O objetivo geral desta de tese é problematizar as relações entre a história urbana e a cartografia, mais especificamente, os mapas da cidade de Porto Alegre arrolados como campo e fontes de pesquisa. O tema é a cartografia enquanto produção histórica da cidade e as ferramentas teóricas usadas envolvem “questões” da História Cultural. Centra-se numa problematização que busca “perverter” a maneira clássica de se descrever e analisar as mudanças urbanas, de modo a mostrar que cidades são aí produzidas como ideário de representação, registro de memória, inventário do imaginário, narrativa histórica da geografia e da paisagem urbana. Vistos como discursos, os mapas produzem as identidades e as mudanças do espaço urbano ao longo do tempo, dando visibilidade a significados até então invisíveis, ainda que não ocultos, possibilitando, assim, outras práticas e políticas de intervenção urbana. / The overall objective of this thesis is to problematize the relationship between urban history and cartography, in particular, maps of the city of Porto Alegre listed as sources and field of research. The theme is the cartography while historical production of the city and the theoretical tools used involve “issues” of Cultural History. It focuses on a problematization that seeks to "subvert" the classic way to describe and analyze the urban changes in order to show that cities are produced there as ideas of representation, memory register, inventory of imagery, historical narrative of geography and urban landscape. Seen as speeches, maps produce identities and urban space changes over time, giving visibility to previously invisible meanings, although not hidden, thus allowing, other practices and policies of urban intervention.

Representation of the World in Early Maps Abstract The thesis deals with an analysis of the representation of the world in early small scale maps in the 16th - 18th centuries. The theoretical framework consists of the outline of the historical context of the given period with emphasis on the representation of the world in connection with the progress of the discoveries and the expansion of the geographical horizon. The development of navigation methods and technical means used to determine the latitude and longitude that had a direct impact on the positioning accuracy of topographic map elements are depicted, too. The practical part of the thesis is focused on the cartometric evaluation of selected map works of European cartographers of the period of 16th - 18th centuries, which consisted of the analysis of cartographic projection and the analysis of the positional accuracy of topographic content. The geometric accuracy of the maps is assessed mainly by the value of the positional deviations in the north-south and west-east directions. Based on the results of the cartometric evaluation, the evolution of the topographic content positioning is determined and the approximate time process of expanding the image of the known world on the contemporary maps is captured. The graphical outputs of the thesis are...

Analysis of the spheric map Abstract The master thesis deals with cartometric analysis of maps of the celestial sphere using image correlation. The main goal of this work was to design an algorithm for the identification of stars on old maps of the starry sky using a normalized cross-correlation and the application of a median and Gaussian filter. The analysis itself takes place on small scale maps or. the whole visible sky divided into two hemispheres, shown in a stereographic projection and also takes into account the influence of the cartographic map display on the position of objects, which it tries to eliminate by Helmert transformation, and also the influence of precession, which affects the position of astronomical objects over time. The accuracy of the drawing of the positions of the objects is evaluated by means of isolines drawn on the basis of positional coordinates. The algorithm was implemented in the Matlab programming environment and old maps from the Mapová sbírka PřF and the 5th edition of Bright Star Cataloque were used as test data, which contains the positions of stars with precisely determined coordinates. The achieved results are presented in the form of images of captured objects and created isolines over old maps as well as tables of the three nearest neighbors of the most important...

Esta tese analisa os projetos do Mapa Internacional do Mundo ao Milionésimo e da Carta do Brasil ao Milionésimo em comemoração ao centenário da independência. Elaboradas e desenvolvidas durante as primeiras décadas do século XX, estas produções cartográficas estão ligadas ao processo de padronização de pesos e medidas inseridas no contexto de unificação material do mundo dada pela expansão das relações capitalistas de produção. No caso do projeto mundial, idealizado pelo geógrafo alemão Albrecht Penck, no 5º Congresso Geográfico Internacional, realizado na cidade de Berna em 1891, o principal objetivo era o de confeccionar um novo mapa para aquele mundo novo que se apresentava unido sob a égide do cientificismo e do liberalismo. Porém, a sua realização só ocorreu a partir de contornos geopolíticos e imperialistas bem definidos, com a articulação das instituições cartográficas das principais potências, em um processo de reafirmação dos centros e de redesenho das periferias. No Brasil, o Clube de Engenharia se responsabilizaria, com a liderança de figuras como Paulo de Frontin e Francisco Bhering, pela confecção da Carta do Brasil ao Milionésimo. As formas como o País se inseriu, com esta Carta, no projeto do Mapa Internacional do Mundo se conectavam ao discurso modernizador que associava progresso técnico, avanços científicos e evolução civilizatória. Este era um modelo eurocêntrico de desenvolvimento que se traduzia em diversos discursos e projetos sobre o território brasileiro na transição do século XIX para o XX. Estes planos visavam atender à ânsia modernizadora do Estado republicano e das classes hegemônicas como parte do projeto de dominação e controle do território e de sua população. Neste sentido, o conhecimento geográfico do território, traduzido em linguagem cartográfica, servia aos interesses daqueles que pretendiam fazer avançar a civilização no País. Daí a importância de participar ativamente de projetos como o da Carta do Mundo, como forma de mostrar-se capaz de mapear os mais recônditos pontos do território. Os mapas analisados nesta tese são capitais para entender como uma cartografia para o capitalismo teve que ser criada e universalizada. / This thesis analyzes the projects of the International Map of the World to 1:1,000,000 and of the Map of Brazil to 1:1,000,000 in commemoration of the centenary of independence. Elaborated and developed during the first decades of the twentieth century, these cartographic productions are linked to the process of standardization of weights and measures inserted in the context of material unification of the world given by the expansion of capitalist productions relations. In the case of the world project, conceived by the German geographer Albrecht Penck, at the 5th International Geographical Congress, held in the city of Bern in 1891, the main objective was to create a new map for that new world which was united under the aegis of scientism and liberalism. However, its realization only came from geopolitical and imperialist well defined contours, with the articulation of the cartographic institutions of the main powers, in a process of reasserting the centers and redesigning the peripheries. In Brazil, the Engineering Club would be responsible, with leaders of figures such as Paulo de Frontin and Francisco Bhering, for the preparation of the Map of Brazil to 1:1,000,000. The ways in which the country inserted itself with this Map in the International Map of the World project were connected to the modernizing discourse that associated technical progress, scientific advances and civilization evolution. This was a Eurocentric model of development that translated into several discourses and projects on the Brazilian territory in the transition from the nineteenth to the twentieth century. These plans aimed to meet the modernizing eagerness of the republican state and the hegemonic classes as part of the project of domination and control of the territory and its population. In this sense, geographic knowledge of the territory translated into cartographic language and served the interests of those who wanted to advance \"civilization in the Country\". Hence the importance of actively participating in projects such as the International Map of the World, as a way of showing itself capable of mapping the most recondite points in the territory. The maps analyzed in this thesis are capital to understand how a cartography for capitalism had to be created and universalized.

Cette étude aborde la conception de l'espace tunisien depuis l'Occident au croisement des notions territoriales Africa et Tunis, à travers la représentation cartographique à l'époque moderne du XVIe siècle au XVIIIe siècle, d'après des sources issues principalement des collections de la Bibliothèque nationale de France. Cette étude a pour ambition de proposer un travail d'investigation de l'image cartographique de l'espace tunisien en privilégiant deux approches : une approche structurale historiographique et une approche quantitative. L'objectif principal de la présente étude est de détecter les grandes phases historiques dans la représentation de l'espace tunisien, à partir d'un corpus assez dense. Je propose d'individualiser trois groupes d'images cartographiques caractérisées par des déformations similaires, qui me paraissent correspondre à des étapes importantes de l'évolution cartographique moderne ou encore à de grandes ruptures dans sa construction. Ces étapes correspondent à chaque fois à de nouveaux récits de voyages et par la suite à une évolution du regard. L'ensemble des cartes est représentatif non pas de l'édition cartographique mais de l'évolution des techniques et des connaissances géographiques. Les « cartes-modèles » ou encore les « cartes-mères » que j'identifie dans un premier temps, sont ensuite l'objet d'une expérimentation à partir de méthodes quantitatives. Cette approche, qui porte sur les déformations des surfaces, vise à une comparaison entre deux surfaces : une surface-source supposée « exacte » et une surface-image correspondant aux exemples historiques analysés. / This study deals with the concept of the Tunisian space, seen from the West as an intersection of the territorial concepts of Africa and Tunis, throughout the cartographical representation of the modern period, from the 16th to the 18th century. The study is essentially based on cartographic material from the collections of the French National Library. This thesis aims to investigate the cartographic representation of the Tunisian space through two main approaches: the first one is historiographical and structural at heart while the second is quantitative. The main objective of this present study is to detect the essential historical steps in the cartographic representation, from wide sources. So far, I suggest identifying three groups of cartographic images, which are characterized by similar deformations. These images correspond with important stages of the modern cartographical image or even major breaks in its construction, connected with new travel accounts and an evolving representation. Ali maps are not only representative of the cartographical edition but also of the development of technology and geographical knowledge. The « model-maps » along with « mother­maps », once identified, are subsequently subjected to experiments, through a quantitative approach. This approach, which centers on surfaces deformations, is meant to establish a comparison between two types of surfaces: one, the source-surface, which is presumed to be accurate and the other, the image-surface, which corresponds with the historical examples we consider.

Esta tese analisa os projetos do Mapa Internacional do Mundo ao Milionésimo e da Carta do Brasil ao Milionésimo em comemoração ao centenário da independência. Elaboradas e desenvolvidas durante as primeiras décadas do século XX, estas produções cartográficas estão ligadas ao processo de padronização de pesos e medidas inseridas no contexto de unificação material do mundo dada pela expansão das relações capitalistas de produção. No caso do projeto mundial, idealizado pelo geógrafo alemão Albrecht Penck, no 5º Congresso Geográfico Internacional, realizado na cidade de Berna em 1891, o principal objetivo era o de confeccionar um novo mapa para aquele mundo novo que se apresentava unido sob a égide do cientificismo e do liberalismo. Porém, a sua realização só ocorreu a partir de contornos geopolíticos e imperialistas bem definidos, com a articulação das instituições cartográficas das principais potências, em um processo de reafirmação dos centros e de redesenho das periferias. No Brasil, o Clube de Engenharia se responsabilizaria, com a liderança de figuras como Paulo de Frontin e Francisco Bhering, pela confecção da Carta do Brasil ao Milionésimo. As formas como o País se inseriu, com esta Carta, no projeto do Mapa Internacional do Mundo se conectavam ao discurso modernizador que associava progresso técnico, avanços científicos e evolução civilizatória. Este era um modelo eurocêntrico de desenvolvimento que se traduzia em diversos discursos e projetos sobre o território brasileiro na transição do século XIX para o XX. Estes planos visavam atender à ânsia modernizadora do Estado republicano e das classes hegemônicas como parte do projeto de dominação e controle do território e de sua população. Neste sentido, o conhecimento geográfico do território, traduzido em linguagem cartográfica, servia aos interesses daqueles que pretendiam fazer avançar a civilização no País. Daí a importância de participar ativamente de projetos como o da Carta do Mundo, como forma de mostrar-se capaz de mapear os mais recônditos pontos do território. Os mapas analisados nesta tese são capitais para entender como uma cartografia para o capitalismo teve que ser criada e universalizada. / This thesis analyzes the projects of the International Map of the World to 1:1,000,000 and of the Map of Brazil to 1:1,000,000 in commemoration of the centenary of independence. Elaborated and developed during the first decades of the twentieth century, these cartographic productions are linked to the process of standardization of weights and measures inserted in the context of material unification of the world given by the expansion of capitalist productions relations. In the case of the world project, conceived by the German geographer Albrecht Penck, at the 5th International Geographical Congress, held in the city of Bern in 1891, the main objective was to create a new map for that new world which was united under the aegis of scientism and liberalism. However, its realization only came from geopolitical and imperialist well defined contours, with the articulation of the cartographic institutions of the main powers, in a process of reasserting the centers and redesigning the peripheries. In Brazil, the Engineering Club would be responsible, with leaders of figures such as Paulo de Frontin and Francisco Bhering, for the preparation of the Map of Brazil to 1:1,000,000. The ways in which the country inserted itself with this Map in the International Map of the World project were connected to the modernizing discourse that associated technical progress, scientific advances and civilization evolution. This was a Eurocentric model of development that translated into several discourses and projects on the Brazilian territory in the transition from the nineteenth to the twentieth century. These plans aimed to meet the modernizing eagerness of the republican state and the hegemonic classes as part of the project of domination and control of the territory and its population. In this sense, geographic knowledge of the territory translated into cartographic language and served the interests of those who wanted to advance \"civilization in the Country\". Hence the importance of actively participating in projects such as the International Map of the World, as a way of showing itself capable of mapping the most recondite points in the territory. The maps analyzed in this thesis are capital to understand how a cartography for capitalism had to be created and universalized.

Os principais objetos de estudo dessa dissertação são uma estatística e um mapa da Província de São Paulo, ambos encomendados pela recém-instituída Assembleia Legislativa Provincial, em 1835, ao engenheiro-militar Daniel Pedro Müller (1785-1841). Planejados para serem utilizados como instrumentos de poder a serviço de grupos da elite paulista, no controle da administração provincial, a reconstituição dos contextos de sua produção, impressão e circulação permitem estabelecer nexos entre esses artefatos e a sociedade que os produziu e utilizou pela primeira vez, ampliando a compreensão da dinâmica política, econômica e social da Província paulista da primeira metade do Oitocentos. Para estudá-los buscou-se, inicialmente, reconstituir a trajetória de Daniel Pedro Müller, bem como caracterizar os grupos da elite paulista que passaram a ocupar os espaços de poder provincial a partir da transição do regime absolutista para a monarquia constitucional, no princípio da década de 1820, até o final da primeira metade daquele século. Em seguida, passou-se à análise dos artefatos propriamente ditos, buscando estabelecer relações entre esses objetos e os contextos político, econômico e social em que estavam inseridos. Por fim, a partir de dois exemplos concretos da economia política provincial a apropriação das terras indígenas para o avanço das culturas de exportação e subsistência em direção ao Oeste e a orientação da política econômica ao desenvolvimento da infraestrutura viária paulista buscou-se demonstrar como a construção territorial engendrada por estes artefatos serviu como instrumento de poder para a realização dos interesses e desígnios de autoridades administrativas em aliança com a elite mercantil-exportadora paulista. / The main study objects of this masters thesis are a statistic and a map of the Province of São Paulo, both commissioned in 1835 by the recently established Provincial Legislative Assembly to the military engineer Daniel Pedro Müller (1785-1841). Planned to be used as instruments of power to serve groups of the local elite in control of the provincial administration, the reconstitution of the contexts of its production, printing and circulation allows us to establish links between these artifacts and the society who produced and used them for the first time, expanding the comprehension of the political, economic and social dynamics of the Paulista province during the first half of the 19th century. In order to study these artifacts we sought, in the first place, to rebuild the trajectory of Daniel Pedro Müller as well as to characterize the Paulista elite groups that came to occupy the spaces of provincial power from the transition from the absolutist regime to the constitutional monarchy in the beginning of the 1820s, up to the end of the first half of that century. Afterwards we went to the analysis of the actual artifacts, aiming to establish relationships between these objects and the political, economic and social context in which they were entered. Finally, from two concrete examples of the provincial economic politics the appropriation of indigenous lands for the advancements of the exports and subsistence cultures towards the West part of the province and the guidance of the political economy for the development of the Paulista road infrastructure we aimed to demonstrate how the territorial construction engendered by these artifacts was used as an instrument of power to attend the interests and intends of administrative authorities in alliance with the São Paulo exporting-mercantile elite.

Les technologies du numérique modifient profondément la manière dont les sociétés appréhendent et se représentent leur espace. La cartographie n’est pas à l’écart de ces changements et les cartes sont de plus en plus nombreuses et sont utilisées sous de nouvelles formes. C’est en particulier le cas de la consultation d’itinéraires uniques, rendue plus aisée par les évolutions techniques et technologiques. L’usage de ces itinéraires est aujourd’hui l’une des principales fonctionnalités des cartes numériques, dont un grand nombre sont issues de sociétés implantées aux États-Unis.Comment appréhender, dans le cadre d’une analyse diachronique et comparatiste, le rôle des cartes d’itinéraire dans la cartographie numérique? S’agit-il d’une nouveauté ou de la réactualisation d’une forme cartographique plus ancienne ? Quelle place tient ce type de représentations dans une perspective croisée?La thèse propose de répondre à ces questions par une analyse large à trois entrées : cartobibliographique, sémiologique et processuelle, en se basant sur des corpus de cartes issus de la Bibliothèque nationale de France et de laNewberry Library. Les principaux résultats de ce travail apportent un éclairage sur les changements en cours avec le passage d’une cartographie majoritairement papier à une cartographie majoritairement écran. Ils invitent finalement à penser ces changements à travers une redéfinition du statut de la carte à l’ère numérique. / Digital technologies deeply change the way in which societies grasp their environment and represent space Cartography is not exempt from these changes, maps are more widespread than ever and are being used for new purposes. Among them, the use of route specific maps, made easier by technical and technological developments. Many online maps are used for itineraries, and most of them come from United States-based corporations.These observations raise the questions of how to understand this specific use of maps when put in a chronological and comparative perspective ? Is this an innovation or rather an actualization of a previous type of mapping practice ? What is the status of these itineraries when studied in a multifaceted perspective ?This research addresses these questions using three main approches : cartobibliographical, semiological and processual, and relying on extensive map collections from the Bibliothèque nationale de France and the Newberry Library. The main results bring new insights on the changes taking place with the transition from a primarily paper cartography to a primarily on-screen cartography and call for a redefinition of the status of maps in the digital era.

Os principais objetos de estudo dessa dissertação são uma estatística e um mapa da Província de São Paulo, ambos encomendados pela recém-instituída Assembleia Legislativa Provincial, em 1835, ao engenheiro-militar Daniel Pedro Müller (1785-1841). Planejados para serem utilizados como instrumentos de poder a serviço de grupos da elite paulista, no controle da administração provincial, a reconstituição dos contextos de sua produção, impressão e circulação permitem estabelecer nexos entre esses artefatos e a sociedade que os produziu e utilizou pela primeira vez, ampliando a compreensão da dinâmica política, econômica e social da Província paulista da primeira metade do Oitocentos. Para estudá-los buscou-se, inicialmente, reconstituir a trajetória de Daniel Pedro Müller, bem como caracterizar os grupos da elite paulista que passaram a ocupar os espaços de poder provincial a partir da transição do regime absolutista para a monarquia constitucional, no princípio da década de 1820, até o final da primeira metade daquele século. Em seguida, passou-se à análise dos artefatos propriamente ditos, buscando estabelecer relações entre esses objetos e os contextos político, econômico e social em que estavam inseridos. Por fim, a partir de dois exemplos concretos da economia política provincial a apropriação das terras indígenas para o avanço das culturas de exportação e subsistência em direção ao Oeste e a orientação da política econômica ao desenvolvimento da infraestrutura viária paulista buscou-se demonstrar como a construção territorial engendrada por estes artefatos serviu como instrumento de poder para a realização dos interesses e desígnios de autoridades administrativas em aliança com a elite mercantil-exportadora paulista. / The main study objects of this masters thesis are a statistic and a map of the Province of São Paulo, both commissioned in 1835 by the recently established Provincial Legislative Assembly to the military engineer Daniel Pedro Müller (1785-1841). Planned to be used as instruments of power to serve groups of the local elite in control of the provincial administration, the reconstitution of the contexts of its production, printing and circulation allows us to establish links between these artifacts and the society who produced and used them for the first time, expanding the comprehension of the political, economic and social dynamics of the Paulista province during the first half of the 19th century. In order to study these artifacts we sought, in the first place, to rebuild the trajectory of Daniel Pedro Müller as well as to characterize the Paulista elite groups that came to occupy the spaces of provincial power from the transition from the absolutist regime to the constitutional monarchy in the beginning of the 1820s, up to the end of the first half of that century. Afterwards we went to the analysis of the actual artifacts, aiming to establish relationships between these objects and the political, economic and social context in which they were entered. Finally, from two concrete examples of the provincial economic politics the appropriation of indigenous lands for the advancements of the exports and subsistence cultures towards the West part of the province and the guidance of the political economy for the development of the Paulista road infrastructure we aimed to demonstrate how the territorial construction engendered by these artifacts was used as an instrument of power to attend the interests and intends of administrative authorities in alliance with the São Paulo exporting-mercantile elite.