This dissertation discusses and compares the existing compensation methods for operational amplifiers. It explores a method to stabilize the op amps without sacrificing bandwidth to the same degree that commonly used methods do. A creative design methodology combining intuition, mathematical analysis, and mixed level simulation is explored for the new compensation scheme. The mixed level approach, associating system level simulation for most circuits along with device level simulation for some critical analog circuit paths, is presented to verify the behavior of new design concepts in an effective way. This approach also provides sufficient accuracy to predict the circuit performance realistically. The new feedforward compensation method overcomes the serious drawback of the widely used pole splitting method, which greatly narrows the bandwidth. It can improve the phase margin as well as optimize the bandwidth of the op amp. The proposed feedforward compensation method can be easily applied to the popular two gain stage op amp architectures with very little alteration. MOS devices are used in the weak inversion region or the subthreshold inversion region to minimize dc source power. A feasible configuration for high gain, low power op amp design utilizing subthreshold operation along with active operation is proposed. This op amp uses composite cascode connections for the differential input stage, a common source second stage, and a current mirror. A prototype of the op amp was fabricated in a 0.25 µm CMOS process. The proposed op amp produces an open loop gain above one million with low power consumption around 110 µW and shows a favorable slew rate and GBW product compared to other amplifiers driving large capacitive loads. In addition, the composite cascode amplifier requires a compensation capacitor of only 3.5 pF which allows a very small op amp cell. This design is intended for applications where simplicity of layout, small cell size, and low power are important. The open loop gain of this design is comparable to bipolar op amps and exceeds all known reported CMOS designs using the classic Widlar architecture. The fabricated op amp test results show that the BSIM3 model in CADENCE Spectre Spice Simulation matches closely to the experimental results in spite of the low current weak inversion operation of the composite cascode output device and thus provide confidence in the simulation for other similar designs. While facing the challenge of measuring the op amp open loop characteristics at decreased power supply voltages, a few viable techniques were developed to measure the op amp open loop parameters using typically available bench test equipment.

Op amps are among the most-used components in electronic design. Their performance is important and is often measured in terms of gain, bandwidth, power consumption, and chip area. Although BJT amplifiers can achieve high gains and bandwidths, they tend to consume a lot of power. CMOS amplifiers utilizing the strong inversion region alone use less power than BJT amplifiers, but generally have lower gains and bandwidths. When CMOS SPICE models were improved to accurately simulate all regions of inversion, researchers began to test the performance of amplifiers operating in the weak and moderate inversion regions. Previous work had dealt with exploring the parameters of composite cascode stages, including inversion coefficients. This thesis extends the work to include conventional cascode stages and presents an efficient method for exploring design parameters. A high-gain (137.7 dB), low power (4.347 µW) operational amplifier based on the conventional cascode stage is presented.

No / This letter investigates the feasibility of designing a high gain on-chip antenna on silicon technology for subterahertz applications over a wide-frequency range. High gain is achieved by exciting the antenna using an aperture fed mechanism to couple electromagnetics energy from a metal slot line, which is sandwiched between the silicon and polycarbonate substrates, to a 15-element array comprising circular and rectangular radiation patches fabricated on the top surface of the polycarbonate layer. An open ended microstrip line, which is orthogonal to the metal slot-line, is implemented on the underside of the silicon substrate. When the open ended microstrip line is excited it couples the signal to the metal slot-line which is subsequently coupled and radiated by the patch array. Measured results show the proposed on-chip antenna exhibits a reflection coefficient of less than-10 dB across 0.290-0.316 THz with a highest gain and radiation efficiency of 11.71 dBi and 70.8%, respectively, occurred at 0.3 THz. The antenna has a narrow stopband between 0.292 and 0.294 THz. The physical size of the presented subterahertz on-chip antenna is 20 × 3.5 × 0.126 mm3.

Freie Elektronen Laser (FEL) erzeugen kohŠrente, hoch-intensive elektromagnetische Strahlung in einem WellenlŠngenbereich von Mikrowellen bis hinunter zu weichen Ršntgenstrahlen. Die Anwendungen von FELs sind vielfŠltig und finden sich unter anderem bei der Femtochemie, Strukturbiologie und Materialforschung. Dabei gehen die Anforderungen in Richtung immer kŸrzerer FEL-WellenlŠngen. Eine Methode zur Erzeugung von FEL-Strahlung mit extrem kurzen WellenlŠngen ist der High Gain Harmonic Generation (HGHG)-FEL. Er besteht aus zwei magnetischen Undulatoren, in denen ein hochenergetischer Elektronenstrahl mit einer externen Lichtquelle wechselwirkt und diese verstŠrkt. Gleichzeitig wird die WellenlŠnge des Lichts reduziert, sodass man durch eine Kaskade von mehreren HGHG-Stufen zu immer kŸrzeren AusgangswellenlŠngen gelangen kann. Benutzt man als externe Lichtquelle einen Laser, so lassen sich die Eigenschaften der Laserpulse (KohŠrenz, Pulsform und PulslŠnge) auf die FEL-Pulse Ÿbertragen. Die Bewegung der Elektronen im Feld des Undulators fŸhrt dabei auch zu Strahlung auf Harmonischen der FEL-Resonanzfrequenz. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich den theoretischen Grundlagen, der numerischen Simulation und der Anwendung von harmonischer FEL-Strahlung. Ihre Eigenschaften werden anhand von verschiedenen Beispielen erlŠutert, unter anderem durch Simulationsrechnungen fŸr HGHG-FELs und andere FEL-Projekte und durch Messungen am FLASH FEL bei DESY Hamburg. Im Rahmen der Arbeit wird fŸr den BESSY Soft X-Ray FEL ein verbessertes Design erarbeitet, welches harmonische FEL-Strahlung nutzt, um den Aufbau des FELs zu vereinfachen und die Anzahl der HGHG-Stufen zu verringern. / Free Electron Lasers (FELs) generate coherent, high-intensity radiation in a broad wavelength range from the microwave regime to soft X-ray. FEL applications are manifold and include experiments in femtochemistry, structural biology and material science. Efforts are directed towards even shorter FEL-wavelengths which can be achieved using the High Gain Harmonic Generation (HGHG)-FEL principle. An HGHG-FEL consists of two magnetic undulators in which a high-energy electron beam interacts with an external radiation source and amplifies the radiation beam. At the same time the radiation wavelength is converted to a shorter wavelength, and a cascade of multiple stages of HGHG can be used to reduce the output wavelength even further. If an external laser is used to seed the first HGHG-stage, the laser properties (coherence, pulse form and pulse duration) can be transferred to the FEL output pulses. During the FEL process, the specific electron trajectory in the undulator also leads to radiation at higher harmonics of the FEL resonance frequency. This thesis is dedicated to the theoretical background and numerical simulation of harmonic FEL radiation and its applications. Properties of harmonic radiation are discussed using the results of simulation studies of HGHG-FELs and other FEL-projects and analysing measurements of the FLASH FEL at DESY Hamburg. Finally a new design is proposed for the BESSY Soft X-Ray FEL that uses harmonic FEL radiation to simplify the FEL layout and to reduce the number of HGHG-stages.

This thesis studies a new class of high gain planar resonant cavity antennas based on metamaterial surfaces. High-gain planar antennas are becoming increasing popular due to their significant advantages (e.g. low profile, small weight and low cost). Metamaterial surfaces have emerged over the last few years as artificial structures that provide properties and functionalities not readily available from existing materials. This project addresses novel applications of innovative metamaterial surfaces on the design of high-gain planar antennas. A ray analysis is initially employed in order to describe the beamfonning action of planar resonant cavity antennas. The phase equations of resonance predict the possibility of low-profile/subwavelength resonant cavity antennas and tilted beams. The reduction of the resonant cavity profile can be obtained by virtue of novel metamaterial ground planes. Furthermore, the EBG property of metamaterial ground planes would suppress the surface waves and obtain lower backlobes. By suppressing the TEM mode in a resonant cavity, a novel aperture-type EBG Partially Reflective Surface (PRS) is utilized to get low sidelobes in both planes (E-plane and H-plane) in a relatively finite structure. The periodicity optimization of PRS to obtain a higher maximum directivity is also investigated. Also it is shown that antennas with unique tilted beams are achieved without complex feeding mechanism. Rectangular patch antennas and dipole antennas are employed as excitations of resonant cavity antennas throughout the project. Three commercial electromagnetic simulation packages (Flomerics Microstripes ™ ver6.S, Ansoft HFSSTM ver9.2 and Designer ™ ver2.0) are utilized during the rigorous numerical computation. Related measurements are presented to validate the analysis and simulations.

La chirurgie minimalement invasive est aujourd’hui une thématique de recherche particulièrement active. Un traitement thérapeutique ciblé et la possibilité d’établir un diagnostic précis grâce à l’utilisation de systèmes miniaturisés peuvent considérablement améliorer de nombreuses pratiques médicales. Le recours à des microrobots actionnés à distance et naviguant dans le système cardiovasculaire ouvre de nouvelles perspectives. L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer un socle théorique solide concernant i) la modélisation d’un microrobot naviguant dans le système cardiovasculaire, ii) l’élaboration de lois de commande et d’observateurs assurant un bon suivi de trajectoire depuis la zone d’injection jusqu’à une zone cible. La modélisation du système fait intervenir de nombreuses forces : forces hydrodynamiques, forces surfaciques (électrostatique, van der Waals, stériques), forces de contact et poids apparent du microrobot. Ce microrobot est contrôlé dans le système cardiovasculaire par l’application de champs ou de gradients de champ magnétique selon le design du microrobot. La prise en compte de l’ensemble des forces aboutit à une représentation d’état sous la forme d’un système non-linéaire affine en la commande avec dérive comportant de nombreux paramètres physiologiques incertains. Une trajectoire de référence optimisée est déduite du modèle. L’approche de commande adoptée est établie à partir de critères de stabilité du système. Le système étant non-linéaire, une commande de type Lyapunov stabilisante est développée suivant une approche de type backstepping. L’estimation de certains paramètres physiologiques est rendue possible par une commande de type backstepping adaptatif. Un observateur grand gain reconstruit l’état complet du système nécessaire au calcul de la commande. La stabilité et la robustesse de l’ensemble sont établies au travers de nombreuses simulations en présence de bruits de mesure et d’erreurs paramétriques. / Minimally invasive medical procedures are currently an active research aera. A drug targeted therapy and the possibility of establishing an accurate diagnosis through the use of miniaturized systems can greatly improve many medical practices. The use of untethered microrobots navigating in the cardiovascular system opens new perspectives. The objective of this PhD work is to provide a theoretical approach on i) the modeling of a microrobot navigating in the cardiovascular system, ii) the development of control laws and observers to ensure a fine tracking from the injection to a target area. Modeling such as system involves many forces : hydrodynamic forces, surface forces (electrostatic, van derWaals, steric), contact forces and apparent weight of the microrobot. This microrobot is controlled in the cardiovascular system by the application of magnetic fields or magnetic field gradients according to the design of the microrobot. The consideration of all the forces leads to a state representation in the form of a nonlinear system with many physiological uncertain parameters, but gives us sufficient informations to plan an optimal trajectory. The control approach is established based on stability consideration. A Lyapunov-stabilizing control is then developed using a backstepping approach. An adaptive backstepping control law estimates some physiological parameters. A high gain observer reconstructs the full state of the system required for implementing the control approach. Robustness and stability of the controller with respect to noise measurement, parameters variations and uncertainties are illustrated by simulations.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Este trabalho visa a aplicaÃÃo dos controles robustos D-LQI e D-AlocaÃÃo de polos otimizados via LMIs em um conversor boost de alto ganho de tensÃo com cÃlula de comutaÃÃo de trÃs estados. Este conversor consiste numa topologia moderna derivada do conversor boost clÃssico. O boost à considerado um elevador de tensÃo, o qual converte uma entrada na faixa de 42-54V à 400 V. O conversor boost proposto à reduzido ao modelo de um conversor equivalente e à modelado no espaÃo de estados mÃdio, em que à observado que a matriz D diferente de zero, sendo entÃo uma modelagem que apresenta uma peculiaridade de acordo com a literatura, pois a soluÃÃo de controle à mais complexa. As estratÃgias de controle aplicadas usam de procedimentos matemÃticos denominados de Desigualdades Matriciais Lineares (LMIs-Linear Matrix Inequalities), que podem ser resolvidos por otimizaÃÃo convexa ou programaÃÃo semidefinida positiva (SDP procedures). As ferramentas matemÃticas utilizadas para resoluÃÃo das LMIs neste trabalho sÃo o Yalmip e Sedumi, que sÃo inseridas no MATLAB . AlÃm disso sÃo analisadas as incertezas presentes no processo, bem como a robustez do modelo em malha fechada. SÃo obtidos os resultados de simulaÃÃo via MATLAB -PSIM e sÃo feitas as anÃlises referentes a estes resultados, alÃm da anÃlise dos resultados experimentais e a conclusÃo do estudo, alÃm das propostas de trabalhos futuros. O ApÃndice mostra os procedimentos de instalaÃÃo dos resolvedores alÃm do uso correto com base nas equaÃÃes descritas na teoria sobre LMIs. / This work involves the application of robust controls D-LQI and D-pole placement via LMIs in a high-gain boost with three states switching cell. This converter consists of a modern topology derived the classic boost converter . This boost converter is considered a step-up converter, which a range of 42-54V voltage input to 400V voltage output. The proposed boost converter is reduced to equivalent model and is modeled at space state avarage, in which is observed that the matrix D not equal nought, being then a modeling that presents a peculiarity according to literature, thus the control solution is more complex. The control strategies applied use mathematical procedures called Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs), which can be solved by convex optimization or positive semidefinite procedures (SDP). The mathematical tools used to solve the LMIs this work are Yalmip and Sedumi, which are inserted in MATLAB. Further analyzes the uncertainties present in the process, as well as the robustness of closed loop model. The simulation results are obtained via MATLAB and PSIM and analyzes made regarding these results, besides the analysis of experimental results and conclusion of study, in addition to proposals for future work. The Appendix shows the installation procedures and use correct solvers based on the equations described in LMI theory.

Ce travail a pour but la réalisation d'un outil permettant d'estimer la germination et la distribution en taille de cristaux d'un procédé de cristallisation. Pour ce faire un modèle de cristallisation a été développé et nous a permis de réaliser un observateur de dimension finie afin d'estimer la germination. Par la suite, un observateur de dimension infinie a été mis au point dans le but d'estimer la distribution de taille des cristaux à partir de la germination et de la mesure d'une taille de la distribution. Les deux observateurs ont été validés expérimentalement sur un procédé "batch" de cristallisation de l'oxalate d'ammonium. / The goal of this thesis is the development of an observer to estimate the nucleation and the crystal size distribution of a crystallization process. We first developed a model of crystallization in order to realize an observer for nucleation estimation. Then an infinite dimension observer was developed to estimate the crystal size distribution, using the nucleation estimation and one crystal size distribution measurement. An experimental validation was performed using the crystallization of ammonium oxalate.

No description available.

Composite cascode stages have been used in operational amplifier designs to achieve ultra-high gain at very low power. The flexibility and simplicity of the stage makes it an appealing choice for low power op-amp designs. Op-amp design using the composite cascode stage is often made more difficult through the lack of a design process. A design process to aid in the selection of the MOSFET dimensions is provided in this thesis. This process includes a table-based method for selection of the widths and lengths of the MOSFETs used in the composite cascode stage. Equations are also derived for the gain, bandwidth, and noise of the composite cascode stage with each of the devices operating in the various regions of inversion.