Cette thèse s’inscrit dans une perspective typologique et porte sur la réduplication et la répétition en français et en wolof (langue du Sénégal). Elle porte sur un procédé linguistique souvent considéré comme marginal pour une langue de grande diffusion comme le français du fait, entre autres, qu’il apparaît à l’oral. L’investigation menée a permis de montrer que ce procédé n’est pas plus employé en wolof, langue à tradition orale, qu’en français puisqu’on réduplique les termes issus des catégories similaires dans les deux langues ; en français par exemple on peut rédupliquer des prénoms (Dédé, Vava, etc.), des noms (salade-salade), des verbes (il pleut-pleut), des adjectifs (joli-joli) et des adverbes (loin-loin), et en wolof, on peut rédupliquer des patronymes (wade-wade), des toponymes (bawol-bawol), des bases lexicales (am-am « possession »), des adverbes (leeg-leeg « souvent ») et des noms (goor-goor-lu « débrouillard »).Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de la théorie des opérations prédicatives et énonciatives initiée par Cucioli. Ainsi à la suite de Culioli (1990), Kabore (1998), Osu (2007, 2010), cette thèse montre que la réduplication est un procédé qui met en jeu une opération de détermination puisqu'il s'agit de déterminer une occurrence d'un domaine notionnel. Mais nous considérons la juxtaposition des deux composantes de la structure réduplicative comme un marqueur d'opérationlinguistique, au sens culiolien du terme, en essayant de cerner le rôle de chaque composante au sein de cette structure. Dès lors, nous montrons que la première composante de la structure représente une occurence quelconque alors que l deuxième représente l'occurrence représentative du domaine notionnel. Quant à la juxtaposition, son rôle se ramène à identifier l'occurrence représentative, réécrite comme ceci : <Occ1 € Occo>.Cette hypothèse ébauchée lors de l'étude du français a été reprise et vérifiée à l'épreuve des faits issus du wolof.... Cette thèse a donc permis de poser clairement, que la réduplication fonctionne par un mécanisme invariant, et qu'elle est différente de la répétition même si ces deux procédés ont des points communs.... / This thesis deals with reduplication and repetition in French and Wolof (an unwritten language spoken in Senegal) in a typological perspective. Reduplication has often been considered to be marginal in a widely spoken language such as French and English. A major reason often given is that it mainly occurs in the spoken form of the language. Our analysis shows that it does not occur more in Wolof than in French, since similar reduplicated categories (nouns, adjectives, verbs etc.) can be found in both languages. In French, for example, one can reduplicate proper names (e.g. Dédé, Vava etc.), nouns (e.g. salade-salade), verbs (e.g. il pleut-pleut), adjectives (e.g. joli-joli) and adverbs (e.g. loin-loin); and in Wolof, one can reduplicate patronyms (e.g. wade-wade) toponyms (e.g. bawol-bawol), lexical tap roots (e.g. am-am ‘possession’), adverbs (e.g. leeg-leeg 'often') and nouns (e.g. goor-goor-lu 'resourceful'). This thesis is realized within the framework of the theory of predicative and enunciative operations (Fr. TOPE) initiated by Culioli. In line with Culioli (1990: 117), Kabore (1998), Osu (2007, 2010), this thesis argues that reduplication is a process that involves the operation of determination. Indeed, it implies that an occurrence of a given notional domain is determined with reference to another occurrence of the domain. in question. In this view, we have regarded the juxtaposition of the two components as a marker of a linguistic operation and outlined the role of each component of the reduplicative structure. Thus, we show that the first component of the structure represents an unspecified occurrence while the second stands for the representative occurrence ofa notional domain. As for the juxtaposition, its role consits of identifying the unspecified occurrence in relation to the representative occurrence, rewritten as follows: <Occ1 € Occ0 >. This analysis which was first outlined while studying reduplication in French was then applied to Wolofin the light of facts from this language....This thesis clearly shows that reduplication has an invariant abstract generalizable working mechanism, and that it is quite different from repetition even though the two processes seem to have similar features....

中國在香港的一國兩制以高度自治為治理基礎,香港在1997回歸中國後已過了18個年頭,中國政府當初在中英聯合聲明中所給予香港的承諾如：高度自治,資本主義,以及人權自由,然而,這些承諾在今日的香港發展的如何為此論文的研究目的。研究方法採取文獻分析法以及次級資料分析,並且運用官方文件和香港大學的民意調查來做為研究基礎。研究結果發現,香港的高度自治尤其是在民主發展的進程,中國政府依然扮演著重要的角色,另一方面,除了新聞自由在近年來備受波及外其他方面的人權自由皆沒有明顯受侵害的趨勢。香港繁榮在回歸之後雖然幾度陷入全球蕭條的影響但在和中國快速經濟整合的背景下,香港的經濟得以維持在一定水準,但貧富差距等問題造成香港政府及社會的隱憂。 / This research is an attempt to conduct a preliminary assessment of one-country two systems in Hong Kong since the handover of sovereignty from British government back to China in 1997, particularly on the aspects of high degree of autonomy and economic performance. As promised in Sino-British Joint Declaration in 1984 that China pledged to be committed to sustain high degree of autonomy and way of life, capitalism in Hong Kong and this policy would remain unchanged for 50 years. This research draws heavily on secondary data and documentary analysis to answer the research questions, and the research found out that high degree of autonomy, way of life, have in some parts been enchroahed upon. On the other hand, the prosperity of Hong Kong has been ensured.

Cette thèse est une description des marqueurs verbaux de lètὲɣὲ (téké) langue bantu parlée au Gabon (B71a). Les marqueurs verbaux étudiés sont : le préfixe verbal (marque d’accord), le marqueur de négation kâ…ŋí, les particules énonciatives mâ et mí et la finale verbale. De nombreux linguistes bantouistes considèrent ce domaine d’étude (marqueurs verbaux) comme étant complexe, c’est le cas de Guarisma (2000). Le nombre de marqueurs verbaux en est une des raisons de cette complexité. Il est difficile d’assigner un rôle à certains morphèmes. Elle s’inscrit dans le cadre Théorique des Opérations Prédicatives et Enonciatives (TOPE), élaboré par Culioli et ses collaborateurs, voir Culioli (1990,1999a). L’étude de ces morphèmes montre que chacun marque une opération linguistique spécifique. / This thesis is a description of verbal markers in lètὲɣὲ (Téké), a Bantu language spoken in Gabon (B 71a). The verbal markers studied are: the verbal prefix (mark of agreement), the negation marker kâ ... ŋí, the enunciating particles mâ and mí and the verbal final. Many Bantuist linguists consider this field of study (verbal markers) to be complex, as is the case with Guarisma (2000). The number of verbal markers is one of the reasons for this complexity. This work is conducted within the framework of the Theory of the Predicative and Enunciative Operations developed by Culioli (1990) and his collaborators. The enunciative study of these elements shows that each of them marks a specific linguistic operation.

O projeto consistiu em avaliar o emprego de polímeros catiônicos e aniônicos de diferentes pesos moleculares como auxiliares de filtração no tratamento de águas de abastecimento proveniente de mananciais com alto grau de eutrofização com vistas a possibilitar a otimização da remoção de material particulado e minimização da evolução da perda de carga. O aparato experimental é composto, principalmente, por 4 filtros em escala piloto de alta taxa do tipo camada profunda e fluxo descendente por gravidade operados em paralelo. Os filtros possuem 5 m de altura e diâmetro interno de 150 mm. O procedimento experimental foi dividido em três etapas, execução de ensaios de fluidificação e expansão do leito dos filtros e utilização de polímeros catiônicos e de polímero aniônico como auxiliares de filtração. A primeira etapa teve como objetivo definir parâmetros de dimensionamento do sistema de lavagem em contra-corrente com ar e água e nas duas etapas seguintes foram realizados os ensaios de filtração a uma taxa de 500 m³/m²/dia, com a utilização dos polímeros com três dosagens diferentes. Os polímeros utilizados foram CA-2577, CA-2581, CD-2592 e N1986. Estes possuem estrutura e pesos moleculares variáveis, de forma que o trabalho tivesse uma maior amplitude. Os valores médios de turbidez, para a primeira etapa dos ensaios de filtração, foram de 2,36 ± 0,28 UNT e 1,12 ± 0,21 UNT para água bruta e decantada, respectivamente, 0,26 ± 0,07 UNT para o filtro F1 com antracito, 0,25 ± 0,08 UNT para o filtro F3 com antracito e adição de polímero, 0,29 ± 0,08 UNT para o filtro F2 com areia e 0,26 ± 0,08 UNT para o filtro F4 com areia e adição de polímero. Para a segunda etapa dos ensaios de filtração os valores médios de turbidez foram de 2,03 ± 0,36 UNT para água bruta, 0,80 ± 0,21 UNT para água decantada, 0,09 ± 0,03 UNT para o filtro F1, sem adição de polímero, e 0,15 ± 0,04, 0,16 ± 0,03 e 0,10 ± 0,04 UNT para os filtros F2, F3 e F4, respectivamente, todos com adição de polímero. Os resultados experimentais possibilitaram concluir que a adoção do antracito como material filtrante do tipo camada única e profunda apresenta a vantagem de permitir uma menor velocidade ascensional de água de lavagem para uma determinada expansão quando comparado a um filtro de areia de idêntica granulometria. A aplicação dos polímeros catiônicos e do polímero aniônico como auxiliares de filtração não proporcionou para nenhuma dosagem utilizada melhora significativa no comportamento dos filtros. Uma eventual melhora ou piora foi insignificante e estava ligada à qualidade da água decantada. No que diz respeito à perda de carga, os filtros com antracito tiveram carreiras de filtração mais longas quando comparados com os de areia, independente da utilização dos polímeros. / The project was to evaluate the use of anionic and cationic polymers of different molecular weights as filter aids to treat drinking water treatment of surface water sources with high degree of eutrophication, particularly with regard to particulate matter removal optimization and head loss rate minimization. The experimental apparatus was composed of four pilot scale, deep bed, down flow rapid gravity filters, operated in parallel. The filter columns were 5 m high, had inner diameter of 150 mm. The experimental procedure was divided in three stages, conduction of media fluidization and media expansion tests and cationic and anionic polymers application as filter aid. The first stage aims was to define design parameters for the filter backwashing system with water and air and in the two next phases the tests were conducted at a filtration rate of 500 m³/m²/day, with the use of polymers with three different dosages. The polymers tested were CA- 2577, CA-2581, CD-2592 and N1986. They have different structure and molecular weights, thus making wider the array of possibilities tested. The average values of turbidity, for the first stage of testing filtration, were 2.36 ± 0.28 and 1.12 ± 0.21 NTU for raw and settled water, respectively, 0.26 ± 0.07 NTU to the filter F1 with anthracite, 0.25 ± 0.08 NTU for the filter F3 with anthracite and addition of polymer, 0.29 ± 0.08 NTU for the filter F2 with sand and 0.26 ± 0.08 NTU for the filter F4 with sand and the addition of polymer. For the second stage of testing of the filter values of turbidity were 2.03 ± 0.36 NTU for raw water, 0.80 ± 0.21 NTU for settled water, 0.09 ± 0.03 for the filter F1, without the addition of polymer, and 0.15 ± 0.04, 0.16 ± 0.03 and 0.10 ± 0.04 NTU for filters F2, F3 and F4, respectively, all with the addition of polymer. The experimental results led us to conclusion that the adoption of anthracite as single media in deep bed filtration presents the advantage of a lower ascent backwash water velocity for any given bed expansion as compared to deep bed filtration through sand with the same granulometric characteristic. Application of cationic and anionic polymers as filter aids did not lead to any significant improvement in the behavior of pilot scale filters, regardless of applied polymer dosage. Any eventual improvement or worsening was not significant and was closely related to the settled water quality. Regarding the head loss, the filters with anthracite had longer filtration careers when compared to sand, regardless the use of polymers.

O projeto consistiu em avaliar o emprego de polímeros catiônicos e aniônicos de diferentes pesos moleculares como auxiliares de filtração no tratamento de águas de abastecimento proveniente de mananciais com alto grau de eutrofização com vistas a possibilitar a otimização da remoção de material particulado e minimização da evolução da perda de carga. O aparato experimental é composto, principalmente, por 4 filtros em escala piloto de alta taxa do tipo camada profunda e fluxo descendente por gravidade operados em paralelo. Os filtros possuem 5 m de altura e diâmetro interno de 150 mm. O procedimento experimental foi dividido em três etapas, execução de ensaios de fluidificação e expansão do leito dos filtros e utilização de polímeros catiônicos e de polímero aniônico como auxiliares de filtração. A primeira etapa teve como objetivo definir parâmetros de dimensionamento do sistema de lavagem em contra-corrente com ar e água e nas duas etapas seguintes foram realizados os ensaios de filtração a uma taxa de 500 m³/m²/dia, com a utilização dos polímeros com três dosagens diferentes. Os polímeros utilizados foram CA-2577, CA-2581, CD-2592 e N1986. Estes possuem estrutura e pesos moleculares variáveis, de forma que o trabalho tivesse uma maior amplitude. Os valores médios de turbidez, para a primeira etapa dos ensaios de filtração, foram de 2,36 ± 0,28 UNT e 1,12 ± 0,21 UNT para água bruta e decantada, respectivamente, 0,26 ± 0,07 UNT para o filtro F1 com antracito, 0,25 ± 0,08 UNT para o filtro F3 com antracito e adição de polímero, 0,29 ± 0,08 UNT para o filtro F2 com areia e 0,26 ± 0,08 UNT para o filtro F4 com areia e adição de polímero. Para a segunda etapa dos ensaios de filtração os valores médios de turbidez foram de 2,03 ± 0,36 UNT para água bruta, 0,80 ± 0,21 UNT para água decantada, 0,09 ± 0,03 UNT para o filtro F1, sem adição de polímero, e 0,15 ± 0,04, 0,16 ± 0,03 e 0,10 ± 0,04 UNT para os filtros F2, F3 e F4, respectivamente, todos com adição de polímero. Os resultados experimentais possibilitaram concluir que a adoção do antracito como material filtrante do tipo camada única e profunda apresenta a vantagem de permitir uma menor velocidade ascensional de água de lavagem para uma determinada expansão quando comparado a um filtro de areia de idêntica granulometria. A aplicação dos polímeros catiônicos e do polímero aniônico como auxiliares de filtração não proporcionou para nenhuma dosagem utilizada melhora significativa no comportamento dos filtros. Uma eventual melhora ou piora foi insignificante e estava ligada à qualidade da água decantada. No que diz respeito à perda de carga, os filtros com antracito tiveram carreiras de filtração mais longas quando comparados com os de areia, independente da utilização dos polímeros. / The project was to evaluate the use of anionic and cationic polymers of different molecular weights as filter aids to treat drinking water treatment of surface water sources with high degree of eutrophication, particularly with regard to particulate matter removal optimization and head loss rate minimization. The experimental apparatus was composed of four pilot scale, deep bed, down flow rapid gravity filters, operated in parallel. The filter columns were 5 m high, had inner diameter of 150 mm. The experimental procedure was divided in three stages, conduction of media fluidization and media expansion tests and cationic and anionic polymers application as filter aid. The first stage aims was to define design parameters for the filter backwashing system with water and air and in the two next phases the tests were conducted at a filtration rate of 500 m³/m²/day, with the use of polymers with three different dosages. The polymers tested were CA- 2577, CA-2581, CD-2592 and N1986. They have different structure and molecular weights, thus making wider the array of possibilities tested. The average values of turbidity, for the first stage of testing filtration, were 2.36 ± 0.28 and 1.12 ± 0.21 NTU for raw and settled water, respectively, 0.26 ± 0.07 NTU to the filter F1 with anthracite, 0.25 ± 0.08 NTU for the filter F3 with anthracite and addition of polymer, 0.29 ± 0.08 NTU for the filter F2 with sand and 0.26 ± 0.08 NTU for the filter F4 with sand and the addition of polymer. For the second stage of testing of the filter values of turbidity were 2.03 ± 0.36 NTU for raw water, 0.80 ± 0.21 NTU for settled water, 0.09 ± 0.03 for the filter F1, without the addition of polymer, and 0.15 ± 0.04, 0.16 ± 0.03 and 0.10 ± 0.04 NTU for filters F2, F3 and F4, respectively, all with the addition of polymer. The experimental results led us to conclusion that the adoption of anthracite as single media in deep bed filtration presents the advantage of a lower ascent backwash water velocity for any given bed expansion as compared to deep bed filtration through sand with the same granulometric characteristic. Application of cationic and anionic polymers as filter aids did not lead to any significant improvement in the behavior of pilot scale filters, regardless of applied polymer dosage. Any eventual improvement or worsening was not significant and was closely related to the settled water quality. Regarding the head loss, the filters with anthracite had longer filtration careers when compared to sand, regardless the use of polymers.