This thesis focuses on four different aspects of history teachers’ comprehensiveunderstanding of the school subject history. More specifically, the aim is tostudy the comprehension of the subject as perceived by individual historyteachers. Special emphasis is placed on identifying the concepts of the field ofhistory that are central to the teachers’ understanding of the school subject history.The first aspect studied is the teachers’ biographical changes. In a life historyperspective it seems as if the teachers’ subject conception changes from anunproblematic and tentative approach to a more complex and confident understandingof the subject. The second aspect treated is the rationale behind theirgrasp of the purpose and content of the subject. Three major positions areidentified, namely educational (bildung) orientation, critical orientation, andidentity orientation.The third aspect studied is the teachers’ interpretation of a curriculumnew to them. The teachers placed the curriculum in the field of tension betweenan education policy position, emphasizing more precise knowledge, onthe one hand, and a history science position, emphasizing concepts of historicalconsciousness. The fourth aspect studied is five different conceptual tools displayedin the teachers’ remarks on having completed the teaching of a newcourse. These are termed ‘history as narrative’, ‘history as time-space’, ‘historyas explanation’, ‘history as perspective taking’, and ‘history as skills’At the general level the study shows not only that subject conception is ofimportance to the teachers’ understanding of their obligation as teachers of historybut also how it is formed and constantly transformed by many differentfactors. In this process it is clear that the concepts used by the teachers, althoughvariously defined, can be seen as specific to the school subject historyand essential to the construction of history as a school subject. / Vad är syftet med skolämnet historia och vad ska det innehålla? Det här är en doktorsavhandling där fokus sätts på lärares förståelse av skolämnet historia. Mer precist avgränsas syftet till att undersöka ämnesförståelsen hos nu verksamma historielärare. Särskild vikt läggs vid att identifiera centrala begrepp i lärarnas ämnesförståelse. Undersökningen bygger både på enkäter och intervjuer och tar sin utgångspunkt i fyra olika aspekter av historielärarnas ämnesförståelse som redovisas i separata studier. Den första aspekten är ämnesbiografisk och tar fasta på de faktorer lärarna menar har påverkat utvecklingen av deras ämnesförståelse. Den andra aspekten har sitt fokus på lärarnas förståelse av historieämnets övergripande syfte och innehåll. Den tredje aspekten handlar om hur lärarna tolkar inriktningen och innehållet i den nya ämnesplan som infördes i gymnasieskolan 2011. Den avslutande aspekten fokuserar på de ämnesredskap som blir synliga i de utsagor lärarna gör om innehållet i gymnasieskolans kurs Historia 1b.

Dans le champ de la didactique de l'histoire, cette thèse vise à enrichir la question des apprentissages des élèves à l'école élémentaire. En s'appuyant sur un corpus de données construit à partir de l'observation non participante des leçons d'histoire dans une classe de CM1 durant une année scolaire, ce travail de recherche permet de mieux comprendre l'activité mobilisée par les élèves en situation. Les constats proposés sont issus de l'analyse didactique des productions langagières, essentiellement orales, des acteurs que sont les élèves et le professeur. Cette analyse est menée à partir d'une méthodologie qui mobilise des notions théoriques issues de la didactique de l'histoire, de l'épistémologie de l'histoire scientifique, de la didactique du français langue maternelle, de la psychologie sociale. Le lien langage-apprentissage y est examiné en fonction des contraintes induites par la discipline histoire. L'interprétation des données permet de mettre en évidence la configuration des savoirs élaborés dans la classe et les modalités d'élaboration de ces savoirs tant au niveau collectif qu'aux niveaux individuels, en soulignant les particularités de l'activité cognitive mobilisée par les sujets apprenants. S'ils attestent de l'empreinte de la discipline dans les processus observés, les constats de cette recherche spécifient également la discipline scolaire histoire en la situant à l'école élémentaire / In the field of history didactics, this thesis aims to broaden and enrich the question of pupils' learning processes in elementary school. Based on a corpus of data built thanks to the non-participating observation of history lessons in a CM1 class (9 year-old children) during a school year, this research work enables to better understand the type of activity used by pupils in a learning situation. The suggested conclusions stem from the didactic analysis of linguistic productions, mostly oral, from the actors, i.e. the pupils and the teacher. This analysis is based on a methodology referring to theoretical notions developed in history didactics, scientific history epistemology, didactics of French as a native language. and social psychology. The link between language and learning is studied contingent on the constraints created by History as an academic subject. The interpretation of data highlights the configuration of knowledge formed in the classroom, and the modality of elaboration of this knowledge both at the collective and individual levels, emphasizing the particularity of the cognitive activity employed by the learning subjects. If they reflect the importance of the topic studied in the observed processes, the conclusions from this research also define the academic subject "History" by situating it in elementary school

The overall purpose of this study is to contribute with empirical data to a scientific area that currently is missing just that: younger pupils view on the school subject history. This study is based on the history didactics goal, which is to teach knowledge about history in school. The method used in this study is qualitative research and consists of four semi structured group interviews with, in total, eleven pupils in the fifth grade in middle school. The knowledge claims are interpretive with the purpose to develop an understanding for the pupils view on history and their acquirement of knowledge during history class. The problem statements discussed in this study are focused on which history culture the pupils are presented with during their classes and what consequences this has on their acquirement of a historical awareness and a historical identity. The teaching has, in relation to the syllabus, a central content to deliver, but the view of history seems to be a question of interpretation by the teacher. The study finds that the pupils has a positive attitude towards history as a subject, but that the cultural view on the subject can be perceived as stereotype. In different extent, the pupils show a historical awareness and an emerging historical identity in where their surroundings have a central part. This study ends on a discussion about the strengths and weaknesses of the analysis, focused on ethics. / <p>Betygsdatum 2019-06-10</p>

Sammanfattning Syftet med uppsatsen är att ge en bild av hur verksamma historielärare pratar om och arbetar med det mångkulturella uppdraget som ligger latent i all undervisning i skolan. Mångkulturalitet i det här avseendet fokuserar på hur lärare tänker kring etnisk mångfald och på hur detta avspeglas i undervisningen. För att kunna uppfylla uppsatsens syfte har historielärare som är genuint intresserade av mångfaldsfrågor intervjuats, eftersom ett genuint intresse också betyder en större medvetenhet om sin historieundervisning utifrån ett mångkulturellt perspektiv. Metoden som används är kvalitativ, eftersom detta har kunnat ge det bästa resultatet, då uppsatsen handlar om att få ta del av verksamma lärares erfarenheter, tankar och dagliga arbete. För att kunna tolka lärarnas utsagor har en modell som är en sammanställning av olika forskares resultat gällande det mångkulturella perspektivets integrering i historieundervisningen använts. Resultatet från intervjuerna har visat att lärarnas arbetssätt inte når den högsta nivån av integrering (trots att lärarna har ett genuint intresse för mångfaldsfrågor), vilket gör att man börjar tvivla på om en total mångkulturell integrering är möjlig. Dessutom visar resultatet att lärare har en tendens till att beskriva sin undervisning med ord som gör att man kan härleda till enligt den tyska eller den anglosaxiska historiedidaktiken. / Abstract The purpose of this essay is to present a depiction of how history teachers talk about and work with school’s multicultural mission. Multiculturalism in this sense focuses on how teachers think about ethnic diversity and how it can be seen in the teaching itself. In order to fulfill the purpose of this essay some teachers with a genuine interest in questions about multiculturalism have been interviewed. Since a genuine interest also implies a higher awareness about the multicultural perspective in teaching. To get teachers’ personal experiences and thoughts on education and the multicultural mission a qualitative method is used, which will provide the best result. A model that put together different researchers’ result about different levels of multicultural integration has been used to interpret the teachers’ statements. The result from the interviews show that the teachers’ work with the multicultural perspective does not reach the highest level of multicultural integration in the model (even though the teachers have a genuine interest in questions about multiculturalism), and this result raises a doubt if the highest level of integration is even possible for teachers to achieve. The result also shows that teachers use words when they talks about their teaching that point to either German or Anglo-Saxon didactics.

The purpose of this study is to conduct an analysis of the graphic novel Maus by Art Spiegelman. The analysis is focused on the form of the graphical novel, the history that is conveyed and how that history is conveyed. I will present a series of previous studies made around comics, their form, and use in school. The questions in my analysis are based on these earlier studies. The history that is communicated in Maus is then compared with a developed textbook for high school students. This is to investigate what potential didactic function a graphic novel can have in teaching history for high school students. My three main questions in this study examines what history of the Holocaust is conveyed in the graphical novel Maus and how is that history conveyed? What history of the holocaust is conveyed in Perspektiv på historien, a traditional textbook for high school, students, and how is that history conveyed? Finally, I will use the results of these two questions to answer the final question. What potential didactic function Maus can have in teaching history for high school students? My results are then discussed with regard to previous studies that I’ve previously presented. My results show that the story that is presented in Maus is largely the same as the one that is conveyed in Perspektiv på historien. The essential difference between these two materials for teaching lies in the form, but primarily the perspective. By allowing students to share the individual story, the microperspective of Maus, they can get a complementary individual perspective to the otherwise wide-ranging story presented in Perspektiv på historien. The form also allows a class to discuss questions about the holocaust, such as morality, ethics etc., The individual perspective and the form of the graphic novel opens up a classroom climate, where all students can feel that they are included.

The purpose of this study has been to research what is included in the First World War teaching in English compulsory school. The teaching of this historical event is performed in a context where the war is yearly commemorated and given attention in society at large in various ways. Through conducting interviews with six history teacher working at a school in northeastern England the study was set out to investigate how teaching of the war is performed in general as well as with specific focus directed towards potential challenges in connection to the remembrance events, the collectively remembered public history and issues such as gender and colonial representation. The study shows that there is a clear focus on the past in the teaching of the war with trench warfare and life during the war being issues that are discussed. Connections are further made to the present where the importance of remembrance is stressed. The main challenge experienced by the teachers regarding the First World War is the lack of living witnesses due to the time distance. In consequence, the war is seen as less relevant to learn about among the pupils. However, remembrance symbols can in this instance be a tool in order to entice interest for the study of the war and the common perception among the teachers is that the pupils enjoy the study of the First World War.

<p><strong></strong>This essay is a case study based on two sources of empirical data, qualitative interviews and responses from a questionnaire, which examines upper secondary school students’ attitudes to history teaching in a museum context. The students’ answers are further analyzed in relation to the concept of historical consciousness. Thus, history teaching in the museum, from a student perspective, and the students’ capacity of expressing a historical consciousness in their answers, constitute the core of this essay. The motive for a case study like this, is the emphasis of historical consciousness in the course syllabus as well as the emphasis of cooperation between different educational institutions in the goverment’s goals of cultural politics. My study shows, that a majority of the students appreciate the museum as a learning context, they define it as an entertaining but also as an informative, involving and including milieu. The study further shows, that the students have difficulties expressing a historical consciousness, but also the complexity of the concept itself and the problems to identify and “measure” it. My conclusion is, that in order to stimulate an interest and understanding for the history subject – and perhaps even a historical consciousness – it is important that history as a school subject, is not confined within the four walls of a classroom, but is learnt and experienced through and within the center of our daily lifes.</p>

O objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar o slogan educacional \"a escola deve formar cidadãos críticos e participativos\" enquanto símbolo de um movimento social prático, conforme sugere Israel Scheffler. Esta é uma pesquisa de campo didático-histórica - geschichtsdidaktische Feldforschung - que tem como objeto de estudo as representações de professores de História sobre a educação para a cidadania no contexto escolar. Para analisar esse objeto, esta pesquisa tem como referenciais a teoria das representações de Henri Lefebvre - théorie des représentations -, o conceito de cultura escolar de André Chervel - culture scolaire - e o conceito de cultura histórica de Bernd Schönemann - Geschichtskultur. Esta pesquisa consistiu na observação intensiva de aulas de História de três professores paulistas - ao longo de todo o ano letivo de 2005 - e de cinco professores franceses - durante um estágio de quatro meses no ano letivo 2006-2007. Os acontecimentos dessas aulas foram registrados sob a forma de pelo menos três tipos de fonte de dados: (1) lembranças - headnotes -, apontamentos - scratchnotes - e notas de campo - fieldnotes; (2) registros de campo coletados do material didático utilizado e criado por professores e alunos ou por outros funcionários da escola - fieldnote record -; (3) gravações das aulas durante a observação - recordings -, efetuadas pelo pesquisador em vídeo - no caso dos professores paulistas - ou em áudio - no caso dos professores franceses. Nas escolas paulistas, os acontecimentos foram registrados ainda sob a forma de outros dois tipos de fonte de dados: (4) gravações das aulas em vídeo efetuadas pelos próprios professores sem a presença do pesquisador - fieldnote record - e (5) vídeos das entrevistas concedidas pelos professores logo depois de assistirem às gravações de suas próprias aulas - autoconfrontation simple. Os quatro primeiros tipos de fontes de dados foram configurados de acordo com a definição de Roger Sanjek e sob a metodologia da observação participante interpretativa de Frederick Erickson - interpretive participational observation research methodology - e o último tipo de fonte de dados foi estabelecido conforme a análise de práticas profissionais por autoconfrontação proposta por Yves Clot e Daniel Faïta - autoconfrontation simple. Esta tese analisa a importância da empatia - uma característica central na cultura histórica - para a formação de cidadãos - ou \"educação para a cidadania\" - e conclui que, nas representações de professores de História, há uma maior dificuldade para desenvolver a empatia diante de pensamentos e sujeitos contemporâneos que divergem da concepção liberal de cidadania, do que diante de pensamentos e sujeitos típicos de outras épocas que também divergem da mesma concepção liberal de cidadania. Nas conclusões desta tese, essa dificuldade estaria relacionada a concepções de \"cidadão crítico\" presentes nas representações de professores de História. Esta tese também analisa as diferenças entre o \"cidadão participativo\" e o \"aluno participativo\", concluindo que, apesar de esses dois conceitos serem rigorosamente diferentes - na medida em que a escola é uma instituição pré-política e os alunos ainda não são cidadãos -, existe com freqüência uma confusão entre \"cidadão participativo\" e \"aluno participativo\" nas representações de professores de História. / The aim of this research is to evaluate the educational slogan \"school must form critical and participative citizens\" as a symbol of a practical social movement, according to Israel Scheffler. It is a History Didactics field research - geschichtsdidaktische Feldforschung - which holds as its object the representations History teachers have about the education to citizenship at the school context. In order to analyze this object, this research takes as references Henri Lefevre\'s theory of representations - théorie des représentations -, André Chervel\'s concept of school culture - culture scolaire - and Bernd Schönemann\'s concept of historical culture - Geschichtskultur. An intensive observation was made of three History teachers in the city of São Paulo during the year of 2005 and four months observation of five History teachers in France between 2006 and 2007. These classes\' events were recorded using at least three types of sources: (1) headnotes, scratchnotes and fieldnotes; (2) fieldnote records collected from school material used and created by teachers and students or even by other school employees; (3) video recording of classes taken during observation periods, in São Paulo, or audio recording, in France. In São Paulo, records of events were taken of another two different types of source: (4) video recording made by the teachers without the researcher\'s presence - fieldnote record - and (5) recorded interviews with the teachers soon after watching their own classes on screen - autoconfrontation simple. Source types from (1) to (4) were set up according to Roger Sanjek\'s definition and Frederick Erickson\'s interpretive participational observation research methodology. The last type of source was established according to professional practice analysis by auto-confrontation, as proposed by Yves Clot and Daniel Faïta - autoconfrontation simple. This thesis analyses the importance of empathy - a central feature in historical culture - to the formation of citizens - or \"education to citizenship\" - and concludes that, in History teachers\' representations, there is a greater difficulty to establish an empathy towards contemporary thoughts and people which disagree of liberal conception of citizenship than towards thoughts and people which disagreed of the same liberal conception in other times. According to these conclusions, this difficulty could be related to conceptions of \"critical citizen\" found on History teachers\' representations. This thesis also analyses the differences between \"participative citizen\" and \"participative student\" and concludes that, despite the fact that these two concepts are strictly different - as school is a pre-political institution and students are not yet citizens - there is frequently confusion between \"participative citizen\" and \"participative student\" concepts in History teachers\' representations.

<p>I denna studie undersöktes via en enkät ett antal historielärares bruk av sitt skolbibliotek i pedagogiskt syfte. Undersökningen genomfördes med bakgrund av både svensk och utländsk forskning. Syftet med studien var att ta reda på i vilken utsträckning och inom vilka områden historielärare använde biblioteket i undervisningen, men också hur de själva använde biblioteket och vilka för- och nackdelar de såg.</p><p>Resultaten visar att historielärare själva besöker skolbiblioteket kontinuerligt. Den visar också att de i regel är positivt inställda till den verksamhet som bedrivs där, även om det finns vissa hinder. Dessa hinder är främst bristen på tid samt bristen på kontroll av elevernas arbetsinsats. Det är olika beroende på individ om man samarbetar med bibliotekarien. Studien visar att ingen av de undersökta skolorna hade en gemensam strategi i kontakten med bibliotekspersonalen.</p><p>Det kan finnas flera anledningar till resultaten. I bakgrunden redovisas olika synsätt kring pedagogik. Ett sådant synsätt är ett traditionellt sätt att tänka och använda läromedel, ett annat är ett nyare baserat på kognitivism och progressivism. I undersökningen finns exempel på att det finns historielärare i bägge läger.</p><p>Nyckelord: skolbibliotek, historia, historiedidaktik, historielärare, pedagogik</p> / <p>In this study a number of history teachers took part in a questionnaire about the use of school libraries in an educational purposes. The study was carried out in the light of both Swedish and international research on the subject. The purpose of the investigation was to find out to what extent and in what areas history teachers made use of the school libraries but also how they themselves make use of the libraries and which advantages and disadvantages they could notice.</p><p>The results show that history teachers themselves visit the school library on a regular basis. It also shows that they usually are positive to the activities that are pursued in the libraries, even though there are some obstacles. These obstacles are mainly the lack of time and the lack of control of the students work effort. The results vary from individual to individual if they work together with the libriarian or not. The study shows that none of the examined schools had a common strategy regarding the contacts with the library staff.</p><p>There can be several reasons for this results. In the background this paper presents different views upon education. One such view is a traditional way of thinking and a traditional use of textbooks and teaching aids, another wiew is a more modern one based upon cognitivism and progressivism. In this research there are examples of history teachers in both camps.</p><p>Keywords: school libraries, history, history didactics, history teachers, pedagogy.</p>

This essay is a case study based on two sources of empirical data, qualitative interviews and responses from a questionnaire, which examines upper secondary school students’ attitudes to history teaching in a museum context. The students’ answers are further analyzed in relation to the concept of historical consciousness. Thus, history teaching in the museum, from a student perspective, and the students’ capacity of expressing a historical consciousness in their answers, constitute the core of this essay. The motive for a case study like this, is the emphasis of historical consciousness in the course syllabus as well as the emphasis of cooperation between different educational institutions in the goverment’s goals of cultural politics. My study shows, that a majority of the students appreciate the museum as a learning context, they define it as an entertaining but also as an informative, involving and including milieu. The study further shows, that the students have difficulties expressing a historical consciousness, but also the complexity of the concept itself and the problems to identify and “measure” it. My conclusion is, that in order to stimulate an interest and understanding for the history subject – and perhaps even a historical consciousness – it is important that history as a school subject, is not confined within the four walls of a classroom, but is learnt and experienced through and within the center of our daily lifes.