Orientadores: André Franceshi de Angelis, José Geraldo Pena de Andrade / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T15:13:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paiva_WilliamRobertode_M.pdf: 3222455 bytes, checksum: 4ba3e5407135ec1d8483e94ec4c11749 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, propõe-se a avaliação de quatro métodos que possam melhorar a resiliência de redes de alta tensão através da adição de linhas de transmissão, utilizando-se a Teoria das Redes Complexas. Criou-se um modelo da rede brasileira de geração e transmissão de energia elétrica em forma de grafo para testar os métodos. O primeiro deles consiste em ligar pares de vértices que possuam menor grau em toda a rede. O segundo liga os vértices de menor betweenness. O terceiro efetua ligações entre pares de vértices de menor grau que estejam ligados aos vértices de maior carga em toda a rede. O último, faz ligações entre os dois vértices de betweenness mediano. Todos os métodos foram testados com e sem o auxílio do procedimento "min-cut", capaz de identificar as arestas que, ao serem removidas, dividem a rede em duas sub-redes, permitindo assim efetuar ligações que reduzam o risco dessa divisão. Além dos testes no modelo da rede brasileira, utilizaram-se também 1000 redes Scale-Free e 1000 aleatórias para verificar o aumento de eficiência trazidos. Todos os métodos foram capazes de aumentar a eficiência, tanto no modelo da rede real quanto nos modelos artificiais. A estratégia de ligar os vértices de betweenness mediano com auxílio do min-cut trouxe o maior aumento. A resiliência da rede, diante de falhas planejadas e falhas aleatórias, foi aumentada em poucos casos, porém, em nenhum houve redução da mesma. Conclui-se que as estratégias propostas podem ser utilizadas para melhorar a eficiência de redes de alta tensão, mantendo ou aumentando sua resiliência, bem como podem ser usadas para trazer os mesmos atributos para redes complexas em geral / Abstract: In this work we purpose to assess four methods to improve high-voltage networks resilience against failures and attacks, using the Complex Network Theory to do it. To test these methods, we created a network model in graph format, based on the Brazilian generation and transmission electrical network. The first of these methods consist in to link pairs of nodes which have the lowest degree in the network. The second creates a link betweenn the lowest betweenness nodes. The third method is to link the two lowest degree nodes which are linked to the highest load nodes. The last one creates a link betweenn the two nodes which has the median betweenness. All methods were tested with and without the use of the "min-cut" procedure. This procedure finds the lowest number of necessary links that, when removed, divide the network in two sub-networks. It allows us to identify these links and reduce the risk of this partitioning the network by adding new links. We also test the strategies in 1000 artificial Scale-Free networks and 1000 artificial Random networks to validate those methods. All strategies were able to increase efficiency, in the real and artificial networks models. The strategy which links the median betweenness nodes using the "min-cut" procedure brought the best results. The network resilience against planned and random failures was increased in in few cases, but no decreases was registered. We conclude that our strategies can be used to improve high-voltage network efficiency, keeping or improving its resilience, as they can be used to bring the same attribute to any type of complex networks / Mestrado / Tecnologia e Inovação / Mestre em Tecnologia

Orientador: Elnatan Chagas Ferreira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T01:27:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cremonezi_AlcidesOliveira_M.pdf: 4474466 bytes, checksum: 5a33efaeb2ab330c00861ab393b6c732 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Os sensores a fibra óptica são imunes à interferência eletromagnética (EMI), eles são normalmente encontrados em ambientes eletricamente ruidosos, especialmente em linhas de transmissão de alta voltagem. Essa é a característica principal que faz desse tipo de sensores ideais para empresas de Energia Elétrica. Esse trabalho apresenta uma nova abordagem, de precisão moderada, robusta e de baixo custo, para a fabricação de um transdutor de corrente elétrica para alta tensão, com detecção magnetostritiva utilizando material inteligente, Terfenol-D, e sensoriamento óptico através de grade de Bragg em fibra óptica (FBG). O núcleo magnético foi desenvolvido em formato toroidal e construído utilizando usinagem através de eletro-erosão, o que resultou em uma peça única com projeto mecânico robusto. Aplicando compressão mecânica ao sensor toroidal e fazendo sua resposta ficar muito próxima a uma função quadrática, foi possível calcular o valor RMS da corrente diretamente do sinal de saída do sensor, e com isso, eliminar qualquer polarização magnética DC utilizada em técnicas anteriores reportadas na literatura. Foi utilizada com sucesso, uma nova técnica de circuito eletrônico de interrogação que permite a medida de sinais AC e mantém o ponto de operação DC da FBG. Resultados experimentais medidos com o transdutor óptico desenvolvido mostraram que entre correntes de aproximadamente 200 a 900A o erro observado foi de apenas 1,2% e sua dependência com a temperatura dentro de um range de 25 a 450C mostrou erro máximo de 2%. O sistema desenvolvido apresenta rápida resposta a transiente e precisa de somente 34ms para alcançar o estado estacionário quando submetido a um aumento de 150% da corrente nele medida. Os resultados mostram que o projeto sugerido é adequado e muito promissor para a construção comercial de um transdutor óptico de corrente para alta tensão / Abstract: Optical sensors are passives and immunes to electromagnetic interferences (EMI), they are well suited for applications in electrically noisy environments, especially in high voltages transmission lines. This is the main characteristic that makes them ideal to electrical energy companies. A new approach to the fabrication of, moderated precision, robust and low-cost fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) optical current transducers using a Terfenol-D magnetostrictive smart material is presented. Electro-erosion was used to manufacture a magnetic core in a toroidal shape which resulted in a single piece robust mechanical design. By applying mechanical compression to the toroidal sensor and making its response very close to a quadratic function, it is possible to calculate the RMS value of the current directly from the output of the sensor and eliminate the DC biasing magnetic field used in previous literature reported techniques. A new electronic interrogation circuit technique which allows the measurement of AC signals and keeps the DC operation point of the FBG was implemented and successfully used in the prototype. Experimental results measured in the developed optical current transducer showed that an error of 1.2% was achieved for currents over approximately the 200 to 900A range and its temperature dependence in a range of 25 to 450C has showed a maximum error of 2%. The developed system presents a fast transient response, and needs only 34ms to reach the steady state after a 150% amplitude step increase is applied to current being measured. The results shows that the developed project is feasible and also very promisor to be considered on commercial applications / Mestrado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Doctorat en sciences appliquées / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Electrical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2013 / The development of power electronics did remove most of technical limitations that high voltage direct current (HVDC) used to have. HVDC, now, is mostly used for the transmission of bulk power over long distances and for the interconnection of asynchronous grid. Along with the development of the HVDC, the growth of power demand also increased beyond the utilities capacities. Besides the on-going increasing of power demand, the reforms in electricity market have led to the liberalization and the incorporation of Independent power providers in power system operation. Regulations and rules have been established by regulating authority for grid integration of Independent power providers. With the expected increase of penetration level of those new independent power providers, result of economic reason and actual green energy trend, best method of integration of those new power plants are required. In this research HVDC technology, namely VSC-HVDC is used as interface for connecting independent power providers units to the grid. VSC-HVDC has various advantages such as short-circuit contribution and independent control of active and reactive power. VSC-HVDC advantages are used for a safe integration of IPPs and make them participate to grid stabilization. MATLAB/Simulink simulations of different grid connected, through VSC-HVDC system, IPPs technologies models are performed. For each IPP technology model, system model performances are studied and dynamics responses during the disturbance are analyzed in MATLAB/ Simulink program. The simulation results show that the model satisfy the standard imposed by the regulating authority in terms of power quality and grid support. Also the results show the effect of the VSC-HVDC in preventing faults propagation from grid to integrated IPPs units.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate differences in the nerve fiber layer and glaucoma-induced structural optic nerve head (ONH) damage in patients with normal- (NTG) and high-tension (HTG) glaucoma. Methods: In this retrospective pair-matched comparative study, 22 NTG and 22 HTG eyes were matched according to the same glaucomatous damage based on rim volume, rim area and disk size, as measured by Heidelberg retinal tomography (HRT III). Visual fields (VF) were assessed by Humphrey perimetry, and nerve fiber layer thickness was determined both by scanning laser polarimetry (GDxVCC) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Comparisons of all measured parameters were made between NTG and HTG groups. Results: Based on HRT results, both NTG and HTG eyes displayed comparable structural damage to the ONH (NTG/HTG, mean: disk area, 2.30/2.31 mm 2 , p = 0.942; rim area, 1.02/0.86 mm 2 , p = 0.082; rim volume, 0.19/0.17 mm 3 , p = 0.398). NTG eyes had significantly less VF damage than HTG eyes (NTG/HTG, mean deviation: –4.23/–12.12 dB, p = 0.002; pattern standard deviation: 5.39/8.23 dB, p = 0.022). The inferior nerve fiber layer of NTG patients was significantly thicker than that of HTG patients (NTG/HTG, mean: GDx inferior: 53.5/46.3 μm, p = 0.046). SD-OCT revealed a significantly thicker nerve fiber in NTG compared with HTG patients in all quadrants (NTG/HTG, total mean: 72.72/58.45 μm, p = 0.002). Conclusion: At comparable glaucomatous stages, nerve fiber loss was more advanced in HTG patients compared with NTG patients.

No description available.

Aujourd’hui les réseaux électriques sont exploités dans un marché dérégulé. Les gestionnaires des réseaux électriques sont tenus d’assurer un certain nombre de critères de fiabilité et de continuité du service, tout en minimisant le coût total consacré aux efforts effectués pour maintenir la fiabilité des installations. Il s’agit de trouver une stratégie, qui répond à plusieurs exigences, comme :le coût, les performances, la législation, les exigences du régulateur, etc. Cependant, le processus de prise de décision est subjectif, car chaque participant ramène sa contribution sur base de sa propre expérience. Bien que ce processus permette de trouver la « meilleure » stratégie, cette dernière n’est pas forcément la stratégie « optimale ». Ce compromis technico-économique a sensibilisé les gestionnaires des réseaux électriques à la nécessité d’un recours à des outils d’aide à la décision, qui doivent se baser sur des nouvelles approches quantitatives et une modélisation plus proches de la réalité physique.<p>Cette thèse rentre dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche lancé par ELIA, et dénommé COMPRIMa (Cost-Optimization Models for the Planning of the Renewal, Inspection, and Maintenance of Belgian power system facilities). Ce projet vise à développer une méthodologie qui permet de modéliser une partie du réseau électrique de transport (par les réseaux de Petri stochastiques) et de simuler son comportement dynamique sur un horizon donné (simulation de Monte Carlo). L’évaluation des indices de fiabilité permet de comparer les différents scénarios qui tentent d’améliorer les performances de l’installation. L’approche proposée est basée sur la stratégie RCM (Reliability-Centered Maintenance).<p>La méthodologie développée dans cette thèse permet une modélisation plus réaliste du réseau qui tient compte, entre autres, des aspects suivants :<p>- La corrélation quantitative entre le processus de maintenance et le processus de vieillissement des composants (par un modèle d’âge virtuel) ;<p>- Les dépendances liées à l’aspect multi-composant du système, qui tient compte des modes de défaillance spécifiques des systèmes de protection ;<p>- L’aspect économique lié à la stratégie de maintenance (inspection, entretien, réparation, remplacement), aux coupures (programmées et forcées) et aux événements à risque (refus disjoncteur, perte d’un client, perte d’un jeu de barres, perte d’une sous-station, etc.). / Doctorat en sciences appliquées / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The task of my diploma work is the study of the parking area on the motorway D1 near Vyškov. This place will be connected with the motorway D1 between the present exit Vyškov – West (226) and Vyškov – East (230/1) in the direction to Kroměříž. The parking area (the parking place, the petrol station, the restaurant) and the truckpark will be designed with the reason of the high intensity of cars and lorries on the motorway D1 and with the reason of the lack of the parking places for the lorries.