The Thornton Biennial: The Kruszka Pavilion: The 29YR Apology document functions as a catalog for the art event of the same name that occurred in November 2004. The catalog features a director's statement detailing the organizational practices of the event as well as a curatorial statement highlighting motivations for the event. In addition the catalog features color plates and statements from the sole participant in the 2004 Thornton Biennial. Selected excerpts: -When writing, I tell myself that I will immediately delete the writing upon its completion. Not so much because I fear its contents or the repercussions of having written it but because it feels too permanent and polarizing if I leave it. A lack of commitment? Maybe. Thinking of it as a lack of commitment seems too easy though, as to say one that cannot decide between soup and salad at lunch in someway lacks dedication to either liquid or solid foods. In this instance "commitment" sounds out of context. Commitment involves significance and ideals. And even if we extend this example to the actual meal and one's decision to eat or not eat lunch it is still negligible as far as commitment is concerned even though we partake in it daily. I don't write daily. On second thought I do. I think there is a point here. Perhaps the question of commitment extends beyond the soup and the writing to the internal reasoning process that is required to actively pursue either of those endeavors. The point I am making here but not articulating very well is that my commitment is to perpetuating a state of neutrality/nullification through somewhat tangential and irrational logic. And again this is incorrect terminology. Another attempt at clarification via art historical means might invoke the erased De Kooning, Beuy's declaration that "the silence of Duchamp was overrated" or Bas Jan Ader's In Search of the Miraculous. The previous attempt at clarification is muddied with personalities, it is perhaps better to say that I am committed to the idea of the disappearing act, the entire act. The rabbit is on stage and then the rabbit disappears and then the not knowing whether or not the rabbit will reappear. And still this is flawed because it is reduced to illusion. Another difficult realization, I am committed to language but I do not trust language. - A final interpretation, a trusted colleague commented that the Thornton Biennial sounds akin to a movie about saving the orphanage. He referenced several Hollywood storylines that involve characters going to extraordinary and often bizarre measures to save their cherished institutions. I was sold. It fit too perfectly; the corn syrup and cheese reserved for stories about rural villages. At this point it is difficult to ascertain where the imitation occurs with art or with life. Nevertheless, the theory has substance. It is the most popular reasoning among the local population. In The Chit Chat Cafe or Dave's Bar and Grill there are frequent discussions of plans to "push a few breaths" into the body of the barely conscious town. The rational conversations commonly move back and forth from reinvigorating the farm economy to finding ways to import young professionals and families. Fairly regularly though, out of des- peration and/or great hope, residents make wild suggestions and proclamations. Thornton now has five times the water they need and a contemporary art fair. -Jordo. I'm sorry that fourteen and fifteen year old girls can be such cruel bitches. I'm sorry I can't destroy them for you. Instead, I will try provide you with devious plans for revenge as they become available to me. I miss you and regret being gone. I apologize for disappearing. Thanks for helping me out. Love, Ethan

Esta tese apresenta as cartas de seguro dentro da matriz doutrinária portuguesa e suas formas de aplicação na justiça do Brasil colônia, no período de 1769 a 1831. Ela inicia apresentando uma versão da carta de seguro que foi um modelo de graça régia, para, em seguida, preocupar-se em revelar as repetições de aplicação, a transferência do Reino para o território colonial, procurando desvendar o significado do recurso dentro da organização doutrinária e da justiça lusitanas. O funcionamento das cartas de seguro, dentro do sistema jurídico e administrativo português, foi explanado no estudo empírico dos documentos remanescentes da comarca do Rio das Mortes, os processos-crimes, e, para entender a aplicação da justiça, bem como as formas como sua efetividade se apresentou na Comarca do Rio das Mortes, capitania e província de Minas Gerais, no período de 1769 a 1831, procurouse estudar os manuais dos praxistas que ensinaram a praxe do foro na segunda metade do século XVIII e início do século seguinte. Buscou-se mapear tanto os comportamentos confluentes entre as Minas e a matriz lusitana, bem como as formas incongruentes entre as duas instâncias. A tese foi dividida em duas partes, sendo que, na primeira, procurou-se explicitar a origem lusitana do recurso, descrevendo seus vínculos com a administração e justiça lusitanas. Na segunda parte, o trabalho voltou-se para o uso das cartas de seguro dentro do Brasil, ressaltando a aplicação local no território das Minas do Ouro, discutindo as diferentes formas de aplicação das cartas de seguro frente à diversidade social marcada com a presença de livres, cativos e forros; homens e mulheres; regiões mais e menos institucionalizadas, bem como regiões de fronteira. Estudou-se esse tema com o objetivo de instalar um debate sobre o funcionamento da justiça colonial e sobre a relação entre a colônia e sua metrópole, bem como se objetivou estudar a forma como a centralização do poder real influenciou a administração colonial. / This thesis presents the letters of insurance, according to the Portuguese doctrinal matrix and their forms of application in the justice of colonial Brazil, the period from 1769 to 1831. It begins by presenting a version of the letter of insurance, which was a model of regal grace, then it is concerned about revealing the repetitions, its application, the transfer of the Kingdom to the colonial territory, trying to unravel the meaning of the resource in the Lusitan doctrinal and juridical organization. The functioning of insurance cards within the Portuguese legal and administrative system was based in the empirical study of the remaining documents of the district of Rio das Mortes, crimes cases, and to understand the application of justice, as well as the ways their effectiveness is presented in County of Rio das Mortes, captaincy and province of Minas Gerais in the period 1769 to 1831. It was made a study of the manuals of those who had the traditional rules and who taught the practice of court in the second half of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the next century. We attempted to map both the confluent behaviors between Minas and the Lusitanian matrix, as well as incongruent ways between these two bodies. The thesis was divided into two parts, which at first is an effort to explain the origin of the Lusitanian resource describing their ties to the Lusitanian administration and justice . In the second part, the work is about the use of letters of insurance in Brazil, with the application site in the Gold Mines, discussing the different ways to implement the insurance cards in face of the social diversity characterized by the presence of free and captive people and liners, men and women, most and least institutionalized places, as well as border regions. The purpose of studying this issue was the debate on the functioning of the colonial justice and the relationship between the colony and its metropolis, and also the intention of studying how the centralization of royal power influenced the colonial administration.

Esta tese apresenta as cartas de seguro dentro da matriz doutrinária portuguesa e suas formas de aplicação na justiça do Brasil colônia, no período de 1769 a 1831. Ela inicia apresentando uma versão da carta de seguro que foi um modelo de graça régia, para, em seguida, preocupar-se em revelar as repetições de aplicação, a transferência do Reino para o território colonial, procurando desvendar o significado do recurso dentro da organização doutrinária e da justiça lusitanas. O funcionamento das cartas de seguro, dentro do sistema jurídico e administrativo português, foi explanado no estudo empírico dos documentos remanescentes da comarca do Rio das Mortes, os processos-crimes, e, para entender a aplicação da justiça, bem como as formas como sua efetividade se apresentou na Comarca do Rio das Mortes, capitania e província de Minas Gerais, no período de 1769 a 1831, procurouse estudar os manuais dos praxistas que ensinaram a praxe do foro na segunda metade do século XVIII e início do século seguinte. Buscou-se mapear tanto os comportamentos confluentes entre as Minas e a matriz lusitana, bem como as formas incongruentes entre as duas instâncias. A tese foi dividida em duas partes, sendo que, na primeira, procurou-se explicitar a origem lusitana do recurso, descrevendo seus vínculos com a administração e justiça lusitanas. Na segunda parte, o trabalho voltou-se para o uso das cartas de seguro dentro do Brasil, ressaltando a aplicação local no território das Minas do Ouro, discutindo as diferentes formas de aplicação das cartas de seguro frente à diversidade social marcada com a presença de livres, cativos e forros; homens e mulheres; regiões mais e menos institucionalizadas, bem como regiões de fronteira. Estudou-se esse tema com o objetivo de instalar um debate sobre o funcionamento da justiça colonial e sobre a relação entre a colônia e sua metrópole, bem como se objetivou estudar a forma como a centralização do poder real influenciou a administração colonial. / This thesis presents the letters of insurance, according to the Portuguese doctrinal matrix and their forms of application in the justice of colonial Brazil, the period from 1769 to 1831. It begins by presenting a version of the letter of insurance, which was a model of regal grace, then it is concerned about revealing the repetitions, its application, the transfer of the Kingdom to the colonial territory, trying to unravel the meaning of the resource in the Lusitan doctrinal and juridical organization. The functioning of insurance cards within the Portuguese legal and administrative system was based in the empirical study of the remaining documents of the district of Rio das Mortes, crimes cases, and to understand the application of justice, as well as the ways their effectiveness is presented in County of Rio das Mortes, captaincy and province of Minas Gerais in the period 1769 to 1831. It was made a study of the manuals of those who had the traditional rules and who taught the practice of court in the second half of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the next century. We attempted to map both the confluent behaviors between Minas and the Lusitanian matrix, as well as incongruent ways between these two bodies. The thesis was divided into two parts, which at first is an effort to explain the origin of the Lusitanian resource describing their ties to the Lusitanian administration and justice . In the second part, the work is about the use of letters of insurance in Brazil, with the application site in the Gold Mines, discussing the different ways to implement the insurance cards in face of the social diversity characterized by the presence of free and captive people and liners, men and women, most and least institutionalized places, as well as border regions. The purpose of studying this issue was the debate on the functioning of the colonial justice and the relationship between the colony and its metropolis, and also the intention of studying how the centralization of royal power influenced the colonial administration.

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In this paper, I study the silence in Bart Moeyaert’s two novels Kärleken vi inte förstår (eng. It’s Love We Don’t Understand, 1999) and Alla är ledsna nuförtiden (eng. Everyone’s Sorry Nowadays, 2018) with the help of Maria Nikolajeva’s theories of narrative perspective. I examine the narrative perspective in relation to the other characters’ appearances – focusing on the narrator’s priorities and voice – as well as how the silence is portrayed. Furthermore, by using a method of close-to-text reading I seek answers to the following questions: how is silence portrayed in Kärleken vi inte förstår and Alla är ledsna nuförtiden? What is the role of silence in the previous novels? The last question refers to in what way Moeyaert uses the silence in his novels. Finally, I concluded that the silence in Kärleken vi inte förstår is ambiguous. On the one hand, it is used by the characters as a tool of communication, and on the other hand, it works as a storytelling technique to withhold information from the reader as well as amplify the atmosphere or mood. Moreover, the silence in Alla är ledsna nuförtiden rather has the function of a theme or a motif as it forces the story to move forward. / I denna uppsats studerar jag tystnaden i Bart Moeyaerts romaner Kärleken vi inte förstår (1999) och Alla är ledsna nuförtiden (2018) med hjälp av Maria Nikolajevas teorier om berättarperspektiv. Jag utforskar berättarperspektivet i relation till hur de andra karaktärerna framträder – med fokus på berättarens prioriteringar och röst – liksom hur tystnaden gestaltas. Vidare söker jag svar på följande frågor genom att göra textnära läsningar av ovan nämnda verk: hur gestaltas tystnad i Kärleken vi inte förstår och Alla är ledsna nuförtiden? Vilken funktion har tystnaden i de ovanstående verken? Slutligen kom jag fram till att tystnadens funktion i Kärleken vi inte förstår är dubbel; å ena sidan används den av karaktärerna som ett verktyg för att kommunicera, å andra sidan som ett sätt att, av Moeyaert, undanhålla information från läsaren samt förstärka stämningar. Fortsättningsvis fungerar tystnaden i Alla är ledsna nuförtiden snarare som ett tema eller ett motiv då den tvingar historien framåt.