This thesis explores the nature of responses to problems associated with drinking and drunkenness. The aim is to consider how perceptions and responses to the issue have changed over time, and, crucially, to analyze the implications of the resulting evidence for policy and practice. There are two interdependent issues which the thesis seeks to expose and debate. First there is the process of emergence, the historical development of alcohol abuse as a social problem. It is possible to see in the historical record the continuities and (just as importantly) the discontinuities of responses to drinking behaviour from the Industrial Revolution to the present day. it is important to realise that some important aspects of contemporary explanations of problem drinking are in fact 'hangovers' from an earlier tradition and, in particular, from the Temperance response to alcohol problems. Ultimately, however, this is a thesis about the practice of managing contemporary alcohol related problems. It is about how the modern institutional network of criminal justice, medical, and social welfare agencies perceive and respond to problem drinking in Scotland. How do police officers, procurators fiscal, magistrates, doctors, and social workers view problem drinking? How do they respond to the problem drinker? The thesis then is about attempts to control, treat, and/or rehabilitate deviant drinkers, but it is also about the attitudes, perceptions, and experiences of the individuals whose job it is to realise policy as practice. In as much as it is based on the belief that in order to understand the modern system of management of the problem, it is necessary to understand how 'alcoholism' came to be defined as a social problem in the first place, the analysis is informed by perspectives and concepts that have been developed in the sociology of social problems. Chapter I considers the main features of this analytical framework and outlines the structure of the thesis.

En 1668, après avoir conquis une partie des territoires des Pays-Bas espagnols, Louis XIV établit à Tournai un conseil souverain chargé d’administrer la justice à ses nouveaux sujets. Cette cour est érigée en parlement en 1686 et son ressort évolue au fil des guerres menées par le Roi Soleil.Malgré les promesses du maintien des particularismes locaux formulées dans les actes de capitulation des villes, le monarque tente insidieusement de rapprocher la pratique judiciaire du ressort du parlement de Flandre de celle du reste du royaume. Sont ainsi envoyés à la cour l’ordonnance criminelle de 1670 qui modifie les règles de la procédure pénale et de nombreux textes de droit dictant les politiques répressives à appliquer.L’objet de cette étude est de mesurer l’impact de l’enregistrement de la législation royale sur la jurisprudence criminelle de la cour entre 1668 et 1720. Les magistrats, tiraillés entre la tradition des Pays-Bas et la modernité française, ont-ils respecté la volonté du roi ou lui ont-ils, au contraire, résisté ? L’expression de la conscience du juge, la survivance des anciens usages et les intérêts avant tout financiers des parlementaires sont autant d’obstacles au projet d’acculturation entrepris par Louis XIV. / After he gained an important part of the Southern Netherlands in 1668, Louis XIV created a sovereign court to administer justice in the newly conquered territories. The court obtained the title of parliament in 1686 and its jurisdiction evolved as a consequence of the numerous wars and treaties in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.Although the monarch had solemnly promised to maintain the local particularities in the capitulation acts of the main cities, he insidiously attempted to introduce the French legal rules into the judicial practice of the northern territories of the kingdom. Thus the criminal ordinance of 1670 was sent to the court in order to amend the rules of criminal procedure and other statutes imposed the repressive policies to be followed.This study focuses on the registration of royal edicts and ordinances and on their consequences on the court’s jurisprudence in criminal cases between 1668 and 1720. The councilors were torn between the traditions of the Netherlands and French modernity. Therefore we can wonder whether they did respect the king’s will. The expression of the judge’s conscience, the survival of ancient customs and the parliamentarians’ foremost financial interests were indeed obstacles to the Louis XIV’s acculturation project.

“Contested legalities in colonial Mexico : Francisco Xavier Gamboa and the defense of Derecho Indiano” explores the legal culture of late colonial Mexico through the lens of Francisco Xavier Gamboa, the most celebrated Mexican jurist of his era. Born in Guadalajara in 1717, Gamboa practiced in the courtrooms of Mexico City, represented the merchants guild of Mexico in Madrid from 1755 to 1764, analyzed mining legislation in the 1761 Comentarios a las Ordenanzas de Minas, and served three decades as an Audiencia judge until 1794. His long career encompassed the most salient features of the legal culture of his time. The central argument of this dissertation is that the legality Gamboa embodied and defended, known to historians as Derecho Indiano, came under attack in the period of the so-called Bourbon Reforms during the reign of Charles III. Led by José de Gálvez, the visitor-general of New Spain in the 1760s and later the secretary of state for the Indies from 1776 to 1787, the crown sought to streamline the legal order in order to root out corruption, restrict local autonomy, and strengthen royal authority. Gamboa and many other experienced officials opposed this effort. They argued that the old legal order, which recognized local customs and guaranteed judicial autonomy, provided the flexibility needed to maintain the Spanish empire in America. This contest in legalities marked the emergence of a centralized state in Spanish America and the moment when the Spanish legal order began to lose its legitimacy in America. / text

Esta tese apresenta as cartas de seguro dentro da matriz doutrinária portuguesa e suas formas de aplicação na justiça do Brasil colônia, no período de 1769 a 1831. Ela inicia apresentando uma versão da carta de seguro que foi um modelo de graça régia, para, em seguida, preocupar-se em revelar as repetições de aplicação, a transferência do Reino para o território colonial, procurando desvendar o significado do recurso dentro da organização doutrinária e da justiça lusitanas. O funcionamento das cartas de seguro, dentro do sistema jurídico e administrativo português, foi explanado no estudo empírico dos documentos remanescentes da comarca do Rio das Mortes, os processos-crimes, e, para entender a aplicação da justiça, bem como as formas como sua efetividade se apresentou na Comarca do Rio das Mortes, capitania e província de Minas Gerais, no período de 1769 a 1831, procurouse estudar os manuais dos praxistas que ensinaram a praxe do foro na segunda metade do século XVIII e início do século seguinte. Buscou-se mapear tanto os comportamentos confluentes entre as Minas e a matriz lusitana, bem como as formas incongruentes entre as duas instâncias. A tese foi dividida em duas partes, sendo que, na primeira, procurou-se explicitar a origem lusitana do recurso, descrevendo seus vínculos com a administração e justiça lusitanas. Na segunda parte, o trabalho voltou-se para o uso das cartas de seguro dentro do Brasil, ressaltando a aplicação local no território das Minas do Ouro, discutindo as diferentes formas de aplicação das cartas de seguro frente à diversidade social marcada com a presença de livres, cativos e forros; homens e mulheres; regiões mais e menos institucionalizadas, bem como regiões de fronteira. Estudou-se esse tema com o objetivo de instalar um debate sobre o funcionamento da justiça colonial e sobre a relação entre a colônia e sua metrópole, bem como se objetivou estudar a forma como a centralização do poder real influenciou a administração colonial. / This thesis presents the letters of insurance, according to the Portuguese doctrinal matrix and their forms of application in the justice of colonial Brazil, the period from 1769 to 1831. It begins by presenting a version of the letter of insurance, which was a model of regal grace, then it is concerned about revealing the repetitions, its application, the transfer of the Kingdom to the colonial territory, trying to unravel the meaning of the resource in the Lusitan doctrinal and juridical organization. The functioning of insurance cards within the Portuguese legal and administrative system was based in the empirical study of the remaining documents of the district of Rio das Mortes, crimes cases, and to understand the application of justice, as well as the ways their effectiveness is presented in County of Rio das Mortes, captaincy and province of Minas Gerais in the period 1769 to 1831. It was made a study of the manuals of those who had the traditional rules and who taught the practice of court in the second half of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the next century. We attempted to map both the confluent behaviors between Minas and the Lusitanian matrix, as well as incongruent ways between these two bodies. The thesis was divided into two parts, which at first is an effort to explain the origin of the Lusitanian resource describing their ties to the Lusitanian administration and justice . In the second part, the work is about the use of letters of insurance in Brazil, with the application site in the Gold Mines, discussing the different ways to implement the insurance cards in face of the social diversity characterized by the presence of free and captive people and liners, men and women, most and least institutionalized places, as well as border regions. The purpose of studying this issue was the debate on the functioning of the colonial justice and the relationship between the colony and its metropolis, and also the intention of studying how the centralization of royal power influenced the colonial administration.

Esta tese apresenta as cartas de seguro dentro da matriz doutrinária portuguesa e suas formas de aplicação na justiça do Brasil colônia, no período de 1769 a 1831. Ela inicia apresentando uma versão da carta de seguro que foi um modelo de graça régia, para, em seguida, preocupar-se em revelar as repetições de aplicação, a transferência do Reino para o território colonial, procurando desvendar o significado do recurso dentro da organização doutrinária e da justiça lusitanas. O funcionamento das cartas de seguro, dentro do sistema jurídico e administrativo português, foi explanado no estudo empírico dos documentos remanescentes da comarca do Rio das Mortes, os processos-crimes, e, para entender a aplicação da justiça, bem como as formas como sua efetividade se apresentou na Comarca do Rio das Mortes, capitania e província de Minas Gerais, no período de 1769 a 1831, procurouse estudar os manuais dos praxistas que ensinaram a praxe do foro na segunda metade do século XVIII e início do século seguinte. Buscou-se mapear tanto os comportamentos confluentes entre as Minas e a matriz lusitana, bem como as formas incongruentes entre as duas instâncias. A tese foi dividida em duas partes, sendo que, na primeira, procurou-se explicitar a origem lusitana do recurso, descrevendo seus vínculos com a administração e justiça lusitanas. Na segunda parte, o trabalho voltou-se para o uso das cartas de seguro dentro do Brasil, ressaltando a aplicação local no território das Minas do Ouro, discutindo as diferentes formas de aplicação das cartas de seguro frente à diversidade social marcada com a presença de livres, cativos e forros; homens e mulheres; regiões mais e menos institucionalizadas, bem como regiões de fronteira. Estudou-se esse tema com o objetivo de instalar um debate sobre o funcionamento da justiça colonial e sobre a relação entre a colônia e sua metrópole, bem como se objetivou estudar a forma como a centralização do poder real influenciou a administração colonial. / This thesis presents the letters of insurance, according to the Portuguese doctrinal matrix and their forms of application in the justice of colonial Brazil, the period from 1769 to 1831. It begins by presenting a version of the letter of insurance, which was a model of regal grace, then it is concerned about revealing the repetitions, its application, the transfer of the Kingdom to the colonial territory, trying to unravel the meaning of the resource in the Lusitan doctrinal and juridical organization. The functioning of insurance cards within the Portuguese legal and administrative system was based in the empirical study of the remaining documents of the district of Rio das Mortes, crimes cases, and to understand the application of justice, as well as the ways their effectiveness is presented in County of Rio das Mortes, captaincy and province of Minas Gerais in the period 1769 to 1831. It was made a study of the manuals of those who had the traditional rules and who taught the practice of court in the second half of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the next century. We attempted to map both the confluent behaviors between Minas and the Lusitanian matrix, as well as incongruent ways between these two bodies. The thesis was divided into two parts, which at first is an effort to explain the origin of the Lusitanian resource describing their ties to the Lusitanian administration and justice . In the second part, the work is about the use of letters of insurance in Brazil, with the application site in the Gold Mines, discussing the different ways to implement the insurance cards in face of the social diversity characterized by the presence of free and captive people and liners, men and women, most and least institutionalized places, as well as border regions. The purpose of studying this issue was the debate on the functioning of the colonial justice and the relationship between the colony and its metropolis, and also the intention of studying how the centralization of royal power influenced the colonial administration.

Adoptée au lendemain de la Libération par le Gouvernement provisoire de la République française, l’ordonnance du 2 février 1945 établit toute une série de principes qui, encore aujourd’hui, forment le socle du droit pénal des mineurs. Ainsi, la responsabilité progressive par paliers calquée sur l’évolution du discernement, la primauté de l’éducation sur la répression, la mitigation des peines ou encore l’adaptation des procédures, sont autant de règles dérogatoires qui structurent et orientent le traitement juridique de l’enfance coupable. Cet ensemble forme, selon l’expression consacrée, les « principes directeurs » du droit pénal des mineurs. Le recours à une étude historique permet de mieux comprendre la construction progressive du droit pénal des mineurs contemporain. / The order of February 2nd 1945 which was adopted in the aftermath of the Liberation by the Provisional Government of the French Republic establishes a series of principles which shape the base of juvenal criminal law. Thus the progressive liability in stages modelled on the development of discernment, the superiority of education on repression, the mitigation of sentences, but also the procedure adjustment, are as many derogating rules structuring and guiding the legal treatment of guilty childhood. To use the hallowed phrase, this combination constitutes the « guiding principles » of juvenal criminal law. The submission to a historical study allows a better understanding of the contemporary gradual building up of juvenal criminal law.