Nos últimos anos, um dos principais desafios globais está relacionado com a eficiência energética, sendo o desperdício de energia um dos fatores a ser destacado. Tal desperdício pode ser superado com o uso do Sistema de Automação Residencial (SAR). Vale frisar que os SARs são fortemente dependentes da sua infraestrutura interna, visto que esta é a base de uma casa inteligente. A Rede de Sensores e Atuadores sem Fio (RSASF) é uma solução promissora e de fácil implantação para ser utilizada como infraestrutura em um SAR. Entretanto, o uso das RSASFs como infraestrutura para monitorar e atuar (isto é, processo de tomada de decisão) no contexto de um SAR traz um novo problema. Tal problema remete não apenas a falta de um método para realizar a decisão dentro do próprio nó da RSASF, mas também a ausência em investigar um trade-off entre a precisão nas tomadas de decisões e o consumo de energia dos nós da rede. Além disso, a falta de uma infraestrutura distribuída, com baixo overhead e que reduza a latência do serviço são algumas das novas problemáticas para serem exploradas. Com isso, tem-se como desafio embarcar uma maior inteligência em dispositivos com recursos escassos, característica presente em uma RSASF. Para superar tais limitações, esta tese apresenta duas soluções de decisões inteligentes para uma infraestrutura residencial, nomeadas como ResiDI e ImPeRIum. O ResiDI é baseado em uma rede neural para atuar no processo de tomada de decisão dentro da RSASF, bem como em um mecanismo de correlação temporal para maximizar a eficiência energética da infraestrutura de comunicação. Já o ImPeRIum é baseado em um conjunto heterogêneo de dispositivos inteligentes para formar um ambiente computacional de fog, o qual gerencia as aplicações da residência por meio de uma rede neural. As soluções foram avaliadas extensivamente em diferentes cenários e comparadas com um trabalho da literatura. Os resultados reais e simulados, avaliados mediante uma análise estatística paramétrica e não-paramétrica, mostrou atingir o objetivo desta tese, sendo quatro deles notáveis: (i) aumento da precisão nas tomadas de decisões; (ii) redução no consumo de energia dos nós da rede; (iii) redução no tempo de resposta da atuação com baixa sobrecarrega; e (iv) eficiência na disseminação das informações. / In recent years, energy efficiency has become a major global challenge, and energy waste is a factor that needs to be highlighted. Such waste can be overcome with the use of Home Automation System (HAS). It should be stressed that the HASs are strongly dependent on its internal network, since this is the basis of a smart home. Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSANs) provide a modern and ubiquitous infrastructure for a smart home. However, the use of WSANs to monitor and act (i.e. decision-making process) as a control infrastructure within the context of HAS poses a new problem. Such problem refers not only to the lack of a method to execute the decision-making process within the WSAN, but also to the lack of investigating a trade-off between the decision-making accuracy and the extension of the WSAN nodes life-time. In addition, the lack of a distributed infrastructure, with low overhead in processing and that reduces service latency are some of the new problems to be addressed in the literature. With this, one has as a challenge to embark on greater intelligence in devices with scarce resources, a feature present in a WSAN. To overcome such limitations, this thesis presents two intelligent decision-making solutions for residential infrastructures, named ResiDI and ImPeRIum. ResiDI was developed based on a neural network to act in the decision-making process within the network, as well as a temporal correlation mechanism to maximize the energy consumption in the networks nodes. ImPeRIum was based on a heterogeneous set of smart objects to form a fog computational environment, which manages the applications of the residence through a neural network. The solutions were evaluated extensively in different scenarios and compared with an approach in the literature. The real and simulated results, evaluated through parametric and non-parametric tests, show that solutions make four key contributions: (i) increased decisionmaking; (ii) reduction in node energy consumption; (iii) reduction in action response time with low overload; and (iv) efficiency in the transmission of information.

Le spectre électromagnétique est une ressource limitée dont l'usage doit être optimisé. Plusieurs travaux actuels visent à améliorer l'utilisation des fréquences radio en exploitant les méthodes de traitement intelligent du signal : la radio cognitive. Cette thèse se place dans ce contexte. Concrètement, nous considérons un problème d'allocation conjointe de spectre et de puissance dans un système radio cognitif (CR) composé de plusieurs utilisateurs secondaires (SUs) et primaires (PUs). L'objectif est d'optimiser l'efficacité énergétique des SUs tout en garantissant des niveaux d'interférences maximales imposés par la présence des PUs. Nous analysons des métriques d'efficacité énergétique en utilisant un cadre unificateur basé sur des outils d'optimisation convexe multi-critères. Les métriquesque nous étudions sont : la maximisation de débit avec pénalité sur l'interférence créée, le ratio débit puissance totale et la minimisation de puissance sous contrainte de débit pour concevoir un système de communications efficace en termes de consommation. Nous approfondissons ensuite l'étude de la métrique de minimisation de puissances sous contraintes de débits minimaux aux SUs et d'interférences maximales aux PUs. Étant donné la nature opposée de ces contraintes, nous étudions d'abord la faisabilité du problème et nous proposons des conditions nécessaires et des conditions suffisantes pour l'existence d'une solution. Le défi principal réside dans la non-convexité du problème d'allocation conjointe de spectre et de puissance en raison du paramètre discret d'ordonnancement des SUs. Afin de surmonter ce challenge, nous utilisons une technique de relaxation de Lagrange pour résoudre un problème convexe. Nous prouvons que les solutions discrètes du problème relaxé sont les solutions du problème initial. Lorsqu'une solution existe, nous proposonsun algorithme itératif basé sur la méthode de sous-gradient pour calculer la solution optimale. Nous montrons que le scheduling optimal est plus efficace comparé avec d'autres allocations de spectre classiques (e.g. entrelacée, blockwise). Dans le cas particulier de deux bandes orthogonales et un SU unique, nous proposons une solution analytique qui ne nécessite pas d'algorithme itératif. / The radio spectrum is a limited resource which must be used in an optimal way. Recent works in the literature aim to improve the use of radio frequencies by exploiting intelligent techniques from signal processing, such as the cognitive radio paradigm. In this thesis, we study a joint spectrum scheduling and power allocation problem in a Cognitive Radio (CR) system composed of several secondary users (SUs) and primary users (PUs). The objective is to optimize the energy efficiency of the SUs while guaranteeing that the interference created to the PUs is kept below a maximum tolerated level. We analyze energy efficiency metrics in wireless communications using a common unifying framework based on convex multi-criteria optimization tools, which includes the three of the most popular energyefficiency metrics in the literature : weighted difference between overall achievable rate and power consumption, the ratio between the overall rate and consumed power and overall consumed power under minimum rate constraint. Then, we further focus on the study of the opportunistic power minimization problem over several orthogonal frequency bands under constraints on the minimum Quality of Service (QoS) and maximum interference to the PUs. Given the opposing nature of these constraints, we first study the feasibility of the problem and we provide sufficient conditions and necessary conditions that guarantee the existence of a solution. The main challenge lies in the non-convexity of the joint spectrum and power allocation problem due to the discrete spectrum scheduling parameter of SUs. To overcome this issue, we use a Lagrangian relaxation technique to solve a convexproblem. We prove that the discrete solutions of the relaxed problem are the solutions of the initial problem. When a solution exists, we propose an iterative algorithm based on subgradient method to compute an optimal solution. We show that the optimal scheduling is more efficient compared to other conventional spectrum allocations (e.g. interlaced, blockwise). In the particular case of two orthogonal bands and an unique SU, we provide an analytical solution that does not require an iterative algorithm.

The diploma thesis deals with the division of the system installation and gives an overview of electrical appliances and heating system. It focuses on the Loxone system installation. The main part is the project documentation of wiring, programming the control of a family house and regulation of the solar thermal system for heating water and the heating system control. It also includes a simple economic evaluation of the proposed solar system.

This diploma thesis is focused on increasing Smart Home Control System security in terms of information, network and physical security. It is based on a risk analysis of the current state of applied security management and the needs of the house owner. Both security countermeasure and cost analysis are thoroughly discussed, and the thesis also contains methodology, which describes the management of smart home security and improvement of end-user security awareness.

This thesis describes the design of a modem for a communication over residential power lines. First part is focused on the history, suitable frequency bands, modulation techniques and mainly on the selection of the optimal modem device. Second section contains the description of the hardware design of the modem itself and clarifies the implementation of the PLC module to be used as a communication interface for a full residential automation solution. Last chapters of this thesis introduce the communication protocol, design of the software for the ATmega32 MCU and present of the final field testing under real conditions.

The aim of this work is to evaluate possibilities to integrate wireless devices for home automation in BeeeOn system developed on the Faculty of Information Technology in Brno. This thesis describes USB modules that allow connenction to these devices. It describes the communication protocols that the modules can handle and devices using these protocols. It also deals with FHEM system, its features and possibilities of communication with the BeeeOn system. A reader can also find decription of implementation of every module created to provide support of wireless devices to the gate of BeeeOn system.

Expensive and complex automated systems for greenhouses are frequently utilized in the horticulture industry. In parallel, smart systems for home automation has recently seen a rapid increase in popularity. This project aims to combine the climate optimization capabilities of industrial systems with the convenience of home automation systems. More specifically, this project is focused on the design and implementation of electrical and mechanical requirements of a smart greenhouse system. This involved the selection of hardware components, such as sensors, actuators and controllers. It also involved the interconnection between these components and the development of measurement and control systems to autonomously manage the greenhouse. The system is based on a WiFi-connected microcontroller. Parameters monitored include; temperature, humidity and wind-speed. Irrigation is controlled by a solenoid valve and can be scheduled to desired intervals. Ventilation and temperature optimization is done by controlling the roof-hatch with a linear actuator and control of a heater. The results demonstrate a accurate and reliable system with low power consumption. The resulting prototype can be installed in new and existing greenhouses. Functionalities can be remotely controlled and monitored by the convenience of an android application. The total cost of the components used was around 4 500 SEK. Further development could be done to enable seamless scalability with additional components and functionalities. Climate optimization by incorporation of weather forecast as a parameter could be implemented to further reduce energy consumption. / Dyra och komplexa automatiserade växthussystem är vanligt förekommande inom industrin för hortikultur. Parallellt har populariteten för "Smart Home" system för hemautomatisering radikalt ökat. Målet med detta projekt är att kombinera klimatoptimiseringsmöjligheterna hos industriella system med lättanvändligheten hos system för hemautomatisering. Detta projekt fokuserar specifikt på designen och implementationen av de elektriska och mekaniska krav som ställs på ett "smart greenhouse system". Detta innefattar; val av komponenter såsom sensorer, aktuatorer samt styrenhet men även sammankopplingen mellan dessa komponenter och utvecklingen av mjukvara till reglersystemet, som i sin tur syftar till automatiseringen i växthuset. Systemet är baserat på en WiFi-uppkopplad mikrokontroller. Parametrar som monitoreras är; temperatur, luftfuktighet och vindhastighet. Bevattning kontrolleras av en magnetventil och kan schemaläggas för bevattning i önskade intervall. Ventilering och temperaturoptimisering sker genom kontroll av taklucka med hjälp av ett linjärt ställdon samt kontroll av ett värmeelement. Resultatet demonstrerar ett pålitligt och punktligt system med låg energiförbrukning. Prototypen som utvecklats kan installeras i både nya och befintliga växthus. Funktionaliteterna kan smidigt fjärrkontrolleras och monitoreras från en android applikation. Den totala kostnaden för de komponenter som använts var runt 4500 kr. Vidareutveckling vad gäller skalbarhet för att sömlöst lägga till komponenter och funktionaliteter bör övervägas. För ytterligare minskad energiförbrukning med hjälp av klimatoptimering kan väderprognos adderas som en parameter.

The main objective of the study is to examine how to connect a washing machine to the Internet and what benefits it would contribute with within: user convenience, user economics and society environment. A washing machine was connected to the Internet by using a Raspberry Pi and a remote power switch. A Python server was developed in order to extend and control the machines functionality. Which functionality to implement was decided by a market research held in the project. An Android application was developed to interact with the server in order to allow the user to remotely control the machine. The application communicates with the server through an interface that was defined and developed in the project. A lot of focus was put on design and testing of user experience in order to create a user-friendly and intuitive application. The project results in a market research and a developed and evaluated technical solution, including a server and an application, enabling the washing machine to be connected to the Internet. The results also includes a recommendation of a technical solution and a discussion about its continued work and contribution within the three perspectives. The conclusion is that it’s possible to connect a washing machine to the Internet and that the functionality of the recommended application is requested by the common man. Based on the user testing a conclusion is made that the recommended technical solution has a positive effect on the user’s convenience and society environment, but a neutral impact on the users’ economy. The conclusion answers to the problem statement and meets the objective of the report. / Studien har som syfte att undersöka hur en tvättmaskin kan kopplas upp mot internet och vilken nytta den då skulle bidra med gällande: användarens bekvämlighet, användarens ekonomi och samhällets miljö. I projektet kopplades en tvättmaskin upp mot internet med hjälp av en Raspberry Pi och en fjärrströmbrytare. Till Raspberry Pi utvecklades en server för att styra och utöka tvättmaskinens funktionalitet. En marknadsundersökning låg till grund för den funktionalitet som valdes att implementeras i servern. För att ge användaren möjlighet att styra tvättmaskinen på distans utvecklades en applikation till en Android-telefonsom interagerar med servern. Applikationen kommunicerar med servern genom ett gränssnitt som definierades och utvecklades i projektet. För att skapa en användarvänlig och intuitiv applikation lades mycket fokus på design och testande av användbarhet hos applikationen. Projektets resultat är en marknadsundersökning samt en framtagen och utvärderad teknisk lösning, i form av server och applikation, som möjliggör uppkopplandet av en tvättmaskin mot internet. I resultatet ingår även en rekommendation på teknisk lösning och en diskussion om lösningens utvecklingsmöjligheter och nytta i de tre perspektiven. Slutsatsen från studien är att uppkopplingen av en tvättmaskin mot internet är tekniskt möjligt och att funktionaliteten hos den rekommenderade applikationen är något som önskas av gemene man. Baserat på användartester dras slutsatsen att den rekommenderade tekniska lösningen har en positiv effekt på användarens bekvämlighet och samhällets miljö, men en neutral inverkan på användarens ekonomi. Slutsatsen besvarar problemformuleringen samt uppfyller syftet med rapporten.

Internet Of Things (IoT) och hemautomation innebär möjligheten att koppla upp diverse enheter i ett hem gentemot internet, som därefter har som mål att underlätta och göra konsumenters vardag mer bekvämt. Hemautomation kan exempelvis handla om att låsa dörrar och tända lampor från en enda enhet (kontrollern), vilket underlättar då konsumenten inte behöver gå till vardera enhet för att utföra önskade aktiviteter. Kontrollers är den del av ett IoT-system inom hemautomation som agerar gränssnittet mellan konsumenten och enheterna.Open-source erbjuder konsumenter ett mer fritt nyttjande av produkter pga. dess öppna källkod. Många problem och frågor som uppstår i samband med dessa produkter härstammar inom området av säkerhet, samt vad som skiljer produkterna åt avseende säkerhet.Denna studie har samlat ihop sex open-source kontrollers och genomfört en jämförelse för att identifiera vilka kontrollers som uppnår säkerhet avseende konfidentialitet, integritet och tillgänglighet. Detta har utförts genom att identifiera vilka värden som förekommer i tidigare artiklar där säkerheten utvärderas för IoT och hemautomation, och för kontrollers.Studien kopplar ihop identifierade värden med CIA modellen, vilket står för confidentiality, integrity och availability (konfidentialitet, integritet och tillgänglighet). I samband med CIA modellen presenteras ett resultat där studiens aktuella kontrollers visar till vilken nivå de upprätthåller CIA modellen, baserat på det identifierade värden som fastställts. De kontrollers som förekommer i studien är Home Genie, OpenHAB, Home Assistant, Domoticz, Calaos och Pimatic.Studiens resultat erhålls via en litterär undersökning av 25 tidigare studier samt 12st tillkommande tekniska dokumentationer och forum för samtliga tillhörande kontrollers. Samtliga studier har blivit hämtade från databaserna Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore och ACM Digital Library och har därefter blivit analyserade och tematiskt kodade för vidare information. Totalt har studiens material genomgått urval i fem steg för att garantera relevant material som stämmer överens med studiens kriterier och mål för innehåll. Studiens resultat presenterar en ögonblicksbild som ger kunskap om jämförda kontrollers, specifikt i samband med CIA modellen, vilket belyser produkterna i samband för området av säkerhet avseende konfidentialitet, integritet och tillgänglighet. / Internet of Things (IoT) and home automation means the opportunity to connect various devices in a home to the Internet, which has the goal of facilitating and making consumers’ everyday lives more comfortable. For example, home automation could be about locking doors and lighting lamps from a single device (the controller), which may make it easier for the consumer since the consumer does not have to go to each device to perform the desired activity. Controllers are the part of a home automation IoT-system that acts as an interface between the consumer and the devices.Open-source offers consumers a freer use of products, due to its open-source code. Many problems and issues that arise in connection with these products originate in the field of security, as well as what distinguishes the products in terms of security.This study has collected six open-source controllers and conducted a comparison to identify which controllers achieve security regarding confidentiality, integrity and availability. This has been done by identifying the values that appear in previous articles where security is evaluated for IoT and home automation, and controllers.This study links identified values with the CIA model, which stands for confidentiality, integrity, and availability. In accordance with the CIA model, a result is presented where the study’s current controllers show to what level they maintain the CIA model, based on the identifies values established. The controllers that appears in this study are Home Genie, OpenHAB, Home Assistant, Domoticz, Calaos, and Pimatic.This study’s results are obtained through a literary study of 25 studies, and 12 additional technical documentations and information through forums for all the associated controllers. All studies have been retrieved from the Google Scholar database, IEEE Xplore, and ACM Digital Library, and subsequently analyzed and thematically coded for further information. In total, the material of this study has been selected in five steps to ensure relevant material that meets this study’s criteria and objectives for content. This study’s results present an overview that provides knowledge about compared controllers, specifically in connection with the CIA model which highlights the products in the field of security, regarding confidentiality, integrity, and availability.

The goal of this research is to improve the security of smart home hubs by developing a standard against which hubs can be evaluated. This was done by first reviewing existing standards, guides, and collections of best practices. I determined that adapting or extending an existing standard was the best way to proceed. Potential candidates were selected, and after thorough comparison, I chose to extend the OWASP Application Security Verification Standard (ASVS). Extensions were composed of additional security requirements to address smart home hub functionality not covered by the existing requirements of the ASVS. These additional requirements were developed based upon existing best practices and are referred to as the Smart Home Extensions. Where a best practice or guidance did not yet exist for a particular hub functionality, guidance from related fields was adapted. The entire set of Smart Home Extensions were reviewed by industry experts, updated based on feedback, and then sent on for further peer review. Four smart home hubs – VeraLite, Wink, Connect, and SmartThings – were evaluated using the ASVS with the Smart Home Extensions. The evaluation uncovered security vulnerabilities in all four hubs, some previously disclosed by other researchers, and others new. Analysis of the evaluation data suggests that authentication is a common problem area, among others. Based on the performance of the hubs and the data collected, I suggest that the ASVS and Smart Home Extensions can be an effective tool to provide insight into the security posture of smart home hubs.