Lebanon has a long history of hosting refugees. The influx of refugees has placed pressure on thecountry’s resources, infrastructure, and economy. With internal and external crises taking place, suchas the economic crises in 2019, Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 and Beirut Port Explosion in 2020, thecountry has endured deepening wounds that continue to escalate. In the aftermath of these disasters, thetension amidst the local residents in Karantina, a socially vulnerable area in Beirut has resurfaced.Factors contributing to the resurgence of tension among local residents include a complex interplay ofeconomic strain, competition for limited resources, and perceived shifts in societal dynamics. Previousresearch has addressed the impact of refugee influxes on various countries with differing capacities;however, there is limited research into how a nation and city grapple with persistent and multiple crisesthat span over a decade, straining their ability to effectively manage challenges as they resurface. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight participants and employed a case study methodology.The analysis shows a strong correlation between limited sources and tension. The findings indicate thatcommunities are unique, requiring tailored strategies for success. Advocating for policies that supportdevelopment, resilience, and long-term infrastructure can mitigate tensions and promote socialcohesion. Effective urban planning must be context-specific and community-driven, with directengagement with residents being a key consideration. / Libanon har en lång historia av att vara värd för flyktingar. Inflödet av flyktingar har satt press pålandets resurser, infrastruktur och ekonomi. Med interna och externa kriser som ägt rum, såsom denekonomiska krisen år 2019, Covid-19-pandemin år 2020 och explosionen i Beiruts hamn år 2020, harlandet genomgått fördjupade sår som fortsätter att eskalera. Efter dessa katastrofer har spänningen blandde lokala invånarna i Karantina, ett socialt utsatt område i Beirut, återuppstått. Faktorer som bidrar tillåterkomsten av spänningar bland lokala invånare inkluderar en komplex samverkan av ekonomiskbelastning, konkurrens om begränsade resurser och förändringar i samhälls dynamiken. Tidigareforskning har studerat effekten av flyktingströmmar på olika länder med varierande kapacitet; det finnsdock begränsad forskning om hur en nation och en stad brottas med ihållande och mångfacetteradekriser som sträcker sig över ett årtionde, vilket belastar deras förmåga att effektivt hantera utmaningarnär de återkommer. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med åtta deltagare och en fallstudiemetodologi användes. Analysen visar en stark korrelation mellan begränsade resurser och spänningar.Resultaten indikerar att samhällen är unika och kräver skräddarsydda strategier för framgång. Attförespråka politik som främjar utveckling, motståndskraft och långsiktig infrastruktur kan mildraspänningar och främja social sammanhållning. Effektiv stadsplanering måste vara kontextspecifik ochsamhällsdriven, där direkt engagemang med invånarna är en viktig övervägning.

Magister Commercii - MCom / The study has three objectives; firstly to assess the (manner of) implementation of black economic empowerment (BEE) principles by casino licence operators in the Western Cape, namely GrandWest, Casino Mykonos, and Caledon Casino & Spa, during the construction and initial operation phases; secondly, to discuss casino gambling from a marketing strategy theory perspective; and thirdly, to measure consumer behaviour theory as demonstrated by casino patrons. Government(s) and casino industry executives present casino gambling as a source of revenue and employment, and disregard the social costs incurred by society in the production of this revenue and employment sustenance.This study is an evaluability assessment study where reports from the Western Cape Gambling and Racing Board‟s social equity committee where used for the objective of the study. As a result, the sample of the study was formed by the three above-mentioned casinos that were operating in the Western Cape at the beginning of the project. The proposed government strategy on Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) was critiqued to try and understand the government‟s position relative to the initiative. The social equity committee monitoring reports where analysed to assess the performance of casino operators relative to their BEE undertakings in their licences. Data formed by reports and literature has been summarised and presented to try and help in clarifying the position of casino gambling on black economic empowerment and specifically the (economic) empowering of host communities and society at large.Recommendations where made with the view highlighting the need for a strategy towards greater empowerment of host communities. As a result, the researcher suggests that further research be conducted into the relationship between the profitability of a casino and proliferation of social problems attributed directly to the presence of a casino complex.

In 2017 there was a large influx of Rohingya people to Bangladesh. This work examines tensions between the host communities and the Rohingya people in Bangladesh, and how humanitarian aid has impacted these tensions. Through the methodology, in the form of a literature review of peer-reviewed articles published between 2017 and 2024, as well as accompanied by the work's analytical lens Mary B. Anderson's operationalisation of the humanitarian principle Do No Harm from 1999. It is concluded that tensions between the host communities and the Rohingya people are impacted by humanitarian aid in four different ways, and that the literature reviews proposed solutions can be categorized into three different groups with different methods of fulfilment. The work further establishes that possible tensions may occur within host communities and that aid actors must prioritise their cooperation with other aid actors. Furthermore, it is recommended that Bangladesh continue to work with the aid actors, as well as aid actors, to implement a balanced distribution of aid and design the aid programs to do as little harm as possible.

The opening of the refugee camp in Dowa by the Malawi Government, with support from UNHCR meant that the population of that area was increased abruptly. This led to an increase in socio- economic activities resulting into high demand of energy, food and other amenities from the natural environment. The impact of the refugees on the host community and their relationship was central in this research. The main aim of the study was to assess the environmental and socio-economic impacts for hosting refugees at the Dzaleka Refugee Camp in Dowa. The study used both quantitative and qualitative methods in data collection. A structured questionnaire, focus group discussions and key informant interviews were used to collect data and analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 16.0. In total, 237 household heads and 6 key informants were interviewed. In addition, 4 focus group discussions were conducted. Qualitative data, collected through focus group discussions helped in explaining and understanding the results from the questionnaire. The most evident environmental impacts reported by respondents were: deforestation and firewood depletion; land degradation and water pollution. It is important to note that such environmental impacts can affect the long-term livelihood opportunities of both refugees and host population. The camp establishment has had socio-economic impacts regarded as positive by the majority of the respondents. Although most hosts still struggle to survive, the camp has created a larger market for generating income and better opportunities to provide basic needs such as food and water. The majority of host respondents use the refugee camp for providing livelihoods. Most respondents reported that refugees are regularly benefitting from privileged access to resources unavailable to the local host population. In this respect, refugees at Dzaleka were offered opportunities for education, literacy, vocational training, health and basic livelihood. The most reported negative social impacts are exposure to more conflicts and increased insecurity. Both of these impacts relate to the relationship between the host community and refugee population. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)