This thesis deals with the question of evil as privatio boni according to the teachings of Augustine of Hippo and the conception of evil in the work of Carl Gustav Jung who denied this Augustine's teachings. In the thesis I analyze attitudes that adopt both thinkers to categories of good and evil in relation to impacts of their conceptions on understanding of God, self-understanding of man, of his life, death and salvation, further of the relation of God and man and the human moral responsibility before God and society. Augustine maintains that evil is an absence of good, but Jung thinks that the reality is put together from the balance of good and evil. Their attitudes I scarify with the aid of the secondary literature and the explanation of that biblical places that both thinkers refer to.

I set out to make a lighthearted comedy punctuated with some scary moments. I wanted this story to come from a seven-year-old girl's point of view and match fantastic visuals with equally fantastic sounds. I will discuss the entire creative process in this book such as preproduction, writing, direction, cinematography, editing, and the sound design process, as well as many of my own personal experiences on this set and in my life. I have included the influence of unbiased audience members to determine whether or not I was successful in making a competent movie. This entire process, including all of the work done, rests entirely on my audience. I have done my best to include both people who are affluent in film production, as well as those who are not.

The mammalian hippo signalling pathway controls cell proliferation and apoptosis via transcriptional co-activators YAP and TAZ, and as such is a key regulator of organ and tissue growth. Multiple cellular components converge in this pathway, including the actin cytoskeleton, which is required for YAP/TAZ activity. The precise mechanism by which the mechanical actomyosin network regulates Hippo signalling, however, is unknown. Optical methods provide a non-invasive way to image and study the biomechanics of cells. In the past two decades, super-resolution fluorescence microscopy techniques that break the diffraction limit of light have come to the fore, enabling visualisation of intracellular detail at the nanoscale level. Optical trapping, on the other hand, allows precise control of micron-sized objects such as cells. Here, super resolution structured illumination microscopy (SIM) and elastic resonator interference stress microscopy (ERISM) were used to investigate a potential role for the FERM-domain protein FRMD6, or Willin, in the mechanical control of the Hippo pathway in a neuronal cell model. A double optical trap was also integrated with the Nikon-SIM with the aim of cell stretching. Willin expression was shown to modify the morphology, neuronal differentiation, actin cytoskeleton and forces of SH-SY5Y cells. Optical trapping from above the SIM objective, however, was demonstrated to be ineffective for manipulation of adherent cells. The results presented here indicate a function for Willin in the assembly of actin stress fibres that may be the result of an interaction with the Hippo pathway regulator AMOT. Further investigation, for example by direct cell stretching, is required to elucidate the exact role of Willin in the mechanical control of YAP/TAZ.

Héritier de la culture classique antique et ancien professeur de rhétorique, Augustin d'Hippone (354-430) est l'auteur d'une oeuvre vaste et variée où il s'illustre comme un théologien, philosophe, pasteur à la pensée originale et puissante. Il n'est pas connu cependant comme historien et n'est pas l'auteur d'ouvrages spécifiquement historiques. Pourtant, comme évêque africain et autorité intellectuelle reconnue de ses contemporains, il a été amené à s'engager dans des controverses pour lesquelles il a utilisé une argumentation historique construite avec rigueur.Les méthodes avec lesquelles Augustin rassemble et critique ses sources et interprète l'histoire sont étudiées à partir de la Cité de Dieu et des traités anti-donatistes. Elles sont analysées en fonction du contexte culturel antique, à l'aide des réflexions historiographiques contemporaines. De quelle façon Augustin répond-il aux exigences d'un travail historique lorsqu'il aborde l'histoire de Rome et de l'Église ?Les recherches ont été menées en trois étapes pour envisager tout d'abord Augustin comme historien de Rome et particulièrement de la République romaine, puis comme historien du rôle de la religion (païenne et chrétienne) à Rome, et enfin comme historien du schisme donatiste en Afrique. Ces axes d'études permettent d'approfondir l'analyse des méthodes d'Augustin et de mettre en valeur une progression, d'un travail accompli à partir de sources secondaires sur une époque éloignée, à un travail mené partir d'une documentation qu'il réunit lui-même sur l'histoire de l'Église de son temps. / Steeped in ancient classical culture and a former professor of rhetoric, Augustine of Hippo (354-430) is considered as a distinguished theologian, philosopher, and pastor, with original andpowerful thoughts. He is not known as a historian, and is not the author of historical works.However, as a bishop and an intellectual authority recognized by his contemporaries, he wasconducted to conduct controversies during which he used a rigorously built historicalargumentation.The way Augustine collects and criticizes his sources, and interprets history, are studied based onCity of God and anti-Donatist writings. These are analyzed taking account to ancient culturalcontext, and using contemporary historiographical approach. Does Augustin reach the historicalwork standard when he addresses the history of Rome and the Church ?The research was conducted in three stages ; first considering Augustine as an historian of Romeand especially of the Roman Republic, then as an historian of the role of pagan and Christianreligion in Rome, and finally as an historian of the Donatist schism in Africa. These steps revealthe progression of Augustine methods, from a work based on secondary sources dealing with anancient period, to a work conducted from documents that he personnally gathers on thecontemporary history of the Church.

Around the time of his famous conversion in 386, Augustine planned to dedicate a treatise to each of the artes liberales. However, he finished only a work on grammar and the first part of the De musica (books I-VI), which deals with rhythmus\the second part, which was to treat melos, was never written, since Augustine became occupied with his ecclesiastical career. The present work is the first critical edition of the sixth book of the De musica; the Latin text is accompanied by an English translation. The introduction includes a full analysis of the manuscript tradition from the 8th to the 14th century and a selective analysis of the later manuscript tradition. Among the conclusions reached are that all extant manuscripts descend from a single archetype which is not identical with the original text, that most manuscripts can be divided into four families, and that the text can be established on the basis of six of the oldest manuscripts. The introduction also contains a discussion of the much-debated question concerning Augustine's own revision of the sixth book, a section where solutions are proposed to several textual problems that were confronted during the establishment of the text, and a selective commentary on the contents of the sixth book of the De musica.

Crumbs is a transmembrane protein and apical determinant in Drosophila epithelial cells. Its cytoplasmic tail contains a PDZ and a FERM domain-binding site through which Crumbs interacts with the FERM proteins Yurt, Moesin and Expanded. Recent evidence suggests that Crumbs can also interact with the uncharacterised FERM proteins CG34347 and Cdep. The main objective of my thesis was to generate mutations in CG34347 and Cdep to facilitate the functional analysis of these genes. I generated a mutation for Cdep that remains to be characterised and two mutant lines for CG34347; one lacking the first exon and one lacking the entire gene, using a FRT-based recombination strategy. Both CG34347 mutants cause severe ovarian defects. The most consistent defect is a multilayering of the interfollicular stalk. These defects are also observed when Notch, Hippo, Wingless and Hedgehog signalling pathways are overactive in ovaries suggesting that CG34347 participates in one of those pathways.

Crumbs is a transmembrane protein and apical determinant in Drosophila epithelial cells. Its cytoplasmic tail contains a PDZ and a FERM domain-binding site through which Crumbs interacts with the FERM proteins Yurt, Moesin and Expanded. Recent evidence suggests that Crumbs can also interact with the uncharacterised FERM proteins CG34347 and Cdep. The main objective of my thesis was to generate mutations in CG34347 and Cdep to facilitate the functional analysis of these genes. I generated a mutation for Cdep that remains to be characterised and two mutant lines for CG34347; one lacking the first exon and one lacking the entire gene, using a FRT-based recombination strategy. Both CG34347 mutants cause severe ovarian defects. The most consistent defect is a multilayering of the interfollicular stalk. These defects are also observed when Notch, Hippo, Wingless and Hedgehog signalling pathways are overactive in ovaries suggesting that CG34347 participates in one of those pathways.

Los “valores” son percibidos emocionalmente en virtud de un acto de amor. Íntimamente relacionado con el concepto de “valor” está el de “persona”, como “valor de los valores”. Ésta es inobjetivable; no se le entiende sino que se le “comprende”; no se la conoce en virtud de un acto intelectual sino que se le ama y, en virtud del amor, se intuye moralmente su esencia, su ordo amoris. A lo largo de esta tesis se repasan los elementos de la ética de los valores de Scheler y la influencia que sobre la misma ejerció San Agustín de Hipona. Eso me lleva a calificar el periodo central del filósofo alemán como “periodo agustiniano”, y a abrir una nueva línea de investigación que corrija los problemas a que dio lugar la pretendida fundamentación axiológica de la ética, con base en el concepto de amor, para construir una “ética del amor”. / The “values” are perceived emotionally by an act of love. Related to the concept of “value” is the concept of “person” as “value of values”. The person is inobjetivable; we can not understand them but can be sympathetic. They are not known under an intellectual act but a loving act. Because of love, it is given a moral intuition of their essence: the “ordo amoris”. Throughout this work we review the elements of Scheler´s ethics and the influence exerted on it by Saint Augustine of Hippo. Thus, I qualify the central period of the German philosopher as “Augustinian period”, and open a new line of researching to correct the problems from the doubtful axiological foundations of the ethics of the values. This can be intended, based on the concept of love, to build a “Love Ethic” which does not lose sight of the real material object of ethics: the Good.

Recent advances in high throughput technology have opened the door to systematic studies of epigenetic mechanisms. One of the key components in the regulation of the cell cycle and differentiation is the retinoblastoma protein (pRB), a component of the RB/E2F tumor suppressor pathway that is frequently deregulated in cancer. The RBP2/KDM5A histone demethylase was shown to interact with pRB and regulate pRB function during differentiation. However, how precisely differentiation is coupled with halted cell cycle progression and whether an epigenetic mechanism is involved remain unknown. In the present study, I analyzed gene expression levels of human histone methyltransferases (HMT) and demethylases (HDM), as well as their targets in human cancers; and focused on RB/KDM5A connection in control of cell cycle and differentiation. In particular, I used Drosophila as a model to describe a novel mechanism where the RB/E2F pathway interacts with the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway to synergistically control cell cycle exit upon differentiation. Studying the role of miR-11, I found that the inhibition of dE2F1-induced cell death is its highly specialized function. Furthermore, I studied the induction of differentiation and apoptosis as the consequences of KDM5A deletion in cells derived from Rb knockout mice. I concluded that during differentiation, KDM5A plays a critical role at the enhancers of cell type-specific genes and at the promoters of E2F targets; in cooperation with other repressor complexes, it silences cell cycle genes. I found that KDM5A binds to transcription start sites of the majority of genes with H3K4 methylation. These are highly expressed genes, involved in certain biological processes, and occupied by KDM5A in an isoform-specific manner. KDM5A plays a unique and non-redundant role in histone demethylation and its promoter binding pattern highly overlaps with the opposing enzyme, MLL1. Finally, I found that HMT and HDM enzymes exhibit a distinct co-expression pattern in different cancer types, and this determines the level of expression of their target genes. / Los avances recientes en las tecnologías de alto flujo han abierto el camino a los estudios sistemáticos de los mecanismos epigenéticos. La proteína retinoblastoma (pRB), uno de los elementos de la ruta de supresión de tumores RB/E2F que se encuentra desregulado con frecuencia en el cáncer, es uno de los componentes esenciales de la regulación del ciclo celular y la diferenciación. Sin embargo, aún no se conoce de qué manera precisa la diferenciación se acopla a la detención del avance del ciclo celular y si hay algún mecanismo epigenético vinculado a este proceso. En este estudio, he analizado los niveles de expresión de histona metiltransferasas (HMT) y desmetilasas humanas (HDM), así como sus dianas en cánceres humanos, y me he centrado en la conexión de RB/KDM5A en el control del ciclo celular y la diferenciación. Específicamente, utilicé Drosophila como modelo para describir un mecanismo nuevo mediante el cual RB/E2F interactúa con la ruta Hippo de supresión de tumores para controlar de manera sinérgica la detención del ciclo celular relacionada con la diferenciación. Mediante la investigación del papel de miR-11, determiné que su función altamente especializada es la inhibición de la muerte celular inducida por dE2F1. Además, estudié la inducción de la diferenciación y la apoptosis como consecuencia de la pérdida de KDMA5 en células obtenidas a partir de ratones sin Rb. Extraje como conclusión que, durante la diferenciación, KDMA5 desempeña un papel esencial sobre los estimuladores de los genes específicos de los tipos celulares, así como en los promotores de las dianas de E2F; en cooperación con otros complejos represores silencia a los genes del ciclo celular. Investigué el mecanismo de reclutamiento de KDM5A y encontré que se une al sitio de inicio de la transcripción de la mayoría de los genes que poseen metilación en H3K4. Estos genes tienen elevados niveles de expresión, están involucrados en determinados procesos biológicos y están ocupados por diferentes isoformas de KDM5A. KDM5A desempeña un papel único y no redundante en la desmetilación de las histonas y que en gran medida se solapa con la enzima con la función opuesta, MLL1. Para terminar, encontré que las enzimas HMT y HDM muestran patrones de co-expresión distintos en diferentes tipos de cáncer, y que este hecho determina los niveles de expresión de sus genes diana.

Dans une société qui avait déjà fait une large place, non au monothéisme en tant que tel, mais à un certain hénothéisme, le christianisme a pu apparaître comme un phénomène inédit, en comparaison du polythéisme traditionnel. Plusieurs originalités le caractérisent, même si séparément, elles peuvent se retrouver dans d'autres mouvements religieux. Dans l'histoire de l'Afrique romaine cependant, l'élément déterminant qui peut expliquer la généralisation des conversions au christianisme se situe peut-être moins dans une croyance en un au-delà meilleur ou dans un rapport d'intimité inédit avec le sacré, que dans les aspects matériels mis en place par l'Église - assistance charitable, réseau d'évêchés, encadrement ecclésiastique - et dans le choix du Prince de faire de son empire un monde chrétien. Cette décision politique, initiée par Constantin et majoritairement suivie par ses successeurs, a sans doute représenté l'un des outils les plus efficaces de la christianisation dans la longue durée, mais elle pose la question des limites du processus, dans la mesure où les individus christianisés n'en sont pas pour autant nécessairement chrétiens, selon la définition que l'on retient pour ce terme. La dimension religieuse et individuelle est essentielle à la compréhension d'un processus qui, malgré la popularité de certaines pratiques, comme le culte des martyrs, a rencontré de nombreux obstacles : depuis le judaïsme et le paganisme, jusqu'au schisme donatiste et aux violences qui lui sont corrélées. Dans sa volonté de les annihiler, le pouvoir a donné à la christianisation de l'empire une dimension politique qui a renforcé l'institution ecclésiastique et sa légitimité. / .