Esta dissertação tem como primeiro objetivo preparar as edições facsimilar e semidiplomática de atas da Câmara Municipal de Botucatu, datadas de 1858 e 1859. Por ser o trabalho filológico uma atividade multidisciplinar, propomo-nos, também, a levantar alguns aspectos codicológicos e paleográfios do livro no qual estas atas se encontram. Durante a leitura destes documentos, notamos que os diferentes alógrafos dos grafemas s e z, especialmente em posição intervocálica, podem, muitas vezes, proporcionar dificuldades de leitura a pesquisadores preocupados com questões de linguística histórica. Além da variação entre alógrafos, há também a variação no emprego dos grafemas s e z quanto à representação de diferentes fonemas. Baseados na constatação de que s e z apresentam variação quanto à forma e ao fonema que representam, nosso segundo objetivo é examinar, no corpus estudado, ocorrências de alografia de s e z que suscitam maior dificuldade do ponto de vista paleográfico e verificar a variação de uso dos grafemas s e z apenas em posição intervocálica. / The first objective of this dissertation is to prepare both the fac-similar and the semi diplomatic editions of minutes of the municipal council of Botucatu, São Paulo State, which date back to 1858 and 1859. As the philological labor is a multidisciplinary activity, we also propose to raise some codicological and paleographic aspects of the book in which these minutes lie. While reading these documents, we noticed that the different writings of the graphemes s and z, especially in intervocalic position, might, at times, cause difficulties in reading to researchers preoccupied with historic linguistics issues, because the variation, both in writing and use of these letters, is wide. Besides this, there is also variation in the use of the graphemes s and z in representing different phonemes. Based on the finding that s and z present variation both in shape and the phoneme they represent, our second objective is to examine, in our corpus, occurrences of s and z allographs that raise greater paleography difficulties and verify the variation in the use of the graphemes s and z only in intervocalic position.

O presente trabalho trará a edição semidiplomática de manuscritos do século XIX, da Administração Geral dos Correios em São Paulo. Seu objetivo é analisar os sinais diacríticos, em especial o diacrítico (´). Tendo em vista, a abordagem quase inexistente acerca do assunto, buscou-se relacionar a intensidade, duração e timbre das vogais e sílabas no latim clássico e vulgar com o emprego destes sinais nos documentos do XIX. O objetivo é contribuir com os estudos da filologia, linguística histórica e história social. A dissertação foi dividida em duas partes: a primeira parte descreve aspectos histórico-sociais da instituição e da sociedade da época, trazendo uma análise codicologica do material; a segunda parte consiste no levantamento paleográfico, com especial atenção aos sinais diacríticos, abordando estes e os sinais de pontuação, suas funções e emprego, a terceira parte constituirá a edição semidiplomática dos documentos. / The present work bring the semidiplomatics edition of manuscripts of XIX century, of General Management of Post Office in Sao Paulo. Its objective is to analyzes diacritics signals, in special the (´). In view of, the almost inexistent boarding concerning the subject, searched to relate the intensity, duration and stress of the vowels and syllables in the vulgar and classic Latin with the job of these signals in documents of the XIX. The objective is to contribute with the studies of philology, historical linguistics and social history. The paper was divided in two parts: the first part describes social historics aspects of the institution and the society that period, bringing a codicological analysis of the material; the second part was based on dates obtained from paleographycal aspects specially the diacrítical signals dealing with pontuation signal and its functions; the third part constitute the semidiplomatics edition of documents.

Esta tese apresenta, por um lado, uma descrição sumária do funcionamento dos sufixos latinos -men e -mentum em relação à sua produção lexical, às suas características morfológicas e semânticas e a informação semântica estrutural de suas palavras derivadas, no Latim. Por outro, analisa, de modo exaustivo, como o sufixo -mentum desenvolveu-se nas principais línguas românicas: Castelhano, Francês, Italiano e Romeno, para poder contrastar com o Português. Apresentamos primeiramente uma proposta de origem para o sufixo latino - mentum, diferente da bibliografia existente sobre o assunto, que indica que -mentum advém de um alargamento de -men. Para isso, montamos um corpus de análise das palavras latinas, identificando as bases nominal e verbal das palavras em -men e em -mentum; em seguida, analisamos a datação dessas palavras para, ao final, verificar o significado do sufixo em cada uma delas, resultando numa proposta de genealogia dos sufixos -men / -mentum. Na segunda parte desta tese, apresentamos a derivação panromânica do sufixo latino -mentum. Montamos um corpus para cada língua pesquisada, de modo exaustivo, com indicação de data de entrada, étimo, origem e aspecto semântico. Em cada capítulo, analisamos todos os itens, exceto no Português, em que não realizamos pesquisa feita previamente em Freitas (2008), sobre a semântica dessas palavras. Em todas as línguas, propusemos uma árvore genealógica do sufixo estudado sob um aspecto semântico, mostrando o caminho feito pelo sufixo por meio de seus significados. Ao final, propomos um modelo de análise etimológica para as línguas românicas e uma genealogia do sufixo -mentum, do Latim às românicas. / This thesis presents, on the one hand, a brief description of the functioning of Latin suffixes -men and -mentum related to their lexical production, their morphological and semantic characteristics as well as the structural semantic information of their derived words in Latin. On the other hand, it analyses exhaustively the development of the suffix -mentum in the main Romance languages: Spanish, French, Italian and Romanian, so that we can contrast them with Portuguese. First, we present a proposal for the origins of the Latin suffix -mentum, different from the existing bibliography on the subject, which suggests that -mentum comes from an enlargement of -men. Thus, we have organised a corpus for the analysis of the Latin words, identifying the nominal and verbal bases of words ending in -men and -mentum; then, we analyse the datings of these words, so that we can verify the meaning of the suffix in each one of them, which results in a proposal for the genealogy of both suffixes -men / -mentum. In the second part of the thesis, we present the PanRomance derivation of Latin suffix -mentum. We have organized an exhaustive corpus for each language, indicating the first datings, etymon, origin and semantic aspect. In each chapter, we have analysed every item, but for Portuguese, in which we have not made the research previously presented in Freitas (2008) about the semantics of these words. For every language we have proposed a genealogical tree for the suffix, in its semantic aspect, showing the routes taken by the suffix through its meanings. Finally, we have proposed a model for etymological analysis for Romance languages, and a genealogy of the suffix -mentum, from Latin to Romance languages.

Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) é conhecido especialmente por ser o autor do Curso de Linguística Geral de 1916, obra vista, pelas gerações que o sucederam, como a fundadora tanto do chamado estruturalismo linguístico, como também da Linguística contemporânea. O Curso, como se sabe, foi editado a partir das notas feitas por seus alunos dos três cursos de linguística geral, proferidos por ele, entre 1907 e 1911, na Universidade de Genebra, e é como autor dessa obra que Saussure é reconhecido no movimento estruturalista do século XX. Em vida, no entanto, seu reconhecimento se deu em grande parte pela publicação do Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles indo-européennes, em 1879. Buscamos neste trabalho investigar, pelo viés da Historiografia Linguística, o contexto e o conteúdo do Mémoire de Saussure, ao reconstruir os desenvolvimentos da Linguística Histórica a partir do século XIX e ao traduzir o primeiro capítulo dessa obra, com vistas a recuperar-lhe o sentido do termo sistema, que viria a ser de grande importância para a história da Linguística no século XX. / Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) is mainly known for being the author of the Course in General Linguistics of 1916, a work that was to be regarded, by the future generations, as both the foundation of the linguistic Structuralism and also of the modern Linguistics. The Course, as it is well-known, was edited from the annotations of his students in the three courses in General Linguistics that he lectured, from 1907 to 1911, in the University of Geneva, and it is as the author of this work that Saussure is acknowledged in the Structuralist movement of the 20th century. During his life, however, his renown was due mainly to the publication of the Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles indo-européennes, in 1879. We strived, in this this dissertation, to investigate the context and content of this work through the method of the Linguistic Historiography, by reconstructing the development of Historical Linguistics from the start of the 19th century, by translating the first chapter of his book, aiming to recover the sense of the term system being used therein, and which would come to grow in importance for the future history of Linguistics in the 20th century.

Latim e sabélico são línguas que possuem muitos paralelos entre si, pois pertencem ao mesmo ramo do proto-indo-europeu, o ramo itálico. Uma semelhança interessante e intrigante entre essas línguas é a síncope vocálica, porque se trata de um processo fonológico recorrente. Até algumas décadas atrás, os estudiosos não acreditavam ser possível analisar devidamente as condições nas quais a síncope ocorre em latim, por serem muito complexas. No entanto, pesquisas mais recentes mostram que isso é possível de alguma forma, apesar de a análise ser difícil. A ocorrência da síncope vocálica em sabélico parece menos complexa que em latim. Em sabélico, os ambientes fonológicos nos quais a síncope ocorre são mais limitados, mas a dificuldade em entender o significado e a etimologia de algumas palavras sabélicas também torna a análise complicada. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi delimitar o máximo possível os ambientes fonológicos da síncope em latim e em sabélico e entender quais correlações podem ser feitas entre os exemplos listados. Ainda que seja interessante analisar todos os casos com base nas mesmas premissas, isso é muito difícil, uma vez que os dados encontrados são muito variados. As correlações que podem ser feitas entre casos de línguas diferentes são basicamente apenas de ordem etimológica, pois a ação e resultado da síncope agem de maneiras diferentes dependendo da língua e do período. / Latin and Sabellic are languages that have many parallels, for they belong to the same Indo-European branch, the Italic branch. An interesting and intriguing phonological similarity between these languages is vowel syncope, because is a recurring phonological process. Until a few decades ago, scholars believed not to be possible to analyze properly the conditions under which syncope occurs in Latin, because they are very complex. However, more recent researches show that this is somehow possible, though the analysis is difficult. The occurrence of vowel syncope in Sabellic seems to be less complex than in Latin. In Sabellic, the phonological environments in which syncope occurs are more limited, but the difficulty to understand the meaning and etimology of some Sabellic words make this analysis also tough. The aim of this research was to limit as much as possible the phonological environments of syncope in Latin and in Sabellic and to understand the correlations that can be made among the examples of the corpora. Although it would be interesting to analyze all cases based on the same premises, this is very difficult, for the data do not allow it. The correlations that can be made are basically just etymological, because the way it works and the results are different according to each language and each time they existed.

Este trabalho busca fazer uma contribuição epistemológica para os estudos sobre o nascimento das línguas românicas e sua convivência com o latim. Tal contribuição toma a forma de uma revisão da literatura sobre o assunto à luz de princípios teóricos que encaram as transformações linguísticas como um processo ecológico e evolucionário (Mufwene, 2008). Partindo da concepção de que as línguas são sistemas complexos, dinâmicos e abertos, compostos por idioletos inerentemente variáveis, esta pesquisa examina as maneiras como fatos históricos de natureza política e cultural atuaram como pressões ecológicas para a evolução do latim em direção à especiação dos romances. Em particular, o papel do Renascimento Carolíngio como disparador de um amplo processo de categorização de tais línguas, conforme estudado por Wright (1982), é analisado a partir dessa perspectiva ecoevolucionária. Este trabalho inclui uma comparação da concepção de língua adotada aqui e da análise histórica que ela fundamenta com outras concepções e análises mais correntes, para explicitar algumas das vantagens do posicionamento assumido. A conclusão é que as fronteiras entre as línguas românicas foram fundamentadas sobre a elaboração de uma percepção metalinguística, embora as maneiras vastamente variáveis como essas línguas são de fato usadas tenha evoluído a partir do acúmulo histórico de interações comunicativas concretas influenciadas por determinada ecologia social. / This work attempts to make an epistemological contribution to the studies on the birth of Romance languages and their coexistence with Latin. That contribution is structured as a review of the literature on the subject, according to principles that consider the transformations of languages as an ecological and evolutionary process (Mufwene, 2008). Based on the fact that languages are complex, dynamic and open systems, composed by inherently variable idiolects, this research examines the ways in which historical facts of political and cultural nature have acted as ecological pressures over the evolution of Latin and its speciation into Romance languages. In particular, the role of the Carolingian Renaissance as the starting point of a wide process of development of a categorization of such languages, as studied by Wright (1982), is analyzed according to that ecoevolutionary perspective. This work includes a comparison between the concept of language adopted here and the historical analysis grounded on it, and the mainstream concepts and analyses, in order to highlight some of the advantages of the chosen stance. The conclusion is: the frontiers between Romance languages have been built upon the construction of metalinguistic awareness, although the vastly variable ways in which those languages are effectively used have evolved from a historical accumulation of concrete communicative interactions influenced by a certain social ecology.

This paper investigates the historical development of the social functions of laughter in literature using linguistic analysis. Many previous studies have analyzed the connection between humor and laughter, but very few have looked at laughter in literature. In this paper, using the eight social functions of laughter defined by Foot and McCreaddie (2007), instances of the word laugh and its variants were analyzed in canonical British literature from the 14th century to the 21st and then compared. In the literature investigated, derision laughter was the most common function during the 15th through 17th centuries. In the centuries to follow humorous laughter took that position. An explanation for this could be that there was no clear division between derision laughter and humorous laughter until the 18th century (Classen, 2010). Also noted was an increase in the frequency of instances of laughter per 1000 words since the 17th century in the investigated literature, as well as an increase in variation of social functions used. The low frequency of laughter in the past may have been a result of the teachings of the church in England. The increased variation in functions of laughter could indicate that the pragmatic feature of laughter has acquired new functions, or that some functions were not depicted in the older literature of this study.

O presente trabalho consiste na edição semidiplomática justalinear, acompanhada de glossário parcial e índices de expressões latinas, antropônimos, topônimos e cargos, dignidades e funções, da obra intitulada Memória Histórica da Capitania de São Paulo e todos os seus memoráveis sucessos desde o anno de 1531 thé o prezente de 1796, códice E11571 do Arquivo do Estado de São Paulo. O trabalho está dividido em seis partes: na introdução, apresentam-se o trabalho, sua importância e seus objetivos; na primeira parte, expõe-se um breve contexto histórico do século XVIII, época na qual se situa Memória Histórica; na segunda parte, apresentam-se informações sobre o autor, suas obras, inclusive a obra em questão, e a discussão sobre sua autoria; na terceira parte, faz-se uma descrição do códice E11571, incluindo estudos codicológicos, paleográficos e lingüísticos; na quarta parte, justifica-se a opção pela realização da edição semidiplomática em formato justalinear, descrevem-se as normas de transcrição utilizadas e apresenta-se a edição da referida obra; na quinta parte, listam-se os critérios adotados na elaboração do glossário parcial, assim como dos índices de expressões latinas, antropônimos, topônimos e cargos, dignidades e funções, a que se seguem os referidos glossário e índices; finalmente, expõem-se as considerações finais e as referências. / This work consists in a justalinear semidiplomatic edition, followed by partial glossary and index of Latin expressions, anthroponymous, toponymous and posts, dignitaries and functions. It is based upon the work named Memória Histórica da Capitania de São Paulo e todos os seus memoráveis sucessos desde o anno de 1531 thé o prezente de 1796, codex E11571 from the Arquivo do Estado de São Paulo. This work is divided in six parts: in the introduction, the work is presented, along with its importance and its objectives; in the first part, a brief historical context of the 18th century is exhibited, time in which the Memória Histórica takes placed; in the second part, information about the author, his works, including this work itself, and the discussion about its authorship are presented; the third part contains a description of the codex E11571, including codicological, paleographical and linguistical studies; the fourth part comprises a justification for the justalinear edition, the rules adopted on the transcription and the edition itself; in the fifth part, the criteria adopted on the partial glossary, in the Latin expressions index, in anthroponymous, in toponymous and in posts, dignitaries and functions are listed; finally, the conclusion and the references are exposed.

Verba Vana, or ‘empty words’, are named as among the defining features of London by a late fourteenth-century Anglo-Latin poem which itemises the properties of seven English cities. This thesis examines the implications of this description; it explores, in essence, what it meant to live, work, and especially write, in an urban space notorious for the vacuity of its words. The thesis demonstrates that anxieties concerning the notoriety of empty words can be detected in a wide variety of surviving urban writings produced in the 1380s and 1390s. These include anxieties not only about idle talk – such as janglynge, slander, and other sins of the tongue – but also about the deficiencies of official discourses which are partisan, fragmentary and susceptible to contradiction and revision. This thesis explores these anxieties over the course of four discrete chapters. Chapter one, focusing on Letter-Book H, Richard Maidstone’s Concordia and Geoffrey Chaucer’s Cook’s Tale, considers how writers engaged with the urban power struggles that were played out on Cheapside. Chapter two, examining the 1388 Guild Petitions, considers how the London guilds legitimised their textual endeavours and argues that the famous Mercers’ Petition is a translation of the hitherto-ignored Embroiderers’ Petition. Chapter three, looking at several works by Chaucer, John Gower, the Monk of Westminster and various urban officials, explores the discursive space that emerges following justified and unjustified executions. Chapter four, focusing on Chaucer’s Squire’s Tale and John Clanvowe’s Boke of Cupide, contends that the crises of speech and authority that these poems dramatise can be productively read within the context of the Merciless Parliament of 1388. Through close textual analysis, this thesis analyses specific responses to the prevalence of empty words in the city, while also reflecting more broadly on the remarkable cultural, linguistic, social, and political developments witnessed in this period.

This is a study of processes of structural and functional diversification of the uses of three cognate verbs across the Indo-Iranian language family: “do/make”, “be/become”, and “give”. First, this study identifies over sixty distinct construction types in which these verbs are used, including complex predicate constructions, nominal predication constructions, serial verb constructions, and several distinct auxiliary constructions. Since the sets of verbs studied here are cognates, and share a common source, crosslinguistic differences in their uses are the result of grammatical change, and especially shared and parallel innovations of similar uses. Then, this study presents a taxonomy of different complex predication types with “do/make”, and shows that there are general patterns in the deployment of different types of complex predication to express different types of situations. These patterns exhibit “transitivity prominence” previously identified by typologists with “heavy” or “lexical” verbs. This study then shows that these patterns are the result of several distinct pathways of grammatical change, often motivated by analogy to existing constructions, giving raise to different types of N-V complex predication constructions. Then, this study shows that despite the fact that Indo-Iranian speakers can potentially deploy distinct constructions to encode each of the six nominal predication functions, sets of such functions are often co-expressed by the same structural coding means, especially clauses with cognate “be/become” verbs. This study uses a novel method, based on bipartite network graphs, to compare of the degree to which nominal predication functions are co-expressed in different languages. Finally, this study shows that the three sets of cognate verbs are more likely to be used similarity within branches and subbranches of Indo-Iranian than across branches. The scope of this branches, however, is different for different verbs: “do/make” and “give” behave more similarly in languages which belong to the same major branch, Iranian or Indo-Aryan, but “be/become” clusters are at different levels of subbranching. This is the result of the different types of innovations attested with these verbs: reanalysis and actualization motivated by analogy with “do/make” and “give”, and metaphorical and metonymy extensions with “be/become”.