Cette recherche s’intéresse au soutien à domicile des personnes âgées dites « en perte d’autonomie » dans un contexte où, d’une part, les inégalités socioéconomiques parmi ce groupe sont marquées et, d’autre part, les services à domicile tendent vers une standardisation et une marchandisation. L’autonomie a été mobilisée comme concept pour mieux appréhender les conditions de vie et les rapports sociaux qui nuisent ou contribuent au bien-être des aînés à domicile, de leur propre point de vue et de celui des auxiliaires familiaux et sociaux qui interviennent auprès d’eux. Ce groupe d’acteurs est généralement évoqué dans la littérature comme ayant une vision sociale et globale des personnes qu’ils visitent, de par leur proximité et intrusion dans l’espace de vie de ces dernières. Le discours dominant par rapport au bien-être des personnes âgées (bien-vieillir ou, en anglais, successful aging) dans la littérature en gérontologie ou dans les documents institutionnels s’articule autour d’une conception fonctionnelle de l’autonomie, au détriment des dimensions plus sociales et relationnelles. Cette recherche a ainsi cherché à investir une perspective sociorelationnelle de l’autonomie, qui se retrouve en sciences sociales chez des auteurs tels que Druhle, Sen, McAll, Honneth, Guillemard et Castoriadis. Ce cadre conceptuel au cœur duquel se trouvent notamment les notions de reconnaissance et de rapports sociaux inégalitaires a servi de porte d’entrée pour analyser 10 entrevues semi-dirigées avec des auxiliaires familiaux et sociaux (qui ont évoqué, chacun, la situation des trois dernières personnes visitées, pour un total de 30 exemples de cas) et 14 entrevues semi-dirigées avec des personnes âgées recevant des services à domicile. Au croisement de ces regards, les résultats de cette recherche suggèrent que les conditions de vie matérielles et relationnelles ont un impact déterminant sur la possibilité pour les aînés de « se sentir vivants » et que pour les personnes les plus défavorisées et/ou isolées, le soutien à domicile se traduit le plus souvent en une situation de « confinement », de « maintien » à domicile. Par rapport à la relation avec les auxiliaires, il apparaît que l’amélioration du bien-être des aînés recevant de l’aide à domicile passe, entre autres, par la création d’un espace relationnel autonome dans lequel la personne existe non seulement comme « corps », mais également comme « esprit ». Par-delà des services offerts, c’est ce type d’interaction (attentif et respectueux des habitudes, intentions et projets qui ont rempli la vie des personnes aidées) qui retient le plus leur attention et mobilise l’essentiel de leur discours sur le soutien à domicile. Il semble également que ce soit parfois en se faisant marginal dans la vie des gens et en créant simplement des espaces favorables à une autonomie collective que le réseau de services peut avoir les impacts les plus positifs sur les personnes, de leur propre point de vue. / This study aims to explore the elder’s home support, more narrowly the experience of people characterized as « in loss of autonomy » in a context where, on one hand, socioeconomic inequalities in this group are important, and, on the other hand, home support services tend toward a standardization and a commoditization. The concept of autonomy has been used to better apprehend the living conditions and the social relations that positively or negatively affect the wellbeing of elders at home, from their own perspective or from those of the visiting caregivers who work with them. The latter are generally mentioned in the literature has having a social and global perspective on the people they visit, as they are closely tied to them and intrude in their own living space. In the gerontology literature and in institutional documents, the dominant discourse related to wellbeing of the elderly (« successful aging » or, in French, « bien-vieillir ») is articulated around a functional conception of autonomy, depriving it of its more social and relational dimensions. This research has developed a social perspective on autonomy grounded in social sciences and based on authors such as Druhle, Sen, McAll, Honneth, Guillemard and Castoriadis. This conceptual framework relies on notions of recognition and social inequality and was used in analyzing our 10 semistructured interviews with caregivers and 14 more with elders receiving homecare. Each of the 10 caregivers were asked to relate their last three visits, adding up to a total of 30 case studies. At the crossroads of these narratives, the results of this research suggest that material and relational living conditions do have a decisive impact on elders’ possibility to « feel alive ». For those most disadvantaged and/or isolated, home support most often translates in situations of containment, of retention at home. With regards to relationships with caregivers, it appears that improvement of elders’ wellbeing receiving home support is related, among other things, to the creation of autonomous relational space where the person exists not only as a « body » with needs, but also as a « spirit ». Beyond the provided services, it is the kind of interaction (careful, mindful, respectful of habits, intentions and projects that fulfill the life of the assisted individuals), that occupies most of their narrative on home care services. According to the elders, from time to time, it seems that the health care system can have more significant positive impact by creating spaces propitious to collective autonomy and with marginal intervention.

The purpose of this study was to determine how pain in PLHIV on community home based care programme was managed using the Roy adaptation model (RAM) as the theoretical framework. This study used a descriptive mixed method research design which allowed for the research topic to be investigated and described in terms of both narrative qualitative accounts and descriptive statistics. A sequential exploratory approach was adopted in which qualitative data collection was conducted in the initial phase followed by quantitative data collection. Ten qualitative interviews, guided by the components of the RAM were conducted in the initial phase and a structured interview schedule (questionnaire) partially based on the result of the qualitative phase and (which was also structured in accordance with the RAM) was administered to 120 respondents who met the inclusion criteria of being on CHBC. Convenience sampling was used to select study participants and respondents in both phases of the study. Peripheral neuropathy was the most common pain syndrome experienced by patients. More females suffered numbness/tingling sensation of toes, followed by chest pains than their male counterparts. Pain experienced was moderate to severe which was not treated effectively. The study findings could assist health care providers, policy makers and researchers to invest into improving pain management for PLHIV, strengthen education of patients and their primary caregivers on the causes of pain and modalities to employ for pain relief and implement palliative care guidelines for PLHIV. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Les chutes chez les personnes âgées représentent un problème majeur. Il n’est donc pas étonnant que l’identification des facteurs qui en accroissent le risque ait mobilisé autant d’attention. Les aînés plus fragiles ayant besoin de soutien pour vivre dans la communauté sont néanmoins demeurés le parent pauvre de la recherche, bien que, plus récemment, les autorités québécoises en aient fait une cible d’intervention prioritaire. Les études d’observation prospectives sont particulièrement indiquées pour étudier les facteurs de risque de chutes chez les personnes âgées. Leur identification optimale est cependant compliquée par le fait que l’exposition aux facteurs de risque peut varier au cours du suivi et qu’un même individu peut subir plus d’un événement. Il y a 20 ans, des chercheurs ont tenté de sensibiliser leurs homologues à cet égard, mais leurs efforts sont demeurés vains. On continue aujourd’hui à faire peu de cas de ces considérations, se concentrant sur la proportion des personnes ayant fait une chute ou sur le temps écoulé jusqu’à la première chute. On écarte du coup une quantité importante d’information pertinente. Dans cette thèse, nous examinons les méthodes en usage et nous proposons une extension du modèle de risques de Cox. Nous illustrons cette méthode par une étude des facteurs de risque susceptibles d’être associés à des chutes parmi un groupe de 959 personnes âgées ayant eu recours aux services publics de soutien à domicile. Nous comparons les résultats obtenus avec la méthode de Wei, Lin et Weissfeld à ceux obtenus avec d’autres méthodes, dont la régression logistique conventionnelle, la régression logistique groupée, la régression binomiale négative et la régression d’Andersen et Gill. L’investigation est caractérisée par des prises de mesures répétées des facteurs de risque au domicile des participants et par des relances téléphoniques mensuelles visant à documenter la survenue des chutes. Les facteurs d’exposition étudiés, qu’ils soient fixes ou variables dans le temps, comprennent les caractéristiques sociodémographiques, l’indice de masse corporelle, le risque nutritionnel, la consommation d’alcool, les dangers de l’environnement domiciliaire, la démarche et l’équilibre, et la consommation de médicaments. La quasi-totalité (99,6 %) des usagers présentaient au moins un facteur à haut risque. L’exposition à des risques multiples était répandue, avec une moyenne de 2,7 facteurs à haut risque distincts par participant. Les facteurs statistiquement associés au risque de chutes incluent le sexe masculin, les tranches d’âge inférieures, l’histoire de chutes antérieures, un bas score à l’échelle d’équilibre de Berg, un faible indice de masse corporelle, la consommation de médicaments de type benzodiazépine, le nombre de dangers présents au domicile et le fait de vivre dans une résidence privée pour personnes âgées. Nos résultats révèlent cependant que les méthodes courantes d’analyse des facteurs de risque de chutes – et, dans certains cas, de chutes nécessitant un recours médical – créent des biais appréciables. Les biais pour les mesures d’association considérées proviennent de la manière dont l’exposition et le résultat sont mesurés et définis de même que de la manière dont les méthodes statistiques d’analyse en tiennent compte. Une dernière partie, tout aussi innovante que distincte de par la nature des outils statistiques utilisés, complète l’ouvrage. Nous y identifions des profils d’aînés à risque de devenir des chuteurs récurrents, soit ceux chez qui au moins deux chutes sont survenues dans les six mois suivant leur évaluation initiale. Une analyse par arbre de régression et de classification couplée à une analyse de survie a révélé l’existence de cinq profils distinctifs, dont le risque relatif varie de 0,7 à 5,1. Vivre dans une résidence pour aînés, avoir des antécédents de chutes multiples ou des troubles de l’équilibre et consommer de l’alcool sont les principaux facteurs associés à une probabilité accrue de chuter précocement et de devenir un chuteur récurrent. Qu’il s’agisse d’activité de dépistage des facteurs de risque de chutes ou de la population ciblée, cette thèse s’inscrit dans une perspective de gain de connaissances sur un thème hautement d’actualité en santé publique. Nous encourageons les chercheurs intéressés par l’identification des facteurs de risque de chutes chez les personnes âgées à recourir à la méthode statistique de Wei, Lin et Weissfeld car elle tient compte des expositions variables dans le temps et des événements récurrents. Davantage de recherches seront par ailleurs nécessaires pour déterminer le choix du meilleur test de dépistage pour un facteur de risque donné chez cette clientèle. / Falls in the elderly represent a major problem. It is therefore not surprising that the identification of factors that may increase the risk of falls has received much attention. Frailer seniors who need support to live in the community remained nonetheless poorly documented, although more recently, the Québec authorities have given high priority to interventions that target this population. Risk factors for falls are usually identified by observational prospective studies. Their optimal identification is however complicated by the fact that exposure may vary during the follow-up, and that an individual may experience more than one event. Twenty years ago, some researchers attempted to sensitize their peers in this respect, but their efforts were vain. Researchers continue today to neglect these considerations and to use improper statistical techniques, focusing on the proportion of fallers or the time to first fall. In doing so, we discard a significant amount of relevant information. In this thesis, we review the existing methods and propose a Cox hazards extension. We apply it in the study of potential fall-risk factors associated with 959 community-dwelling seniors using home-care services. Finally, we compare the results of the proposed Wei, Lin, & Weissfeld (WLW) method with those of several other techniques, notably the conventional logistic regression, the pooled logistic regression, the negative binomial regression and the Andersen & Gill regression. At baseline and every six months thereafter, participants were visited at home in order to ascertain information about potential risk factors. Falls were monitored by use of a calendar and monthly phone calls. Baseline exposure variables and updated time-varying exposures include socio-demographic characteristics, BMI, nutritional risk, gait and balance, alcohol consumption, home hazards, and medications. Almost all (99.6%) of participants showed at least one high risk factor. Exposure to multiple risks was frequent, with an average of 2.7 different high-risk factors per participant. The risk factors significantly associated to the risk of falling include male sex, age, history of falling, Berg balance score, BMI, use of benzodiazepines, number of home hazards and residential facility for seniors. Results demonstrate that the usual methods of analyzing risk factors for falling (any sort of fall as well as those leading to medical consultations) are inappropriate, as they produce considerable biases relative to the WLW model using time-dependent covariates. Bias for the considered effect measures comes from the manner in which the observed data (both measured exposures and health outcomes) was measured and defined as well as the way in which the statistical analysis took into account this information. An additional part of the thesis was undertaken to identify risk profiles of subjects regarding the recurrence of falling, defined as participants who reported at least two falls within six months of initial assessment at entry in the study. A classification and regression tree analysis classified the population into five groups differing in risk of recurrent falling, based on history of falls in the three months prior to the initial interview, Berg balance score, type of housing, and usual alcohol consumption in the six months preceding study entry. The relative risks varied from 0.7 to 5.1. A subsequent survival analysis showed that the length of time before becoming a recurrent faller varies among risk profiles. This thesis discusses highly topical subjects about a target population and a fall-risk screening activity which are priorities in the public health sector in Québec. We encourage researchers interested in the identification of risk of falls among the elderly to use the statistical method of Wei, Lin and Weissfeld because it takes into account updated time-varying exposures and multiple events. More research will be necessary to determine the best screening test for a given risk-factor in this setting and population.

Cette recherche s’intéresse au soutien à domicile des personnes âgées dites « en perte d’autonomie » dans un contexte où, d’une part, les inégalités socioéconomiques parmi ce groupe sont marquées et, d’autre part, les services à domicile tendent vers une standardisation et une marchandisation. L’autonomie a été mobilisée comme concept pour mieux appréhender les conditions de vie et les rapports sociaux qui nuisent ou contribuent au bien-être des aînés à domicile, de leur propre point de vue et de celui des auxiliaires familiaux et sociaux qui interviennent auprès d’eux. Ce groupe d’acteurs est généralement évoqué dans la littérature comme ayant une vision sociale et globale des personnes qu’ils visitent, de par leur proximité et intrusion dans l’espace de vie de ces dernières. Le discours dominant par rapport au bien-être des personnes âgées (bien-vieillir ou, en anglais, successful aging) dans la littérature en gérontologie ou dans les documents institutionnels s’articule autour d’une conception fonctionnelle de l’autonomie, au détriment des dimensions plus sociales et relationnelles. Cette recherche a ainsi cherché à investir une perspective sociorelationnelle de l’autonomie, qui se retrouve en sciences sociales chez des auteurs tels que Druhle, Sen, McAll, Honneth, Guillemard et Castoriadis. Ce cadre conceptuel au cœur duquel se trouvent notamment les notions de reconnaissance et de rapports sociaux inégalitaires a servi de porte d’entrée pour analyser 10 entrevues semi-dirigées avec des auxiliaires familiaux et sociaux (qui ont évoqué, chacun, la situation des trois dernières personnes visitées, pour un total de 30 exemples de cas) et 14 entrevues semi-dirigées avec des personnes âgées recevant des services à domicile. Au croisement de ces regards, les résultats de cette recherche suggèrent que les conditions de vie matérielles et relationnelles ont un impact déterminant sur la possibilité pour les aînés de « se sentir vivants » et que pour les personnes les plus défavorisées et/ou isolées, le soutien à domicile se traduit le plus souvent en une situation de « confinement », de « maintien » à domicile. Par rapport à la relation avec les auxiliaires, il apparaît que l’amélioration du bien-être des aînés recevant de l’aide à domicile passe, entre autres, par la création d’un espace relationnel autonome dans lequel la personne existe non seulement comme « corps », mais également comme « esprit ». Par-delà des services offerts, c’est ce type d’interaction (attentif et respectueux des habitudes, intentions et projets qui ont rempli la vie des personnes aidées) qui retient le plus leur attention et mobilise l’essentiel de leur discours sur le soutien à domicile. Il semble également que ce soit parfois en se faisant marginal dans la vie des gens et en créant simplement des espaces favorables à une autonomie collective que le réseau de services peut avoir les impacts les plus positifs sur les personnes, de leur propre point de vue. / This study aims to explore the elder’s home support, more narrowly the experience of people characterized as « in loss of autonomy » in a context where, on one hand, socioeconomic inequalities in this group are important, and, on the other hand, home support services tend toward a standardization and a commoditization. The concept of autonomy has been used to better apprehend the living conditions and the social relations that positively or negatively affect the wellbeing of elders at home, from their own perspective or from those of the visiting caregivers who work with them. The latter are generally mentioned in the literature has having a social and global perspective on the people they visit, as they are closely tied to them and intrude in their own living space. In the gerontology literature and in institutional documents, the dominant discourse related to wellbeing of the elderly (« successful aging » or, in French, « bien-vieillir ») is articulated around a functional conception of autonomy, depriving it of its more social and relational dimensions. This research has developed a social perspective on autonomy grounded in social sciences and based on authors such as Druhle, Sen, McAll, Honneth, Guillemard and Castoriadis. This conceptual framework relies on notions of recognition and social inequality and was used in analyzing our 10 semistructured interviews with caregivers and 14 more with elders receiving homecare. Each of the 10 caregivers were asked to relate their last three visits, adding up to a total of 30 case studies. At the crossroads of these narratives, the results of this research suggest that material and relational living conditions do have a decisive impact on elders’ possibility to « feel alive ». For those most disadvantaged and/or isolated, home support most often translates in situations of containment, of retention at home. With regards to relationships with caregivers, it appears that improvement of elders’ wellbeing receiving home support is related, among other things, to the creation of autonomous relational space where the person exists not only as a « body » with needs, but also as a « spirit ». Beyond the provided services, it is the kind of interaction (careful, mindful, respectful of habits, intentions and projects that fulfill the life of the assisted individuals), that occupies most of their narrative on home care services. According to the elders, from time to time, it seems that the health care system can have more significant positive impact by creating spaces propitious to collective autonomy and with marginal intervention.

This study investigated access and use of information in the health-care of home-based elderly people (EPs) in Nakuru District, Kenya. The literature review revealed a gap with respect to information behaviour in health-care of EPs in a development context. The researcher used qualitative methods; with exploratory and descriptive research design because the focus of the study was on the littleknown and socially disadvantaged community of EPs in Nakuru District. Respondents were sampled by using the snowball technique. At the end of an interview session, each respondent was encouraged to nominate someone who either shared the same or had different experiences, views, socio-economic levels and gender. The researcher collected data through face-to-face interviews with EPs, informal care providers (ICPs) and formal health-care providers (FHCPs), in order to gain insight of information behaviour in health-care of EPs, by focusing on aspects of information needs; sources; use of information and factors that influence the respective groups of respondents to access and use health-care information health-care of EPs. The findings showed that the respective groups of respondents had similar as well as diversified needs for information for health-care. The groups used both formal and informal sources of information and channels of communication to access information for health-care, with FHCPs using authoritative sources more than the EPs and ICPs. Factors such as being a professional or a lay person, cost, ease of accessibility, availability of sources and channels of communication, time and trustworthiness of a source or channel of communication determined preference for use of information. The major contribution of the study is to the theory about information behaviour: some EPs and ICPs used CAM services without informing FHCPs, thereby revealing a form of concealed information use behaviour (CIUB). / Information Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Information Science)

In South Africa prior to 1994, community-based care and support services were established for whites only. The majority of older African (black) persons received informal support from their adult children and relatives. This has waned over the years due to the social and economic changes that have put into doubt the continued viability of such support. The Older Persons Act of 2006 requires social workers to establish community-based care and support services for older persons. Hence, the study was conducted to understand the factors that influence social workers in establishing CBCSS for older persons in Bloemfontein in the Free State Province. A qualitative research method was undertaken to accomplish the goal of the study. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used to identify suitable participants. Face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with fifteen social workers who provide services to older persons. The data was analysed through Tesch’s (cited by Creswell, 2009:186) eight steps of qualitative analysis and data verification was conducted following Guba’s (Kreftling, 1991) model. The major finding is that there is a need for social workers to specialise in older persons programmes (gerontology). For the programmes to be a success, it is recommended that the Department of Social Development (DSD) strive to retain social workers who are knowledgeable and experienced in older persons programmes. / Social Work / M.A. (Social Science)

Este estudo de inspiração genealógica, inserido na vertente pós-estruturalista, objetivou problematizar o acontecimento da atenção domiciliar, para conhecer os saberes e as condições de possibilidade que sustentam sua rede discursiva. O material empírico foi constituído por documentos legais como: políticas públicas, decretos, portarias, resoluções que se referiram a atenção domiciliar em saúde, publicados no Diário Oficial da União, desde o início do século XX. A primeira etapa para organização do material se constituiu na busca de documentos que se referiam à atenção domiciliar no sitio Jus Brasil, sendo encontradas 1059 páginas que mencionavam atenção domiciliar. A leitura do material selecionado buscava identificar a relação dos documentos com o tema e foi organizada em pastas identificadas pelo ano de publicação. Na segunda etapa, após leitura aprofundada, os excertos que teriam poder de fazer circular determinadas verdades foram organizados em planilha eletrônica, com informações sobre a referência do documento, quem falava e os procedimentos de limitação. A terceira etapa consistiu na leitura da planilha para identificação das relações de poder e saber. Na quarta etapa, as unidades analíticas foram construídas, sendo utilizadas para a análise documental algumas ferramentas propostas por Michel Foucault, como forma de martelar o pensamento, tais como: poder, governamento, biopolítica, saber, discurso, norma e dispositivo. Foram organizadas quatro unidades analíticas: Vigilância no domicílio: tecnologia disciplinar; Serviço médico domiciliar e a população operária: nascimento da biopolítica; Saúde para todos: tecnologia regulamentadora da vida e Melhor em Casa: dispositivo de segurança. A primeira unidade trata da vigilância do doente no domicílio. Tendo em vista a incidência da tuberculose, foi organizado um serviço de enfermeiras visitadoras que produziam saberes registrados em relatórios acerca das pessoas e suas doenças naquele período. A segunda unidade foi organizada acerca do Serviço de Assistência Médico Domiciliar, que teve como condições de possibilidade a mobilização dos operários e a organização dos sindicatos a partir da segunda década do século XX. Tal medida, a partir da medicalização do corpo do operário, se constituiu em uma estratégia de controle do absenteísmo. A terceira unidade aborda o Sistema Único de Saúde como estratégia da biopolítica, que teve como condições de possibilidade as lutas contra um modelo de saúde centrado no hospital, na tecnologia, e era excludente, já que incluía apenas os contribuintes da previdência social. Tal sistema público e democrático previa a participação de todos, em oposição ao sistema anterior que contemplava apenas os trabalhadores. A atenção domiciliar como dispositivo de segurança, a partir dos anos 2000, teve como condições de possibilidade o aumento das doenças crônico-degenerativas e a “crise” no hospital, que pretende liberar leitos para a alta tecnologia, prestando atendimento ao paciente com condições crônicas e incuráveis no domicílio, apontando a casa como lugar mais seguro e melhor para o paciente que fica próximo da família e longe do risco de infecção hospitalar. Ao longo deste estudo genealógico, apresento as descontinuidades e diferentes configurações que a atenção domiciliar apresentou no Brasil, apontando que a prioridade destas políticas não foram as pessoas, mas a Economia. / This study of genealogical inspiration, inserted in the poststructuralist area of knowledge, aimed to problematize the event of home care to know the knowledge and the conditions of possibility that support its discursive network. The empirical material was constituted by legal documents, such as: public policies, decrees, ordinances, dictums that refer to the home care in health, which were published in the Diário Oficial da União, since the beginning of century XX. The first step to the organization of material was constituted on searching documents that referred themselves to home care in the Jus Brasil place, which enabled the finding of 1059 pages that mentioned home care. The material selected through reading, which focused on identifying the relation from the document with the issue, was organized in folders identified by the year of publication. In the second step, with a deep reading, excerpts that would have power to make circulating determined truths were organized in electronic charts, which had information about reference from the document, the excerpt, who was talking about, and procedures of limiting. The third step constituted on the reading of the chart to the identification of power and knowledge relations. In the fourth step, the analytical unities were being construed, and for the documental analysis was used some tools from Michel Foucault, as a way to hammer the thought, such as: power, governmentality, biopolitics, knowledge, discourse, norm, and dispositive. Four analytical unities were formed: surveillance at home: disciplinary technology; Home Medical Assistance and the worker population: birth of biopolitics; health for everybody: a statutory technology of life and The Best at Home: security dispositive. The first unity is about the oversight of the sick at home. Having the focus on tuberculosis, it was organized a services of nurses who were visitors, and that produced knowledge recorded about people and their diseases in that period. The second one was organized about the Home Medical Assistance, which had as conditions of possibility the mobilization of workers and the organization of syndicates from the century XX. This step, through the medicalization of the worker body, constituted in a control strategy of absenteeism. The third one approaches the Unique Health System as a strategy of biopolitic, which had as conditions of possibility to fight against a model of health centralized on hospital, on technology, and it was exclusionary, since it included just the contributors of welfare. This public and democratic system wanted the participation of everybody, which was opposite to the previous system, which attained just the workers. The home care as a security dispositif, after 2000, had as conditions of possibility the chronic-degenerative diseases, due to the increase of life expectancy; the “crisis” in the hospital, which aims to release beds to the high technology, assisting the patient with chronic and incurable conditions at home. Therefore, the discourse constitutes house as the safer place, and the best for the patient, who stays in their home, close to the family, far away from the risk of hospital infection. During the performance of this genealogical study, I present the discontinuities and different configurations that home care presented in Brazil, which states that the priority of these polices weren’t people, but the economy. / Este estudio de inspiración genealógica, inserido en la vertiente pos-estructuralista, objetivó problematizar el acontecimiento de la atención domiciliaria, para conocer los saberes y las condiciones de posibilidad que sustentan su red discursiva. El material empírico fue constituido por documentos legales como: políticas públicas, decretos, portarías, resoluciones, que refirieran a la atención domiciliaria en salud, publicados en el Diário Oficial da União, desde el inicio del siglo XX. La primera etapa para la organización del material se constituyó en la busca realizada en mayo de 2013, siendo encontradas 1059 páginas que mencionaban atención domiciliaria en el sitio Jus Brasil, siendo encontradas 1059 páginas que mencionaban la atención domiciliaria. El material seleccionado a partir de la lectura, que buscaba identificar la relación del documento con el tema, fue organizado en pastas identificadas por el año de publicación. En la segunda etapa, con lectura profundada, extractos que habían de tener poder para hacer circular determinadas verdades fueron organizados en planilla electrónica, con informaciones sobre la referencia del documento, extracto, quién hablaba, y procedimientos de limitación. La tercera etapa consistió en la lectura de la planilla para identificación de las relaciones de poder y saber. En la cuarta etapa, las unidades analíticas fueron siendo construidas, y para el análisis documental se utilizó algunas herramientas de Michel Foucault, como forma de martillar el pensamiento, como: poder, gobernamiento, biopolítica, saber, discurso, norma y dispositivo. Fueron formadas cuatro unidades analíticas: vigilancia del enfermo en domicilio: tecnología disciplinar; Asistencia medico domiciliaria y la población operaria: el nacimiento de la biopolitica; salud para todos: una tecnología reguladora de la vida; Mejor en Casa: dispositivo de seguranza. La primera unidad trata de la vigilancia del enfermo en el domicilio. Teniendo en vista la incidencia de la tuberculosis, fue organizado un servicio de enfermerías visitadoras que producían saberes registrados en informes acerca de las personas y sus molestias en aquel periodo. La segunda, acerca del Servicio de Asistencia Medico-Domiciliaria, que tuve como condiciones de posibilidad las movilizaciones de los operarios y la organización de los sindicatos a partir de la segunda década del siglo XX. Tal medida, a partir de la medicalización del cuerpo del operario, se constituyó en una estrategia de controle del absentismo. La tercera aborda la visita domiciliaria en el Sistema Único de Salud, como estrategia de la biopolitica, que tuve como condiciones de posibilidad las peleas contra un modelo oneroso de salud, centrado en el hospital e en la tecnología; las peleas contra un modelo de salud excluyente que incluía a penas los contribuyentes de la previdencia social; los ideales de un sistema público de salud, democrático, con participación de todos, en oposición al que la dictadura militar había proporcionado. La atención domiciliaria como dispositivo de seguridad, a partir de los años 2000, tuve como condiciones de posibilidad las molestias crónico-degenerativas debido al aumento de la expectativa de vida; la “crisis” en el hospital, que pretende liberar camas para la alta tecnología, prestando atendimiento al paciente en casa como lugar más seguro y mejor para el paciente, que quedase en su casa, próximo de la familia, lejos del risco de infección hospitalaria. Al pasar de este estudio genealógico, presento las discontinuidades y distintas configuraciones que la atención domiciliaria presentó en Brasil, apuntando que la prioridad de estas políticas no fueran las personas, pero la Economía.

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Este estudo de inspiração genealógica, inserido na vertente pós-estruturalista, objetivou problematizar o acontecimento da atenção domiciliar, para conhecer os saberes e as condições de possibilidade que sustentam sua rede discursiva. O material empírico foi constituído por documentos legais como: políticas públicas, decretos, portarias, resoluções que se referiram a atenção domiciliar em saúde, publicados no Diário Oficial da União, desde o início do século XX. A primeira etapa para organização do material se constituiu na busca de documentos que se referiam à atenção domiciliar no sitio Jus Brasil, sendo encontradas 1059 páginas que mencionavam atenção domiciliar. A leitura do material selecionado buscava identificar a relação dos documentos com o tema e foi organizada em pastas identificadas pelo ano de publicação. Na segunda etapa, após leitura aprofundada, os excertos que teriam poder de fazer circular determinadas verdades foram organizados em planilha eletrônica, com informações sobre a referência do documento, quem falava e os procedimentos de limitação. A terceira etapa consistiu na leitura da planilha para identificação das relações de poder e saber. Na quarta etapa, as unidades analíticas foram construídas, sendo utilizadas para a análise documental algumas ferramentas propostas por Michel Foucault, como forma de martelar o pensamento, tais como: poder, governamento, biopolítica, saber, discurso, norma e dispositivo. Foram organizadas quatro unidades analíticas: Vigilância no domicílio: tecnologia disciplinar; Serviço médico domiciliar e a população operária: nascimento da biopolítica; Saúde para todos: tecnologia regulamentadora da vida e Melhor em Casa: dispositivo de segurança. A primeira unidade trata da vigilância do doente no domicílio. Tendo em vista a incidência da tuberculose, foi organizado um serviço de enfermeiras visitadoras que produziam saberes registrados em relatórios acerca das pessoas e suas doenças naquele período. A segunda unidade foi organizada acerca do Serviço de Assistência Médico Domiciliar, que teve como condições de possibilidade a mobilização dos operários e a organização dos sindicatos a partir da segunda década do século XX. Tal medida, a partir da medicalização do corpo do operário, se constituiu em uma estratégia de controle do absenteísmo. A terceira unidade aborda o Sistema Único de Saúde como estratégia da biopolítica, que teve como condições de possibilidade as lutas contra um modelo de saúde centrado no hospital, na tecnologia, e era excludente, já que incluía apenas os contribuintes da previdência social. Tal sistema público e democrático previa a participação de todos, em oposição ao sistema anterior que contemplava apenas os trabalhadores. A atenção domiciliar como dispositivo de segurança, a partir dos anos 2000, teve como condições de possibilidade o aumento das doenças crônico-degenerativas e a “crise” no hospital, que pretende liberar leitos para a alta tecnologia, prestando atendimento ao paciente com condições crônicas e incuráveis no domicílio, apontando a casa como lugar mais seguro e melhor para o paciente que fica próximo da família e longe do risco de infecção hospitalar. Ao longo deste estudo genealógico, apresento as descontinuidades e diferentes configurações que a atenção domiciliar apresentou no Brasil, apontando que a prioridade destas políticas não foram as pessoas, mas a Economia. / This study of genealogical inspiration, inserted in the poststructuralist area of knowledge, aimed to problematize the event of home care to know the knowledge and the conditions of possibility that support its discursive network. The empirical material was constituted by legal documents, such as: public policies, decrees, ordinances, dictums that refer to the home care in health, which were published in the Diário Oficial da União, since the beginning of century XX. The first step to the organization of material was constituted on searching documents that referred themselves to home care in the Jus Brasil place, which enabled the finding of 1059 pages that mentioned home care. The material selected through reading, which focused on identifying the relation from the document with the issue, was organized in folders identified by the year of publication. In the second step, with a deep reading, excerpts that would have power to make circulating determined truths were organized in electronic charts, which had information about reference from the document, the excerpt, who was talking about, and procedures of limiting. The third step constituted on the reading of the chart to the identification of power and knowledge relations. In the fourth step, the analytical unities were being construed, and for the documental analysis was used some tools from Michel Foucault, as a way to hammer the thought, such as: power, governmentality, biopolitics, knowledge, discourse, norm, and dispositive. Four analytical unities were formed: surveillance at home: disciplinary technology; Home Medical Assistance and the worker population: birth of biopolitics; health for everybody: a statutory technology of life and The Best at Home: security dispositive. The first unity is about the oversight of the sick at home. Having the focus on tuberculosis, it was organized a services of nurses who were visitors, and that produced knowledge recorded about people and their diseases in that period. The second one was organized about the Home Medical Assistance, which had as conditions of possibility the mobilization of workers and the organization of syndicates from the century XX. This step, through the medicalization of the worker body, constituted in a control strategy of absenteeism. The third one approaches the Unique Health System as a strategy of biopolitic, which had as conditions of possibility to fight against a model of health centralized on hospital, on technology, and it was exclusionary, since it included just the contributors of welfare. This public and democratic system wanted the participation of everybody, which was opposite to the previous system, which attained just the workers. The home care as a security dispositif, after 2000, had as conditions of possibility the chronic-degenerative diseases, due to the increase of life expectancy; the “crisis” in the hospital, which aims to release beds to the high technology, assisting the patient with chronic and incurable conditions at home. Therefore, the discourse constitutes house as the safer place, and the best for the patient, who stays in their home, close to the family, far away from the risk of hospital infection. During the performance of this genealogical study, I present the discontinuities and different configurations that home care presented in Brazil, which states that the priority of these polices weren’t people, but the economy. / Este estudio de inspiración genealógica, inserido en la vertiente pos-estructuralista, objetivó problematizar el acontecimiento de la atención domiciliaria, para conocer los saberes y las condiciones de posibilidad que sustentan su red discursiva. El material empírico fue constituido por documentos legales como: políticas públicas, decretos, portarías, resoluciones, que refirieran a la atención domiciliaria en salud, publicados en el Diário Oficial da União, desde el inicio del siglo XX. La primera etapa para la organización del material se constituyó en la busca realizada en mayo de 2013, siendo encontradas 1059 páginas que mencionaban atención domiciliaria en el sitio Jus Brasil, siendo encontradas 1059 páginas que mencionaban la atención domiciliaria. El material seleccionado a partir de la lectura, que buscaba identificar la relación del documento con el tema, fue organizado en pastas identificadas por el año de publicación. En la segunda etapa, con lectura profundada, extractos que habían de tener poder para hacer circular determinadas verdades fueron organizados en planilla electrónica, con informaciones sobre la referencia del documento, extracto, quién hablaba, y procedimientos de limitación. La tercera etapa consistió en la lectura de la planilla para identificación de las relaciones de poder y saber. En la cuarta etapa, las unidades analíticas fueron siendo construidas, y para el análisis documental se utilizó algunas herramientas de Michel Foucault, como forma de martillar el pensamiento, como: poder, gobernamiento, biopolítica, saber, discurso, norma y dispositivo. Fueron formadas cuatro unidades analíticas: vigilancia del enfermo en domicilio: tecnología disciplinar; Asistencia medico domiciliaria y la población operaria: el nacimiento de la biopolitica; salud para todos: una tecnología reguladora de la vida; Mejor en Casa: dispositivo de seguranza. La primera unidad trata de la vigilancia del enfermo en el domicilio. Teniendo en vista la incidencia de la tuberculosis, fue organizado un servicio de enfermerías visitadoras que producían saberes registrados en informes acerca de las personas y sus molestias en aquel periodo. La segunda, acerca del Servicio de Asistencia Medico-Domiciliaria, que tuve como condiciones de posibilidad las movilizaciones de los operarios y la organización de los sindicatos a partir de la segunda década del siglo XX. Tal medida, a partir de la medicalización del cuerpo del operario, se constituyó en una estrategia de controle del absentismo. La tercera aborda la visita domiciliaria en el Sistema Único de Salud, como estrategia de la biopolitica, que tuve como condiciones de posibilidad las peleas contra un modelo oneroso de salud, centrado en el hospital e en la tecnología; las peleas contra un modelo de salud excluyente que incluía a penas los contribuyentes de la previdencia social; los ideales de un sistema público de salud, democrático, con participación de todos, en oposición al que la dictadura militar había proporcionado. La atención domiciliaria como dispositivo de seguridad, a partir de los años 2000, tuve como condiciones de posibilidad las molestias crónico-degenerativas debido al aumento de la expectativa de vida; la “crisis” en el hospital, que pretende liberar camas para la alta tecnología, prestando atendimiento al paciente en casa como lugar más seguro y mejor para el paciente, que quedase en su casa, próximo de la familia, lejos del risco de infección hospitalaria. Al pasar de este estudio genealógico, presento las discontinuidades y distintas configuraciones que la atención domiciliaria presentó en Brasil, apuntando que la prioridad de estas políticas no fueran las personas, pero la Economía.