La première partie de la thèse porte sur l'irrationalité de valeurs de polylogarithmes. On exhibe des changements de variables entre intégrales multiples, qui généralisent les groupes de Rhin-Viola et relient les intégrales de Beukers et Vasilyev à celles de Sorokin. Puis, en commun avec Rivoal, on écrit comme solution unique d'un problème d'approximation de Padé une série hypergéométrique très générale. On en déduit notamment que l'un au moins des nombres $\Li_s(1/2)+\frac(\log(1/2)^s)((s-1)!)$, $s \in \(2,3,4\)$, est irrationnel. La seconde partie est consacrée à la transcendance dans les groupes algébriques. On démontre pour certaines variétés une conjecture de Roy (équivalente à la conjecture d'indépendance algébrique des logarithmes). Puis on prouve un lemme d'interpolation dans un groupe algébrique commutatif $G$, qui généralise celui de Masser en y incluant des multiplicités. Quand $G$ est linéaire, on exprime ce lemme et la dualité de Fourier-Borel en termes d'algèbres de Hopf.

Soient p un nombre premier, n un entier, V un p-groupe abélien élémentaire de rang n et E un spectre en anneau commutatif muni d'une orientation complexe Landweber exact. Le but de ce travail est d'étudier la structure de comodule de la E-homologie de BV sur l'algébroïde de Hopf (E_*,E_*E). Pour cela, nous étudions les foncteurs de localisation sur les catégories de comodules, ainsi que la notion de produit semi-direct d'algébroïdes de Hopf. Dans le cas particulier où E est le spectre de Brown-Peterson BP, Johnson et Wilson ont déterminé une filtration de la BP-homologie de BZ/p^n dans la catégorie des BP_*-modules. Nous démontrons un résultat analogue dans la catégorie des BP_*BP-comodules; les quotients de cette filtration dépendent de la p-série universelle. Afin de mener des calculs explicites, nous introduisons un algébroïde de Hopf (S,S\Lambda) qui représente le groupoïde associé à l'action par conjugaison des séries formelles strictes sur l'ensemble des séries formelles.

In this work we try to analyse the dynamics of the Navier-Stokes equations in a problem without domain complexities as is the case of the plane Poiseuille flow. The Poiseuille problem is described as the flow of a viscous incompressible fluid, in a channel between two infinite parallel plates. We have considered it in two dimensions for the most common boundary conditions used to drive the fluid: mean constant pressure gradient or constant flux through the channel. We also specify the relation between this two formulations.We give the details of the direct numerical solution of the full two-dimensional, time-dependent, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, formulated by means of spectral methods on the spatial variables and finite differences for time. Unlike other authors we have considered the classical formulation in terms of primitive variables for velocity and pressure. We also describe the approach adopted to eliminate the pressure and the cross-stream component of the velocity, obtaining thus a reduced system of ordinary differential equations from an original system of differential-algebraic equations. This is translated to a reduction of two thirds in the dimension of the original system and, in addition, it allows us to study the stability of fixed points by means of the analytical Jacobian matrix.We reproduce previous calculations on travelling waves (which are time-periodic orbits) and its stability to superharmonic disturbances. These solutions are observed as stationary in a Galilean reference in the streamwise direction. We begin by reviewing some results of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation which serve as a starting point to obtain the bifurcating solutions of time-periodic flows for several values of the periodic length in the streamwise direction. In turn, we also calculate several Hopf bifurcations that appear on the branch of periodic flows, for both cases of imposed constant flux and pressure.Likewise, for each unstable periodic flow, we study the connection of its unstable manifold to other attracting solutions.Starting at the Hopf bifurcations found for periodic flows, we analyse the bifurcating branches of quasi-periodic solutions at the two first Hopf bifurcations for the case of imposed constant pressure and the first one for constant flux. Those solutions are found as fixed points of an appropriate Poincaré map since, by the symmetry of the channel, they may be viewed as periodic flows in an appropriate moving frame of reference. We also study their stability by analysing the linear part of the Poincaré map. In the case of constant flux we have found a branch of quasi-periodic solutions which, on increasing the Reynolds number, changes from stable to unstable, giving rise to an attracting family of quasi-periodic flows with 3 frequencies. The results referring to the first Hopf bifurcation for constant pressure, are not in qualitative agreement with those of Soibelman & Meiron (1991),which yield a different bifurcation picture and stability properties for the obtained quasi-periodic flows. From the computed unstable flows we follow their unstable invariant manifold and describe what new attracting solution they are conducted to.

In this thesis, we introduce two new classes of differential equations, which essentially extend, in several directions, impulsive differential equations and equations on time scales. Basics of the theory for quasilinear systems are discussed, and particular results are obtained so that further investigations of the theory are guaranteed. Applications of the newly-introduced systems are shown through a center manifold theorem, and further, Hopf bifurcation Theorem is proved for a three-dimensional discontinuous dynamical system.

This paper is devoted to asymptotic estimates for the condition numbers $\kappa(T_n(a))=||T_n(a)|| ||T_n^(-1)(a)||$ of large $n\cross n$ Toeplitz matrices $T_N(a)$ in the case where $\alpha \element L^\infinity$ and $Re \alpha \ge 0$ . We describe several classes of symbols $\alpha$ for which $\kappa(T_n(a))$ increases like $(log n)^\alpha, n^\alpha$ , or even $e^(\alpha n)$ . The consequences of the results for singular values, eigenvalues, and the finite section method are discussed. We also consider Wiener-Hopf integral operators and multidimensional Toeplitz operators.

In this habilitation thesis a factorization theory for Toeplitz plus Hankel operators and singular integral operators with flip is established. These operators are considered with matrix-valued symbols and are thought of acting on the vector-valued analogues of the Hardy and Lebesgue spaces. A factorization theory for pure Toeplitz operators and singular integral operators without flip is known since decades and provides necessary and sufficient conditions for Fredholmness and formulas for the defect numbers. In particular, the invertibility of such operators is equivalent to the existence of a certain type of Wiener-Hopf factorization. In this thesis an analogous theory for the afore-mentioned more general classes of operators is developed. It turns out that a completely different kind of factorization is needed. This kind of factorization is studied extensively, and a corresponding Fredholm theory is established. A connection with the Hunt-Muckenhoupt-Wheeden condition is made, and several examples and applications are given as well. / In dieser Habilitationsschrift wird eine Faktorisierungstheorie für Toeplitz plus Hankel-Operatoren und singuläre Integraloperatoren mit Flip aufgestellt. Diese Operatoren werden mit matrixwertigem Symbol betrachtet und sind auf den vektorwertigen Analoga der Hardy- und Lebesgue-Räumen definiert. Eine Faktorisierungstheorie für reine Toeplitz bzw. singuläre Integraloperatoren ohne Flip ist seit Jahrzehnten bekannt. Sie liefert notwendige und hinreichende Bedingungen für die Fredholmeigenschaft und Formeln für die Defektzahlen. Insbesondere ist die Invertierbarkeit derartiger Operatoren äquivalent zur Existenz einer bestimmten Art der Wiener-Hopf-Faktorisierung. In dieser Habilitationsschrift wird eine entsprechende Theorie für die erwähnten, allgemeineren Klassen von Operatoren aufgestellt. Es stellt sich heraus, dass eine völlig andere Art der Faktorisierung benötigt wird. Diese Art der Faktorisierung wird eingehend studiert und eine entsprechende Fredholmtheorie wird entwickelt. Ein Zusammenhang mit der Hunt-Muckenhoupt-Wheeden Bedingung wird hergestellt. Mehrere Beispiele und Anwendungen werden ebenfalls angegeben.

In his thesis we are concerned with certain numerical invariants of homotopy type akin to the Lusternik-Schnirelmann category and cocategory. In a series of papers I. Bernstein, T. Ganea, and P.J. Hilton developed the concepts of the category and weak category of a topological space. They also considered the related concepts of conilpotency and cup product length of a space and the weak category of a map. Later T. Ganea gave another definition of category and weak category (which we shall write as G-cat and G-wcat) in terms of vibrations and cofibrations and hence this dualizes easily in the sense of Eckmann-Hilton. We find the relationships between these invariants and then find various examples of spaces which show that the invariants are all different except cat and G-cat. The results are contained in the following theorem. The map $e:B -> OmegaSigma B$ is the natural embedding. All the invariants are normalized so as to take the value 0 on contractible spaces. THEOREM Let B have the homotopy type of a simply connected CW-complex, then $cat B = G-cat B geq G-wcat B geq wcat B geq wcat e geq conil B geq cup-long B$ and furthermore all the inequalities can occur. All the examples are spaces of the form $B = S^qcup_alpha e^n$ where $alphain pi_{n-1} (S^q)$. When B is of this form, we obtain conditions for the category and the weak categories of B to be less than or equal to one of the terms of Hopf invariants of $alpha$. We use these conditions to prove the examples. We then prove the dual theorem concerning the relationships between the invariants cocategory, weak cocategory, nilpotency and Whitehead product length. THEOREM Let A be countable CW-complex, then $cocat A geq wcocat A geq nil A geq W-long A$ and furthermore all the inequalities can occur. The proof is not dual to the first theorem, though the examples we use to show that the inequalities can exist are all spaces with two non-zero homotopy groups. The most interesting of these examples is the space A with 2 non-zero homotopy groups, $mathbb Z$ in dimension 2 and ${mathbb Z}_4$ in dimension 7 with k-invariant $u^4 in H^8(mathbb Z, 2; {mathbb Z}_4)$. This space is not an H-space, but has weak cocategory 1. The condition $wcocat A leq 1$ is equivalent to the fact that d is homotopic to 0 in the fibration $D -d-> A -e-> OmegaSigma A$. In order to show that wcocat A = 1 we have to calculate to cohomology ring of $OmegaSigma K(mathbb Z,2)$. The method we use to do this is the same as that used to calculate the cohomology ring of $OmegaSigma S^{n+1}$ using James' reduced product construction. Finally we show that for the above space A the fibration $Omega A -g-> A^S -f-> A$ has a retraction $ ho$ such that $ hocirc g$ is homotopic to 1 even though A is not an H-space.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de familles à un paramètre de coproduits sur lesfonctions symétriques et leurs analogues non commutatifs. On montre en introduisant une base appropriée qu'une famille à un paramètre d'algèbres de Hopf introduite par Foissy interpole entre l'algèbre de Faà di Bruno et l'algèbre de Farahat-Higman. Les constantes de structure dans cette base sont des déformations des constantes de structures de l'algèbre de Farahat-Higman dans la base des projections des classes de conjugaison. On obtient pour ces constantes de structure déformées un analogue des formules de Macdonald. Foissy a également introduit un analogue non commutatif de cette famille d'algèbres de Hopf, qui interpole entre l'algèbre de Hopf des fonctions symétriques non commutatives et l'algèbre de Faà di Bruno non commutative. Après avoir donné une nouvelle interprétation combinatoire de la formule de Brouder-Frabetti-Krattenthaler pour l'antipode de l'algèbre de Faà di Bruno non commutative, qui est une forme de la formule d'inversion de Lagrange non commutative, on donne une déformation à un paramètre de cette formule. Plus précisément, on obtient une formule explicite pour l'antipode de la déformation de Foissy dans sa version non commutative. On donne aussi d'autres propriétés combinatoires de l'algèbre de Faà di Bruno non commutative et d'autres résultats permettant d'étudier les deux familles d'algèbre de Hopf de Foissy. Ainsi, on généralise par exemple d'autres formes de la formule d'inversion de Lagrange non commutative en donnant d'autres formules qui calculent l'antipode de la deuxième déformation.

Freiburg i. Br., Univ., Diss., 2006.

University, Diss., 2004--München.