex (lipides, protéines, sucres et éléments minéraux) et sur les caractéristiques mésostructurales du caoutchouc naturel; puis d'étudier les relations pouvant exister entre le génotype, la composition biochimique du latex et la mésostructure du caoutchouc. Cette étude a été conduite sur 5 clones d'Hevea brasiliensis : GT1, RRIM600, PB235, PB217 et PB260. Des études préalables à la caractérisation clonale ont permis de déterminer les conditions d'échantillonnage à mettre en œuvre pour pratiquer des prélèvements de latex clonaux les plus représentatifs possible des clones. Le latex étant un matériau instable, il été choisi de travailler sur du latex lyophilisé pour l'analyse de tous les composés biochimiques du latex (autres que les lipides) et pour l'étude de la mésostructure du caoutchouc naturel. Des protocoles d'extractions des protéines et des sucres sur lyophilisat de latex ont été développés en se basant sur les propriétés de solubilisation du caoutchouc naturel en milieu organique. L'extraction des lipides a été réalisée en suivant le protocole mis au point sur plantation sur latex frais par Liengrayoon (Liengprayoon, 2008). Les différents résultats obtenus au niveau de la composition biochimique du latex et de la mésostructure du caoutchouc ont permis de mettre en évidence l'importante de l'origine clonale des latex. L'étude des relations entre le génotype et la composition biochimique du latex (ACP) a clairement montré que l'origine clonale jouait un rôle important dans la variabilité totale des données biochimiques du latex. Les analyses des relations entre la biochimie du latex et la mésostructure du caoutchouc naturel ont permis de mettre en évidence des corrélations intéressantes des lipides et des protéines avec la mésostructure (essentiellement Mn et I). Cette analyse biochimique clonale des latex s'est révélée pertinente pour étudier la diversité clonale et ses répercutions sur la mésostructure du caoutchouc naturel. Cette approche de la diversité clonale d'Hevea brasiliensis, ainsi que les connaissances acquises lors de cette étude constituent une base de données solide à compléter par des études futures sur des plantations différentes, des clones différents et des analyses biochimiques et structurales plus poussées. / Natural rubber produced from Hevea brasiliensis latex possesses remarkable properties which have not been matched by its synthetic counterparts. However, this natural origin material presents a disadvantage: the significant variability of its properties. This variability has been partly ascribed to the 3 to 5% non isoprene components (lipids, proteins, sugars and minerals) present in the natural rubber. Among the factors that could be held responsible for this variability, clonal origin seems to be decisive.The main aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of clonal origin on the biochemical latex composition and on natural rubber mésostructural characteristics and also to study relationships between genotype, latex biochemical composition and rubber mesostructure. This study was conducted with five Hevea brasiliensis clones: GT1, RRIM600, PB235, PB217 and PB260. Before clonal characterization, preliminary studies were performed to determine the suitable sampling conditions in order to get the latex samples that represented as much as possible the clones. Fresh latex is an unstable material. It was decided to work on freeze-dried latex for the biochemical components analysis (except lipids) and for the natural rubber mesostructure study. Protocols for proteins and sugars' extractions on freeze-dried latex have been developed on the natural rubber solubilizing properties in organic media. Lipids extractions was performed according to the protocol developed by Liengrayoon (Liengprayoon , 2008) on fresh latex.The different results obtained on the latex biochemical composition and the natural rubber mesostructure allowed to clearly observe the clonal origin importance. Study of relationships between genotype and latex biochemical composition (PCA) has clearly shown that the clonal origin played an important role in the total variability of latex biochemical data. Analysis of relationships between latex biochemistry and natural rubber mesostructure helped highlight interesting correlations of lipids and proteins with mesostructure (mainly Mn and I).This biochemical analysis of clonal latex has proved to be appropriate for studying the clonal diversity and its repercussions on the natural rubber mesostructure. This approach of Hevea brasiliensis clonal diversity, and the knowledge gained from this study, provides a solid basis to be completed by further studies on different plantations, different clones and further biochemical and structural analyses.

Hevea brasiliensis est la seule source commerciale du caoutchouc naturel. La maladie CLF (Corynespora Leaf Fall) provoquée par le champignon Corynespora cassiicola est une pathologie foliaire de l’hévéa importante en Asie et en Afrique. Les épidémies sont liées au développement de nouvelles variétés clonales très sensibles. Une méthode conductimétrique de phénotypage de la réponse de l’hévéa aux exsudats de C. cassiicola (filtrats de culture ou toxine purifiée) a été développée et caractérisée. Ce test toxinique, sans contact direct avec le champignon lui-même, peut être mis en œuvre sans risque sur les plantations. Après application de gouttes d’exsudats sur des folioles détachées d’un génotype d’hévéa, deux mesures de conductivité C1 et C2 sont réalisées avant et après autoclavage, et le pourcentage de fuite d’électrolyte dû au traitement, %FE = 100*C1/C2, est calculé. L’influence de différents facteurs tels que le stade foliaire et la durée d’incubation, a été précisée. Une corrélation positive a été trouvée entre les réponses au test toxinique et à l’inoculation par des conidies du champignon. La pertinence de la correction de C1 par C2 a été analysée.Deux études du test toxinique ont été réalisées pour une série de clones d’hévéa, d’une part en France avec des plantes en pots cultivées en serre, et d’autre part en Côte d’Ivoire, dans les conditions normalement envisagées pour ce test, avec des folioles provenant de jardins à bois de greffe. La répétabilité entre ces deux études est imparfaite mais néanmoins satisfaisante. Le critère %FE est apparu plus sensible et plus précis que la mesure de la surface de nécrose induite (SN). Une variabilité importante de la sensibilité des clones et de l’agressivité des exsudats a été observée, avec l’existence d’interactions. L’analyse du déterminisme génétique de la réponse au test toxinique a été menée par détection de QTL sur deux populations de la famille biparentale d’hévéa PB260 x RRIM600, analysées sur deux sites en Côte d’Ivoire. Une carte génétique a été construite au préalable avec 308 marqueurs SSR. Le phénotypage des deux populations a révélé un déterminisme polygénique, sans effet monolocus majeur, avec, pour l’ensemble des exsudats fongiques étudiés, 13 QTL répartis sur 10 groupes de liaison et présentant des pourcentages d’explication R2 variant de 10 à 20 %. Sur les deux sites, deux QTL ont été identifiés conjointement pour le filtrat CCP et pour la toxine Cas1 purifiée à partir du filtrat CCP, démontrant l’importance de Cas1 pour la toxicité de ce filtrat. Des corrélations positives entre certains filtrats ont été observées, avec des profils de réponse similaires et des QTL communsLe test toxinique pourrait remplacer avantageusement la méthode d’inoculation conidienne. Cependant, la valeur prédictive du test pour la sensibilité des clones d’hévéa à la maladie CLF en plantation reste à caractériser. Une meilleure connaissance de l’épidémiologie du pathosystème H. brasiliensis x C. cassiicola contribuerait à l’objectif de sélection, et plus largement à la conception de méthodes de lutte ou d’évitement. / Hevea brasiliensis is the only commercial source of natural rubber. The CLF (Corynespora Leaf Fall) disease caused by the fungus Corynespora cassiicola is an important foliar pathology of the rubber tree in Asia and Africa. The disease progression is related with the development of new highly sensitive clonal varieties. A phenotyping method based on the measurement of electrolyte leakage in response to C. cassiicola exudates (culture filtrates or purified toxin) was developed and characterized. This test, without direct contact with the fungus itself, can be implemented without risk for plantations. After application of exudate samples on detached leaflets, conductivity is measured before (C1) and after (C2) autoclaving, and the percentage of electrolyte leakage %FE=100*C1/C2 is calculated. The influence of different factors such as leaf stage or the duration of incubation has been clarified. A positive correlation was found between the responses to the toxin test and to conidial inoculation. The pertinence of C1 correction by C2 was analyzed.Two toxin test studies have been carried out for a set of rubber clones, in France, with potted plants in greenhouse, and also in Ivory Coast, under the conditions normally considered for this test, with leaflets from budwood gardens. Repeatability between these two experiments was not perfect but nevertheless satisfying. The %FE character was found more sensitive and accurate than surface necrosis (SN) measurement. A significant variability in clone susceptibility and treatment virulence was observed, with clone x treatment interactions. The genetic determinism of sensitivity to C. cassiicola exudates was analyzed using the toxin test, by QTL detection on two populations of the biparental rubber family PB260 x RRIM600, in two field trials in Ivory Coast. A genetic map was previously built, using 308 SSR markers. Phenotyping of the two progeny populations revealed a polygenic determinism, without major monolocus effect. Over all the fungal exudates, 13 QTL distributed over 10 different linkage groups were identified, with percentages of explanation R2 varying from 10 to 20 %. On both sites, two QTL have been identified jointly for both the culture filtrate CCP and the toxin Cas1 purified from CCP. Positive correlations have been observed between some of the filtrates, with similar response profiles and common QTL.The toxin test could usefully replace the conidial inoculation method. However, the value of the test for predicting rubber clones susceptibility to the CLF disease in field conditions remains to be better characterized. Better understanding of the epidemiology of the H. brasiliensis x C. cassiicola pathosystem would contribute to the breeding objective, and more broadly to the design of control or avoidance methods.

Defeitos ósseos assumem importância na crescente prevalência de condições crônicas de saúde, agravando-se conforme o envelhecimento da população. O tratamento convencional baseia-se no transplante autólogo e abordagens extremamente invasivas. Uma proposta promissora é a obtenção de tecidos saudáveis em laboratórios utilizando suportes tridimensionais porosos (scaffolds) que atuarão como arcabouço para o crescimento e diferenciação de células tronco mesenquimais (CTMs) podendo ser otimizados para proporcionar adequada vascularização, uma importante característica na regeneração óssea. CTMs apresentam potencial de diferenciação, imunoregulação e angiogênese. O pico proteico F1 do soro do látex da seringueira Hevea brasiliensis apresenta importante atividade angiogênica e cicatrizante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a influência de scaffolds de policaprolactona (PCL) colonizados com CTMs na osteogênese experimental in vitro e in vivo (xenotransplante), a segurança e a influência do pico F1 do látex em cultura de CTMs aplicadas no scaffold de PCL e PCL reforçado com diferentes concentrações de grafeno (PCL/grafeno) na proliferação e diferenciação osteogênica. Para isso, as CTMs foram isoladas do tecido adiposo humano (ADSCs), caracterizadas por imunofenotipagem e diferenciação in vitro. Scaffolds de PCL, produzidos por técnica de manufatura aditiva, foram avaliados quanto ao potencial de adesão/viabilidade celular (ensaio MTT), diferenciação osteogênica (vermelho de alizarina) e potencial in vivo de osteointegração e osteoindução em defeito crítico de calvária avaliados por histologia e imunoistoquímica. O pico F1 do látex, em diferentes concentrações, foi avaliado em cultura de ADSCs e fibroblastos 3T3 quanto a citotoxicidade (MTT), potencial proliferativo (timidina-tritiada), migratório (scratch assay) e indução osteogênica (fosfatase alcalina). Scaffolds de PCL foram reforçados com grafeno (PCL/grafeno), revestidos com pico F1 (adsorção), avaliados quanto a viabilidade/proliferação celular (Alamar blue) e diferenciação osteogênica (fosfatase alcalina e vermelho de alizarina). A imunofenotipagem das ADSCs demonstrou baixa percentagem para marcadores negativos, alta para os positivos e diferenciação in vitro, comprovando o sucesso do isolamento e manutenção das ADSCs. O scaffold de PCL apresentou não-toxicidade e diferenciação osteogênica induzida pelo meio de cultura. Scaffolds de PCL, pré-colonizado e não colonizado com ADSCs, foram implantados em defeito crítico de calvária de ratos. O grupo que recebeu scaffolds com ADSCs humanas proporcionou melhor formação óssea no animal, com participação direta e indireta das ADSCs neste processo. Nos ensaios in vitro com o pico F1 (cultura 2D), observou-se estímulo proliferativo para as concentrações de 0.00001% e 0.0001%, além de maior percentagem de migração celular para as concentrações de 0.001%, 0.0001% e 0.00001%, diferentes do controle. Os scaffolds de PCL/grafeno demonstraram estimulo proliferativo quando colonizados por ADSCs e este estímulo foi ainda maior em scaffolds revestidos com F1, principalmente na concentração de 0.75% de grafeno. Embora o pico F1 não tenha potencializado a diferenciação osteogênico em cultura 2D, este estímulo foi observado em scaffolds revestidos com F1 com superior atividade da fosfatase alcalina. Este trabalho demonstrou sucesso no emprego de ADSCs humanas e scaffolds in vitro e in vivo (transplante xenogênico) para regeneração óssea, além de apresentar dois promissores produtos para engenharia tecidual como os scaffolds com reforço de grafeno em baixas concentrações e o pico proteico F1 na proliferação e diferenciação celular. / The increment of life expectancy and frequency of chronic diseases in the population has led to an increasing incidence of chronic bone defects. Conventional treatment is based on autologous transplantation, which depends on extremely invasive approaches. A promising proposal is to obtain healthy tissues in laboratories using porous three-dimensional matriz (scaffolds), which enable cellular growth and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Scaffolds can be optimized to provide adequate vascularization, a critical event to bone regeneration. MSCs have potential for differentiation, immunoregulation and angiogenesis. F1 natural latex protein from Hevea brasiliensis rubber tree presents important angiogenic and healing activity. The objective of this work was to investigate the influence of pre-colonized polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds on experimental in vitro and in vivo osteogenesis (xenotransplantation) and also the safety and influence of F1 protein on MSCs seeded on PCL and PCL reinforced with different concentrations of graphene scaffolds (PCL/graphene) in cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. MSCs were isolated from human adipose tissue (ADSCs), characterized by positive and negative markers and also in vitro differentiation. PCL Scaffolds, produced by an additive manufacturing technique, were evaluated for cell adhesion/viability potential (MTT assay), osteogenic differentiation (alizarin red) and in vivo xenogenic grafting potential for osteointegration and osteoinduction evaluated by histology and immunohistochemistry. F1 latex protein, prepared in different concentrations, was evaluated in contact with ADSCs and 3T3 fibroblasts culture in vitro regarding to cytotoxicity (MTT), proliferative potential (tritiated thymidine), migratory (scratch assay) and osteogenic induction (alkaline phosphatase). PCL scaffolds were reinforced with graphene (PCL/graphene scaffolds), coated with F1 protein (adsorption) and evaluated for cell viability/proliferation assay (Alamar blue) and osteogenic differentiation (alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red). ADSCs showed low percentage for negative markers, high percentage for positive markers and differentiation properties in vitro, providing enough information on the successful isolation and maintenance of human ADSCs. PCL scaffolds showed non-toxicity activity and osteogenic differentiation induced by culture medium. PCL scaffolds, pre-colonized and non-colonized with ADSCs, were implanted in a critical calvarial defect in rats. The group of rats which received scaffolds with ADSCs to treat the bone defect had improved bone formation with direct and indirect participation of ADSCs to the bone repair process. To in vitro assays with F1 (2D culture model), proliferative stimulus was observed to F1 0.00001% and 0.0001% samples, in addition to a higher percentage of cell migration to 0.001% and 0.0001%, different from control. PCL/graphene scaffolds demonstrated proliferative stimulation when colonized by ADSCs and this stimulus was even higher to F1 coated PCL/graphene scaffolds, mainly to 0.75% graphene. Although F1 have not enhanced osteogenic differentiation on 2D cell culture model, the stimulus was observed to F1 coated scaffolds with higher alkaline phosphatase activity. This work demonstrated success in the use of ADSCs and scaffolds for bone regeneration and presented two promising products to be applied in tissue engineering field, such as, scaffolds with graphene reinforcement at low concentration and F1 latex protein to improve cell proliferation and differentiation.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-03-27T14:12:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Lilhian Alves de Araújo - 2017.pdf: 5322101 bytes, checksum: 57793fec5ba7f799bab9153daa5b7952 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-03-27T14:41:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Lilhian Alves de Araújo - 2017.pdf: 5322101 bytes, checksum: 57793fec5ba7f799bab9153daa5b7952 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-27T14:41:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Lilhian Alves de Araújo - 2017.pdf: 5322101 bytes, checksum: 57793fec5ba7f799bab9153daa5b7952 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-06 / Sepsis is an infectious disease characterized by severe systemic inflammatory response. Rupture of the complex equilibrium between inflammatory mediators in the acute phase of the disease leads to exacerbated production of proinflammatory cytokines, with consequent hypotension, increased capillary permeability, organ lesions and death. Recent research using the Hev b 13 protein derived from natural Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree) latex has demonstrated important anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Hev b 13 on the systemic and tissue inflammatory response of septic rats. To that end, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was performed on male Wistar rats and after six hours, the animals were randomized into groups and subcutaneously treated with doses of 0.5; 2.0 and 3.0 mg/Kg of Hev b 13. Next, the animals were subdivided into three different times (1, 6 and 24 hours after treatment) for blood sample collection and euthanasia with removal of the lungs and liver. Leukocytes, tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α) plasma and tissue levels, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and IL-4 and histological slides were analyzed. The results demonstrated that treatment with the Hev b 13 protein prompted a significant decline in total and differential leukocytes, as well as the production of TNF-α and IL-6, associated with an increase in IL-10 and IL-4 in plasma and lung tissue. Moreover, it restricted the morphopathological changes found in the lungs, including neutrophil infiltration, swelling and alveolar thickening. In the liver, it increased IL-10 production and inhibited TNF-α and IL-6, in addition to reducing hemorrhage, sinusoidal inflammatory infiltrates and hydropic degeneration in histological assessment. We conclude that Hev b 13 displays anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating activity capable of attenuating lung and liver lesions in rats during acute sepsis, with potential for clinical applications. / Sepse é uma doença infecciosa caracterizada por uma resposta inflamatória sistêmica grave. A ruptura do complexo equilíbrio entre os mediadores inflamatórios na fase aguda da doença leva a uma produção exacerbada de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, com conseguinte hipotensão, aumento da permeabilidade capilar, lesões de órgãos e morte. Pesquisas recentes utilizando a Hev b 13, proteína derivada do látex natural da Hevea brasiliensis (seringueira), tem demonstrado importantes efeitos anti-inflamatórios e imunomoduladores. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos da Hev b 13 na resposta inflamatória sistêmica e tecidual de ratos com sepse. Para isso, foi realizado ligadura e perfuração do ceco (LPC) em ratos machos Wistar e, após seis horas, os animais foram randomizados em grupos e tratados com as doses 0,5; 2,0 e 3,0 mg/Kg de Hev b 13 subcutâneo. Posteriormente, subdividiu-se os animais em três tempos diferentes (1, 6 e 24 horas após os tratamentos) para coleta de amostras sanguíneas e eutanásia com remoção dos pulmões e fígado. Foram analisados os leucócitos, concentrações plasmáticas e teciduais de fator de necrose tumoral-α (TNF-α), interleucina (IL) 6, IL- 10, IL-4 e lâminas histológicas. Os resultados demonstraram que no tratamento com a proteína Hev b 13 houve redução significativa dos leucócitos totais e diferenciais bem como na produção de TNF-α e IL-6, associado ao aumento de IL-10 e IL-4 no plasma e tecido pulmonar. Além disso, restringiu as alterações morfopatológicas encontradas nos pulmões, incluindo infiltrado de neutrófilos, edema e espessamento alveolar. No fígado, aumentou a produção de IL-10 e inibiu TNF-α e IL-6, além de reduzir hemorragia, infiltrado inflamatório sinusoidal e degeneração hidrópica na avaliação histológica. Concluímos que a Hev b 13 possui atividade anti-inflamatória e imunomoduladora capaz de atenuar lesões nos pulmões e fígado de ratos durante a sepse aguda, com potencialidades para aplicabilidade clínica.

L’hévéa (Hevea brasiliensis) est actuellement la seule source commerciale de caoutchouc naturel. Parmi les maladies affectant l’hévéa, la CLF (« Corynespora Leaf Fall ») causée par le champignon Corynespora cassiicola, est devenue en une cinquantaine d’années un fléau pour l’ensemble des pays hévéicoles d’Asie et d’Afrique. Actuellement, la gestion du problème consiste à arracher les clones les plus sensibles et à traiter les arbres avec des fongicides en cas d’épidémie. Cependant, le nombre de clones touchés par la maladie ne cessant d’augmenter, il devient urgent de sélectionner de nouveaux clones à la fois tolérants et aptes à la production. Nos travaux ont permis de caractériser le gène codant la cassiicoline, toxine protéique glycosylée secrétée par C. cassiicola, et d’analyser sa diversité. Une étude comparative portant sur trois isolats de C. cassiicola d’agressivité contrastée a montré la présence du gène Cas1 chez les isolats de forte et moyenne agressivité, alors qu’il n’est pas détecté chez l’isolat de faible agressivité. Les niveaux d’agressivité des isolats sont corrélés aux niveaux de transcrits du gène de cassiicoline. Le rôle de la cassiicoline serait prépondérant dans les phases précoces de l’infection. L’analyse de diversité du gène de cassiicoline à partir d’une collection d’isolats provenant de différents hôtes et d’origines géographiques variées, a révélé l’existence d’au moins six isoformes protéiques (Cas1 à Cas6). La structuration génétique globale des isolats basée sur des marqueurs neutres est similaire à la structuration basée sur le gène de cassiicoline. Les isolats prélevés sur hévéa se regroupent en clades spécialisés, dont un correspondant aux isolats porteurs du gène Cas1, identifiés comme étant les plus agressifs sur hévéa. Cependant, 58 % des isolats testés semblent dépourvus de gène de cassiicoline, bien que certains génèrent des symptômes modérés sur hévéa, ce qui suggère l’existence d’autres effecteurs. Des formes endophytiques de C. cassiicola ont été isolées à partir de feuilles asymptomatiques provenant du Brésil, zone encore indemne de CLF. Les gènes de cassiicoline portés par ces souches (isoformes Cas3 et 4) ne semblent pas exprimés lors de l’interaction avec l’hévéa. Nous avons montré par ailleurs que les champignons endophytes de l’hévéa appartenant aux genres Trichoderma et Xylaria présentent une forte activité mycoparasitaire sur C. cassiicola, in vitro. Ces travaux ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour le contrôle de la maladie (diagnostic précoce, sélection de clones tolérants, lutte biologique). / Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is the only source of commercial natural rubber. The “Corynespora Leaf Fall” (CLF) disease, caused by the fungus Corynespora cassiicola, has become over the last 50 years a very serious problem in the Asian and African rubber producing countries. Currently, the main methods to face the problem are the uprooting of the most susceptible cultivars and chemical treatments in case of severe outbreaks. However, the number of cultivars affected by the disease keeps increasing, and the selection of new cultivars, both tolerant and high yielding, is urgent. In this study, the gene encoding cassiicolin, a toxic glycosylated protein secreted by C. cassiicola, was characterized and its diversity analyzed. The analysis of three C. cassiicola isolates with contrasted levels of aggressiveness revealed the presence of identical cassiicolin genes in the highly and moderately aggressive isolates but none in the isolate of mild aggressiveness. The levels of aggressiveness were correlated to the cassiicolin gene transcript levels. The cassiicolin gene was preferentially expressed in the early phase of the infection. Analysis of the cassiicolin gene diversity among isolates from various host and various geographical origins revealed the existence of at least six protein isoforms (Cas1 to Cas6). The genetic structure of the isolates based on neutral markers was closely related to the genetic structure based on the cassiicolin gene. The isolates sampled on rubber tree were grouped in several specialized clades, including one clade regrouping all the Cas1 isolates, which were the most aggressive on rubber tree. However, 58 % of the isolates seemed to be deprived of cassiicolin gene, although some of them generate moderate symptoms on rubber tree, suggesting the existence of other effectors. Endophytic C. cassiicola isolates were found in asymptomatic rubber tree leaves from Brazil, a region were CLF outbreak was never reported. No expression of the cassiicolin genes carried by these isolates could be detected in interaction with rubber tree. In addition, we found that the Trichoderma and Xylaria species, all fungal endophytes of rubber tree, were antagonists of C. cassiicola, in vitro. This work opens new perspectives for the control of CLF (through early diagnosis, selection of tolerant clones, or biocontrol).

Les plantations d’hévéa (Hevea brasiliensis) s’étendent vers des zones non traditionnelles de production en Thaïlande où des conditions plus sèches ont pu conduire à une diminution de la croissance des arbres et de la production de latex. Des paramètres physiologiques utiles pour sélectionner des génotypes adaptés sont nécessaires, comme l’efficience d’utilisation de l’eau (WUE). La discrimination isotopique du carbone est largement utilisée comme proxy pour WUE et peut être aisément utilisée dans des programmes de sélection pour la tolérance à la sécheresse. δ13C des feuilles et les échanges gazeux foliaires ont été mesurés sur de jeunes plants de dix clones d’hévéa cultivés en pot dans une pépinière. La gamme de δ13C des feuilles entre ces dix clones était restreinte et la corrélation entre δ13C et WUEi était significative que sous fort déficit de pression de vapeur saturante, ce qui signifie que la prédiction de WUE par δ13C serait peu précise. Il y avait une large gamme de δ13C entre les génotypes dans une collection de 49 génotypes sauvages d’hévéa cultivés dans le nord-est de la Thaïlande en saison sèche et en saison des pluies. δ13C était relativement stable avec une bonne corrélation entre les saisons. Cette étude montre que la variabilité génétique de δ13C est prometteuse pour des futurs programmes de sélections si une bonne corrélation entre δ13C et WUE peut être établie. L’absence de corrélation entre de δ13C du latex (δ13C-L) et des composés solubles extraits des feuilles (δ13C-S) prélevées sur des arbres saignés et non saignés âgés de 20 ans suggère que photosynthétats récemment produits se mélangent à un stock important d’hydrate de carbone impliqués dans la régénération du latex après la saignée. Donc, δ13C du latex n’est pas un indicateur pertinent de WUE / The rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations extend to non-traditional area in Thailand where dryer conditions has been reported to impair the growth of rubber trees and latex production. Physiological parameters helpful for breeding adapted genotypes are required, such as water use efficiency (WUE). Carbon isotope discrimination is widely used as a proxy for WUE that can easily be used for selection and breeding programs for drought tolerance. Leaf δ13C and leaf gas exchange were measured on young saplings of 10 rubber clones growing in pot in a common garden. The range of leaf δ13C among 10 clones was narrow and the correlation between δ13C and WUEi was significant under high vapour pressure deficit only, which means the prediction of WUE by δ13C would have low precision. There were large δ13C variations among the genotypes at all seasons in a collection of 49 wild genotypes of rubber in Northeastern Thailand. δ13C was rather stable with a good correlation between rainy and dry season. The genetic variability of δ13C is promising for breeding if a good correlation between δ13C of leaf and WUE can be established. The lack of correlation between δ13C of latex (δ13C-L) and of leaf soluble compounds (δ13C-S) collected from tapped and untapped 20 year-old rubber trees suggests that recent photosynthates are mixed in the large pool of stored carbohydrates that are involved in latex regeneration after tapping. Thus δ13C of latex is not a relevant indicator of WUE of rubber trees

Hevea brasiliensis est une culture industrielle majeure pour la production de caoutchouc naturel (CN). La stimulation par l'éthéphon, un libérateur d'éthylène, est utilisée pour augmenter la production de latex en prolongeant son écoulement et en stimulant le métabolisme pour la régénération du latex. Cependant, le mécanisme d'action de l'éthylène n'est pas clairement élucidé chez l'hévéa. L'éthylène est un signal important qui régule le développement des plantes. Les facteurs de transcription AP2/ERF, et plus particulièrement les Ethylene Response Factors, jouent un rôle crucial dans le développement et la réponse aux stress biotiques et abiotiques chez les plantes. La production d'éthylène et sa signalisation sont aussi importantes en embryogenèse somatique et tout spécialement chez les espèces récalcitrantes à la culture in vitro.Dans cette étude, le transcriptome de référence a été amélioré par addition des fragments de séquence d'ARN issus de tissus reproducteurs lors d'un nouvel assemblage. Les 30.342 contigs ont été annotés par la base de données Gene Ontology. L'analyse des facteurs de transcription a permis d'identifier 2.448 contigs qui ont été classés en 58 familles de facteurs de transcription. Six pourcents de ces facteurs de transcription correspondent aux membres de la superfamille des AP2/ERF. L'accumulation de transcrits des gènes AP2/ERF a été analysée au cours du processus d'embryogenèse somatique chez des lignées de cal avec différents potentiels de régénération et dans différents tissus végétatifs et reproducteurs. L'analyse de l'abondance relative de transcrits dans les différents tissus montre que les ERFs des groupes I, VII et VIII sont fortement présents à tous les stades de l'embryogenèse somatique et dans les tissus immatures et matures de fleurs males et femelle, d'embryons zygotiques, de feuilles, d'écorce et de latex. Quarante gènes AP2/ERF représentent des marqueurs d'expression génique pour le potentiel de régénération de plantes de lignées de cal à différents stades du processus d'embryogenèse somatique. Quatorze marqueurs d'expression génique permettent même de prédire la capacité de régénération dès le stade de multiplication du cal. Cinquante-neuf marqueurs d'expression géniques sont spécifiquement exprimés dans les différents tissus de l'hévéa, et plusieurs AP2/ERFs ont les transcrits fortement accumulés dans le latex. La plupart des marqueurs de l'expression génique du latex appartient aux ERF du groupe VII. Les ERFs de ce groupe ont un motif conservé en N-terminal (MCGGAII), lequel est impliqué dans la voie N-end rule. Les analyses de localisation subcellulaire et de transactivation suggèrent que ces gènes HbERF-VII codent pour des facteurs de transcription fonctionnels potentiellement impliqués dans la réponse à l'hypoxie dans le latex. / Hevea brasiliensis is the major industrial crop for natural rubber (NR) production. Ethephon stimulation, an ethylene releaser, is used for increasing latex production by prolonging latex flow and stimulating the metabolism required for the latex regeneration. However, the mechanism of ethylene action is not clearly elucidated in this species. Ethylene is an important signal regulating the plant development. AP2/ERF transcription factors, and especially Ethylene-Response Factors, play a crucial role in plant development and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Ethylene production and signalling are also important to somatic embryogenesis, especially for species that are recalcitrant in in vitro culture.In this study, a comprehensive Hevea transcriptome was improved using additional RNA reads from reproductive tissues in a new assembly. The 30,342 contigs were annotated in the Gene Ontology database. The analysis of transcription factors led to 2,448 contigs being identified, which were classed in 58 transcription factor families. Six percent of the transcription factors corresponded to members from the AP2/ERF superfamily. The transcript accumulation of AP2/ERF genes was analyzed during somatic embryogenesis for callus lines with different regeneration potential and in various vegetative and reproductive tissue of Hevea. The relative transcript abundance were studied and showed that ERFs from group I, VII and VIII were abundant at all stages of the somatic embryogenesis as well as, in both immature and mature male and female flowers, zygotic embryos, leaf, bark and latex. Forty genes were identified as expression marker for callus with different plant regeneration potential regeneration capacity. Interestingly, fourteen expression marker genes were found that be able to predict the regeneration capacity of callus at proliferating calli, the early stage of somatic embryogenesis process. Fifty-nine expression marker genes were found in the various plant tissues. Several AP2/ERF genes were shown highly transcript accumulation in latex and were assigned as latex expression marker genes. Almost of latex expression marker genes belong to the ERF group VII. Base on conserved motif analysis showed this ERF group contained the conserved N-terminal motif (MCGGAII) involved in the N-end rule pathway. Subcellular localization and transactivation analyses suggested that HbERF-VII candidate genes encoded functional transcription factors.