Este trabalho foca seu estudo nas estruturas transitivas dos verbos dar e vender, presentes nos documentos notariais castelhanos dos séculos XII e XIII, das antigas regiões de Castela do Norte, Burgos, Rioja (Alta e Baixa) e Toledo, transcritos diretamente dos originais por Ramón Menéndez Pidal. A partir da leitura dos documentos, foi possível formar um corpus composto por fragmentos de todas as regiões e dos dois séculos, com a presença dos verbos dar e/ou vender e todos os seus complementos (diretos e/ou indiretos). Para a identificação dos objetos direto e indireto, usamos o critério da proporcionalidade dos objetos pelos pronomes lo(s), la(s) / le(s), respectivamente. Como suporte teórico ao estudo das estruturas transitivas, apoiamonos nos estudos funcionalistas de Hopper e Thompson (1980) e Alarcos Llorach (1994), para quem a determinação da transitividade não depende somente do verbo, mas de toda a complementação verbal, de modo a considerar que não há verbos transitivos, mas estruturas verbais transitivas. A análise dos fragmentos possibilitou a identificação de 18 estruturas diferentes, reunidas em quatro grandes grupos de estruturas sintáticas: Grupo 1 Estruturas presentes nos dois grupos; Grupo 2 Estruturas com complementos verbais latinos; Grupo 3 Estruturas topicalizadas; Grupo 4 Estruturas específicas com o verbo dar. O uso do objeto indireto com a preposição a ainda não estava definido, havendo no período muitos casos de ausência dessa preposição. As regiões de Castela do Norte e Toledo foram as únicas que apresentaram construções de tópico, com todos os casos situados no século XIII. Em relação à presença do latim medieval hispânico nos documentos, encontramos diversos fatores que mostram a integração entre a tradição latina e o falar romance, resultando em textos com a presença tanto de elementos castelhanos quanto de elementos latinos, tais como o pronome dativo uobis ao lado de a uobis. / This paper focus its analysis on transitive structures of the verbs dar (give) and vender (sell), present in Castilian Notarial documents from the 12th and 13th centuries, from old regions of North Castela, Burgos, High and Low Riojas and Toledo, trasnscribed directly from the originals by Ramón Menéndez Pidal. From the reading of those documents, it was possible to form a corpus made up of fragments from all regions and from the two centuries with the verbs dar and / or vender and all their complements. To identify the direct and indirect objects, we used the criterion of proportion of complements set by the pronouns lo(s), la(s), / le(s), respectively. We based the study of transitive structures on the principles proposed by Hopper and Thompson (1980), two functionalists, and Alarcos Llorach (1994), to whom the determination of transitivity doesn´t depend only on the verbs, but on the whole verbal complementation, so that there are no transitive verbs, but rather, transitive verbal structures. The analysis of the fragments made the identification of 18 different structures possible, gathered in four big groups of syntactic structures: Group 1 Structures present in the two groups; Group 2 Structures with Latin verbal complements; Group 3 Topic structures; Group 4 Specific structures with the verb dar. The usage of the indirect complement with the preposition a wasn´t defined yet, what, in this period, justifies the many cases in which the preposition doesn´t occur. The regions of North Castela, Burgos and Toledo were the only ones which presented topic constructions, all of them occurring in the 13th century. In relation to the existence of the Spanish Medieval Latin in the documents, we find several factors that show the interaction between the Latin tradition and the spoken Romance, resulting in texts with Castilian as well as Latin elements, such as the dative pronoun uobis coexisting with a uobis.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:07:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 felicio_cp_me_sjrp.pdf: 1650362 bytes, checksum: 586c6cd19a45ef5c84ad2dbf2f73e9a3 (MD5) / A Gramaticalização (GR) é um processo histórico e unidirecional de mudança lingüística, em que itens com conteúdo lexical ou menos gramatical passam ao longo do tempo a se comportar como itens gramaticais, tendo seu significado abstratizado e fortalecido quanto à expressividade do falante. Mecanismos cognitivos, como a metáfora e a metonímia, atuam nesse processo de mudança, visto que por esses mecanismos há abstratização do significado e recategorização sintática induzida pelo contexto lingüístico. Além disso, de acordo com Traugott (1999), há dois mecanismos envolvidos na mudança semântica que acompanha a GR, a subjetivização e intersubjetivização. Por esses dois mecanismos, significados se tornam mais centrados na crença/atitude do falante em relação ao ouvinte. Sob essa ótica, este trabalho, baseado em dados sincrônicos e diacrônicos do português, tem como principal objetivo investigar o processo de mudança responsável pelas alterações sintáticas e semânticas (pragmatização de significado) da conjunção concessiva embora, partícula que teve sua origem na locução adverbial temporal em boa hora, utilizada para desejar bom augúrio, no século XV. Por essa investigação, foi possível reconstruir os usos diacrônicos de embora ao longo da história do português, apreender o(s) contexto(s) que foi(ram) responsável(is) pelas mudanças sofridas pelo item e encontrar razões históricas para o uso na sincronia atual. Além do mais, foram checadas algumas hipóteses no que diz respeito à unidirecionalidade e às fontes para o surgimento de concessivas. Para alcançar esse objetivo maior, o trabalho também examinou os diferentes usos sincrônicos de embora no português, falado e escrito, com a finalidade de encontrar pistas do funcionamento atual que auxiliem na descrição histórica. / Grammaticalization (GR) is a unidirectional historical process of changes in linguistics in which items with lexical or less grammatical content start acting as grammatical items throughout time, abstractizing and strengthening its meaning as for the speaker’s expressiveness. Cognitive mechanisms such as metaphor and metonymy act in this process of change, whereas they cause meaning abstractization and syntactic recategorization induced by the linguistic context. Besides, according to Traugott (1999), there are two mechanisms involved in the semantic change that keeps up with the GR which are subjectivization and intersubjectivization. Meanings become more focused on the speaker’s belief/attitude in relation to the listener through both mechanisms. Considering this vision and based on synchronic and diachronic data from Portuguese, the present work aims at researching the process of change responsible for syntactic and semantic alterations (pragmatizing meaning) of the concessive conjunction embora, which is a particle originated from the adverbial clause of time em boa hora, used to wish good luck in the XV Century. By means of this research it was possible to reconstruct diachronic usages of embora throughout Portuguese history, to learn about the context(s) that was(were) responsible for changes suffered by the item, and to find historical explanations for the usage in the current synchrony. Beyond that, some hypothesis related to unidirectionality and the origins of concessive conjunctions were also checked. In order to reach this aim, the present work also verified the different synchronic usages of embora in spoken and written Portuguese to find tips about the current behavior that can help in historical description.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:08:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_tm_me_sjrp.pdf: 614455 bytes, checksum: f87af5bb9f5125cb6a22b375b2431c58 (MD5) / O objetivo geral desse trabalho é investigar a mudança sintático-semântico-pragmática dos juntivos porém, contudo, todavia, entretanto e no entanto, conjuntamente, sob a perspectiva da gramaticalização, a fim de buscar a comprovação da hipótese de uma trajetória do tipo advérbio > conjunção, por meio de análises contextuais que expliquem o surgimento do uso conjuncional adversativo na história do português. Adotamos, nesse trabalho, a concepção mais clássica de gramaticalização, a qual, segundo Hopper e Traugott (2003), prevê que itens lexicais podem, em determinados contextos, passar a assumir funções gramaticais ou, se já gramaticalizados, continuar a desenvolver novas funções gramaticais. Esse processo envolve pragmatização crescente de significados (mudança semântica) e recategorização do item (mudança sintática). A investigação das mudanças pelas quais passaram os itens por nós analisados baseia-se em um corpus composto de textos históricos e textos do português contemporâneo, compreendendo os períodos arcaico (século XIII a XV), moderno (XVI e XVII) e contemporâneo (XVIII a XXI). Considerando fatores de ordem semântica, sintática e pragmática na recomposição da trajetória de gramaticalização de cada um dos itens, podemos atestar que seus funcionamentos adversativo e conjuncional emergiram em diferentes momentos da história do português, fato que, no português contemporâneo, os colocam em diferentes pontos em uma escala de gramaticalização, a saber: porém > todavia, contudo > entretanto > no entanto / The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the syntactic, semantic, pragmatic change of the juntives porém, contudo, todavia, entretanto and no entanto under the perspective of grammaticalization in order to search for the evidence of the hypothesis of a trajectory of the kind adverb > conjunction through contextual analysis which can explain the origin of the adversative use as a conjunction in the history of Portuguese. We adopted, in this paper, the most classical concept of grammaticalization, which, according to Hopper and Traugott (2003), foresees that lexical items can, in some contexts, assume grammatical functions or continue to develop new ones. This process involves growing pragmatization of meanings (semantic change) and recategorization of the item (syntactic change). The investigation of the juntives changes analyzed in this paper is based on a corpus composed of historical texts and texts of contemporary Portuguese, which comprehends the archaic (century XIII to XV), modern (XVI and XVII) and contemporary (XVIII to XXI) periods. Considering the semantic, syntactic and pragmatic factors in the reconstruction of the trajectory of grammaticalization of each one of the juntives, we can attest that the adversative and conjunctional functioning emerged in different moments in the history of Portuguese, a fact that, in contemporary Portuguese, put them in different points on the grammaticalization scale, which is: porém > todavia, contudo > entretanto > no entanto

Orientador: Sebastião Carlos Leite Gonçalves / Banca: Mariangêla Rios de Oliveira / Banca: Gisele Cássia de Sousa / Resumo: O objetivo geral desse trabalho é investigar a mudança sintático-semântico-pragmática dos juntivos porém, contudo, todavia, entretanto e no entanto, conjuntamente, sob a perspectiva da gramaticalização, a fim de buscar a comprovação da hipótese de uma trajetória do tipo advérbio > conjunção, por meio de análises contextuais que expliquem o surgimento do uso conjuncional adversativo na história do português. Adotamos, nesse trabalho, a concepção mais clássica de gramaticalização, a qual, segundo Hopper e Traugott (2003), prevê que itens lexicais podem, em determinados contextos, passar a assumir funções gramaticais ou, se já gramaticalizados, continuar a desenvolver novas funções gramaticais. Esse processo envolve pragmatização crescente de significados (mudança semântica) e recategorização do item (mudança sintática). A investigação das mudanças pelas quais passaram os itens por nós analisados baseia-se em um corpus composto de textos históricos e textos do português contemporâneo, compreendendo os períodos arcaico (século XIII a XV), moderno (XVI e XVII) e contemporâneo (XVIII a XXI). Considerando fatores de ordem semântica, sintática e pragmática na recomposição da trajetória de gramaticalização de cada um dos itens, podemos atestar que seus funcionamentos adversativo e conjuncional emergiram em diferentes momentos da história do português, fato que, no português contemporâneo, os colocam em diferentes pontos em uma escala de gramaticalização, a saber: porém > todavia, contudo > entretanto > no entanto / Abstract: The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the syntactic, semantic, pragmatic change of the juntives porém, contudo, todavia, entretanto and no entanto under the perspective of grammaticalization in order to search for the evidence of the hypothesis of a trajectory of the kind adverb > conjunction through contextual analysis which can explain the origin of the adversative use as a conjunction in the history of Portuguese. We adopted, in this paper, the most classical concept of grammaticalization, which, according to Hopper and Traugott (2003), foresees that lexical items can, in some contexts, assume grammatical functions or continue to develop new ones. This process involves growing pragmatization of meanings (semantic change) and recategorization of the item (syntactic change). The investigation of the juntives changes analyzed in this paper is based on a corpus composed of historical texts and texts of contemporary Portuguese, which comprehends the archaic (century XIII to XV), modern (XVI and XVII) and contemporary (XVIII to XXI) periods. Considering the semantic, syntactic and pragmatic factors in the reconstruction of the trajectory of grammaticalization of each one of the juntives, we can attest that the adversative and conjunctional functioning emerged in different moments in the history of Portuguese, a fact that, in contemporary Portuguese, put them in different points on the grammaticalization scale, which is: porém > todavia, contudo > entretanto > no entanto / Mestre

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar considerações e os resultados obtidos a partir da pesquisa de mestrado: A Trajetória editorial da obra de Gabriel Soares de Sousa. Pretende-se levantar aspectos filológicos cuja análise resultará nos fundamentos basilares para a confecção de uma edição crítica digital futura a ser elaborada após a obtenção do título de Mestrado, ou seja, essa edição se destina a ser desenvolvida posteriormente no Doutorado. Partindo da transcrição da primeira parte do manuscrito Roteiro Geral ... os aspectos observados na transcrição irão pautar toda a análise feita. A resultante direta desta etapa será a categorização dos aspectos linguísticos, e filológicos, e outros ainda necessários ao estruturamento da pesquisa; bem como uma classificação dos fenômenos encontrados no texto, cujo objetivo maior e mais amplo é delinear os problemas relativos à confecção da edição crítica digital futura. / The starting point for this study was the observation of a rare and unusual editorial path of the publishing history of Gabriel Soares de Sousas work, composed in the sixteenth century and printed only 250 years later. G. S. Sousa wrote two essays on the territory which he occupied as a settler in the Northeast region in Brazil: Roteiro Geral com Largas Informações de toda a Costa do Brasil and Memorial e Declaração das Grandezas da Bahia de Todos os Santos, de sua fertilidade, e das notáveis partes que tem. These manuscripts were presented in 1587 as a treatise entitled Notícia do Brasil. However, only in 1851 the text was printed in an edition commented and analyzed by F. A. Varnhagen, with the title Tratado Descriptivo do Brasil de 1587. This research analises some hypotheses in order to explore some differences found in the texts as well as to point out some passages which are worthy of further analysis.

The object of this study is to shed new light on both the influence exerted on Finnish by the Swedish language, and on the mechanisms by which language contact in structural domains takes place. It is argued that syntactic borrowing should be regarded as a subtype of reanalysis and extension rather than as an independent mechanism. Also, the need to regard linguistic structural change as teleologically motivated rather than deterministically caused is stressed. Possibilities to apply a framework based on A.N. Whitehead’s process philosophy to language change are explored. The corpus consists of six legal translations from the 1580s to 1759. The areas studied, all relating to Finnish object and subject marking, are those of the Finnish passive, which under foreign influence has shown tendencies to change from a typically non-promotional passive to a promotional passive; Finnish necessitive constructions, which form an active-stative subsystem within Finnish with marked active subjects and unmarked objects/non-active subjects but have shown tendencies to develop a nominative-accusative system in dialects influenced by Swedish; and the Finnish relative word "kuin", which has been taken to be a Swedish calque modelled on "som". The result is a complex interplay of reanalyses and extensions with foreign model patterns involved to a varying degree. Development of a promotional passive seems to involve both internal semantic factors and Swedish models. Necessitive subjects appear to be marked or unmarked on the basis of a merger between constructions involving active subjects and passive objects, possibly modelled on Swedish. And the relative word "kuin" has been integrated into Old Finnish in a way at odds with the usage of the model pattern. This vindicates abandoning the dichotomy between “internal” and “external” changes, and regarding language contact as a background factor rather than as an independent cause.

This dissertation develops a new framework for reconstructing the diversity of a language at a given historical time period. It applies this framework to the problem of reconstructing the diversity of Arabic dialects immediately prior to the Islamic conquests, which spread speakers of these dialects across much of North Africa and the Middle East. The study first establishes a theoretical framework for reconstructing historical speech communities, defined as groups of speakers linked by shared allegiance. It then analyzes the tribal and non-tribal social organization in Pre-Islamic Arabia, and provides a detailed historical overview of how the Islamic conquests contributed to the Arabization of the conquered territories. Finally, the dissertation reconstructs the linguistic history of the Arabic demonstratives, using them as a variable to determine which speech communities existed in pre-Islamic Arabic, where they were located in time and space, and how the diversity of those communities is related to the diversity of modern Arabic dialects. / text

The negation system in Modern Egyptian Colloquial Arabic does not follow an obvious set of rules. The particle that negates most verbal predicates also negates nominal predicates, and the particle that negates most nominal predicates also negates verbal predicates. By examining the behavior of these particles over time and comparing them to negation systems in other languages, it is possible to see the reasons for this complicated negation system. / text

This thesis revisits the variation inherent to the French wh interrogative system. In La[urentien]F[rench], there are many ways to ask wh questions, all of which are said to have the same general interpretation. By looking at different types of data, historical as well as contemporary, this thesis puts forward three main findings/proposals: i. the high degree of variation is due to the use of wh est-ce que, which appeared in Old French as an interrogative cleft (Rouquier 2003); ii. between Old and Modern French, wh est-ce que has gone through a typical cycle of grammaticalisation (as described by Roberts & Roussou 2003, van Gelderen 2008a, b), while the free relative of the Old French cleft remained unchanged; iii. today’s LaF wh system is dominated by the wh est-ce que and variants (over 98 percent of use – Elsig 2009), which lack traditional wh movement. It is proposed that wh est-ce que and variants appear in a construction containing an atrophied clefted CP adjoined to a main clause containing a wh operator, whereas the variant traditionally called wh in situ is generated in a structure in which the wh element is interpreted and spelled-out in the position of Merge. In addition to its theoretical contribution, this thesis helps to bring together theoretical and applied linguistics, since it makes use of different types of data, both historical and synchronic (oral and written corpora, experimental studies and grammaticality judgements). Moreover, the conclusions raise important questions about the realities of diglossia in the French diaspora: wh interrogative variants are divided according to fundamental structural differences; some have wh movement (high, formal register) and others do not (vernacular and neutral register). Finally, this thesis also contributes to the theories of oralité (Gadet 1992), since it sheds light on a complex system of variants found exclusively in vernacular speech.

This thesis revisits the variation inherent to the French wh interrogative system. In La[urentien]F[rench], there are many ways to ask wh questions, all of which are said to have the same general interpretation. By looking at different types of data, historical as well as contemporary, this thesis puts forward three main findings/proposals: i. the high degree of variation is due to the use of wh est-ce que, which appeared in Old French as an interrogative cleft (Rouquier 2003); ii. between Old and Modern French, wh est-ce que has gone through a typical cycle of grammaticalisation (as described by Roberts & Roussou 2003, van Gelderen 2008a, b), while the free relative of the Old French cleft remained unchanged; iii. today’s LaF wh system is dominated by the wh est-ce que and variants (over 98 percent of use – Elsig 2009), which lack traditional wh movement. It is proposed that wh est-ce que and variants appear in a construction containing an atrophied clefted CP adjoined to a main clause containing a wh operator, whereas the variant traditionally called wh in situ is generated in a structure in which the wh element is interpreted and spelled-out in the position of Merge. In addition to its theoretical contribution, this thesis helps to bring together theoretical and applied linguistics, since it makes use of different types of data, both historical and synchronic (oral and written corpora, experimental studies and grammaticality judgements). Moreover, the conclusions raise important questions about the realities of diglossia in the French diaspora: wh interrogative variants are divided according to fundamental structural differences; some have wh movement (high, formal register) and others do not (vernacular and neutral register). Finally, this thesis also contributes to the theories of oralité (Gadet 1992), since it sheds light on a complex system of variants found exclusively in vernacular speech.