The Master's thesis deals with the indebtedness of Czech households. The thesis is divided into theoretical and analytical-practical part. The theoretical part deals with the home economic activities and lending. In the analytical-practical part the author describes the evolution and structure of loans provided to households between 1993 and 2014. The debt ratio is appraisaled in relation to bank deposits, net disposable household income, GDP, national debt and compared with households in the EU. In final the author runs to the conclusion that the current level of debt of households is not any problem for the economics and that there is not any danger of the rapid growth of indebtedness nowadays. Ability to repay debts is not too high as evidenced by the increasing number of executions and personal bankruptcies. The cause of difficulties is the low financial literacy of citizens and irresponsible approach to lending for both the creditor and debtor side.

How much art is projected into the home and community as a result of art experiences in the school is difficult to determine without some criterion as a standard for judgement. Based upon this premise, the author attempted, with the cooperation of the art committee of the Dallas Junior League, to test the aesthetic judgement of selected groups of children in the Dallas Public Schools by evaluating their reactions to an exhibition of common household articles currently available on the Dallas market.

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The challenging living conditions of many Senegalese families, and the absence of a providing spouse, have led women to covet new economic opportunities, such as microcredit loans. These loans offer Senegalese women the possibility to financially support their households and become active participants in their economies by starting or sustaining their micro businesses. The study takes place in Grand-Yoff, an overpopulated peri-urban area of the Senegalese capital city Dakar, where most people face daily survival issues. This research examines the impact of microcredit activities in the household of Senegalese female loan recipients in Grand-Yoff by examining socio-economic indicators, in particular outcomes of health, education and nutrition. The research total sample is constituted of 166 female participants who engage in microcredit activities. The research combines both qualitative and quantitative methods. Data for the study were gathered through interviews, surveys, participant observation, focus-groups with the study participants and some of their household members, and document analysis. While some women in the study make steady profits from their business activities, others struggle to make ends meet from their businesses’ meager or unreliable profits. Some study participants who are impoverished have no choice but to invest their loans directly into their households’ dire needs, hence missing their business prerogative. Many women in the study end up in a vicious cycle of debt by defaulting on their loans or making late payments because they do not have the required household and socio-economic conditions to take advantage of these loans. Therefore, microcredit does not make a significant impact in the households of the poorest female participants. The study finds that microcredit improves the household well-being - especially nutrition, health and education - of the participants who have acquired significant social capital such as a providing spouse, formal education, training, business experience, and belonging to business or social networks. The study finds that microcredit’s household impact is intimately tied to the female borrowers’ household conditions and social capital. It is recommended that microcredit services and programs offer their female clients assistance and additional basic services, financial guidance, lower interest rates, and flexible repayment schedules.

A deficiência de micronutrientes é um problema a ser enfrentado mundialmente. O ferro é um mineral essencial para a homeostase celular, importante no transporte de oxigênio, na síntese de DNA e no metabolismo energético. O ácido fólico é uma vitamina essencial para a síntese dos ácidos nucléicos sendo muito importante na gravidez. Para prevenir a deficiência de ferro e ácido fólico no Brasil, em 2002, o Ministério da Saúde - MS, por meio da RDC No344, determinou a fortificação mandatória das farinhas de trigo e milho com ferro e ácido fólico. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o consumo de alimentos elaborados à base de farinha de trigo a fim de identificar qual a contribuição desses alimentos para a ingestão de ferro e ácido fólico, além de identificar qual o consumo desses micronutrientes pela população, relacionando os aspectos demográficos e socioeconômicos. Utilizou-se como base de dados as informações do bloco consumo alimentar da POF 2008-2009, realizada pelo IBGE, envolvendo 34.003 indivíduos com idade de 10 anos ou mais. A média da ingestão diária de ferro da população brasileira foi 11,62mg e para o folato 278,07μg. O maior consumo (médio) de ferro (12,43mg) foi encontrado na dieta da população dos estados do sudeste (Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo e Rio de Janeiro) e o menor valor, 10,77mg, na região Nordeste. O maior valor de folato (308,22μg) foi observado para Região Sudeste (excetuando-se o estado de São Paulo) e o menor valor (36,96μg), foi identificado para a região Norte. Quando se considera a ingestão de acordo com os estratos etários, o menor consumo de ferro e ácido fólico foi identificado entre os indivíduos mais velhos (71 anos ou mais). Comparando o consumo de ácido fólico e ferro entre os beneficiários e não beneficiários do PBF, são notados valores menores para beneficiários do PBF. Observa-se que o ferro proveniente da farinha de trigo representa uma média de 16,87% do total de ferro consumido pela população por meio da dieta alimentar nas regiões Norte, Nordeste, Sul, Sudeste (exceto São Paulo) e Centro-Oeste, já o ácido fólico proveniente da farinha de trigo, representa uma média de 25,33% do total de ferro consumido pela população por meio da dieta alimentar nas regiões citadas acima. No Estado de São Paulo, a participação da farinha de trigo no total do consumo de ferro e ácido fólico é maior, contribuindo com 24,44% e 37,51%, respectivamente. Esses resultados mostram que a estratégia de fortificação mandatória das farinhas de trigo e milho com ferro e ácido fólico deve ser avaliada com cautela considerando a variação do consumo dos indivíduos em função dos níveis socioeconômicos, idade, sexo e, principalmente, entre regiões do Brasil. Mesmo após a determinação de novos parâmetros para a fortificação, há a necessidade do monitoramento constante por parte do MS a fim acompanhar a efetividade do programa para evitar que parte da população esteja consumindo ferro e ácido fólico em excesso. / Micronutrient deficiency is a problem to be faced worldwide. Iron is an essential mineral for cellular homeostasis, important to oxygen transport, DNA synthesis and energy metabolism. Folic acid is an essential vitamin for a nucleic acid symptom being very important in pregnancy. To prevent a deficiency of iron and folic acid in Brazil, in 2002, the Ministry of Health, through RDC No344, determined the mandatory fortification of wheat and corn flours with iron and folic acid. The objective of the study was to evaluate the consumption of processed wheat flour foods in order to identify the participation of these foods in the intake of iron and folic acid, as well as to identify the consumption of these micronutrients by the population, relating the demographic and socioeconomic variables. Data from the Food Consumption Block of the Household Budget Survey (POF 2008-2009), carried out by the IBGE, involving 34.003 individuals, with at least 10 years-old. The average daily iron intake was 11.62mg and for folate, the mean daily ingested value was 278.07μg. The highest iron intake (12.43mg) was found in the diet of the population of the southeastern states (Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro) and the lowest value, 10.77mg, in the Northeast region. The highest value of folate (308.22μg) was observed for the Southeast Region (except for the state of São Paulo) and the lowest value (36.96μg) was identified for the North region. When intake is considered according to age groups, the lowest intake of iron and folic acid was identified among older individuals (71 years or older). Comparing the consumption of folic acid and iron among the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of the PBF, smaller values are noticed for beneficiaries of the PBF. It is observed that iron from wheat flour represents an average of 16.87% of the total iron consumed by the population through the diet in the North, Northeast, South, Southeast (except São Paulo) and Central-West regions, while folic acid from wheat flour represents an average of 25.33% of the total iron consumed by the population through the diet in the regions mentioned above. In the State of São Paulo, the share of wheat flour in total consumption of iron and folic acid is higher, contributing 24.44% and 37.51%, respectivelyThese results show that the mandatory fortification strategy of wheat and corn flours with folic acid may lead to an excessive intake of iron by certain groups of the population. Even after determining new parameters for fortification, there is a need for constant monitoring by the MS in order to monitor the effectiveness of the program to avoid that part of the population is consuming iron and excess folic acid.

abstract: The circular economy is viewed as a solution to many of the environmental and social ills that the linear economy has exacerbated. Whether it is through refill solutions or redesigning a cardboard shipping container, fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) brands are rethinking the way their products are delivered to consumers through business model innovations that promote circularity. The consumer plays the important, often overlooked, role of enabler within circular business models. This study aims to increase broader understanding of what motivates circular consumption of fast-moving consumer goods while analyzing the relationship between motivators and the behaviors required to participate. Semi-structured interviews provide insights from consumers who are currently purchasing household cleansers from brands that operate with a circular business model. Results from this study highlight a group of consumers that are distinguished by their common desire to reduce their personal consumption of plastics. There is clear indication that these consumers are in fact seeking out ways to consume more sustainably. A significant subset of this group expresses concern regarding ingredients used in the products. Health concerns for themselves, their family, or a pet are driving a desire to understand product ingredients. There is evidence to indicate that the concern for personal consumption of plastics is being driven by information distributed via social media and supported by targeted advertisements for brands that address this concern. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Sustainability 2020

Orientador: Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina de Almeida Teixeira / Resumo: Objetivou-se caracterizar a diversidade socioeconômica, produtiva e estrutural e avaliar a sustentabilidade nas dimensões econômica, social e ambiental de sistemas de produção de caprinos nas principais regiões produtoras de leite dos estados da Paraíba e de Pernambuco. Foram realizados dois estudos: 1 - Tipologia de sistemas de produção de caprinos leiteiros em região semiárida do Brasil e 2 - Sustentabilidade de sistemas de produção de caprinos leiteiros em região semiárida do Brasil. Os estudos foram realizados em área que abrange as microrregiões do Cariri Ocidental e Oriental da Paraíba, Pajeú, Sertão do Moxotó, Vale do Ipojuca e Vale do Ipanema de Pernambuco. No primeiro estudo, realizou-se a tipologia de 554 propriedades de caprinos leiteiros por meio de informações coletadas por entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados foram analisados pelas Análises de Correspondência Múltipla e de Agrupamento em sequência, que evidenciaram três grupos de propriedades: Grupo I com 212, o Grupo ll com 152 e o Grupo lll com 190 propriedades. O Grupo I teve tamanho intermediário de propriedade (32 ha), menor número de produtores proprietários (38,2%) e menores áreas de palma forrageira (46,7%), rebanhos de bovinos e aves e renda de outras atividades econômicas não agrícolas. O Grupo ll teve o menor tamanho de propriedades (8,6 ha), com 62,5% dos produtores proprietários, menores efetivos de ruminantes e forte presença da área de palma forrageira. O Grupo lll apresentou maiores tamanho de pr... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present dissertation aimed to characterize the socioeconomic, productivity, and structural diversity by evaluating the sustainability in the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of dairy goat production systems in the main goat milk producing regions of Paraíba and Pernambuco states. Two studies were carried out: 1 - Typology of dairy goat production systems in semi-arid region of Brazil; and 2- Sustainability of dairy goat production systems in semi-arid region of Brazil. These studies were carried out in an area that encompasses the Paraíba’s microregions of Cariri Ocidental and Cariri Oriental, and Pernambuco’s microregions of Pajeú, Sertão do Moxotó, Vale do Ipojuca, and Vale de Ipanema. In the first study, a typology of 554 dairy goat farms was carried out through information collected by semi-structure interview. Data were analyzed by Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) and Hierarchical Analysis (CA) in sequence, that showed three groups of farms: Group I had 212 farms, Group II had 152 farms, and Group III had 190 farms. Group I had intermediate farm size (32 ha), smallest frequency of farmers who own their own land (38.2%), smaller areas of spineless cacti plantation (46.7%), cattle and poultry herds, and income from other off-farm activities. Group ll had the smallest farm size (8.6 ha), 62.5% of farmers who own their own land, smallest ruminant herds and greater areas of spineless cacti plantation. Group lll had the largest farm size (35.5 ha), the ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Thesis (M.Sc. (Statistics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015 / Introduction: The high number of variables from the 2009 General Household Survey is prohibitive to do holistic analysis of data due to high correlations that exist among many variables, making it virtually impractical to apply traditional methods such as multinomial logistic regression. The purpose of this study to identify observed variables that can be explained by a few unobservable quantities called factors, using factor analysis. Methods: Factor analysis is used to describe covariance relationships among 162 variables of interest in the 2009 General Household Survey (GHS) and 2009 Quarterly Labour Force Survey of South Africa (QLFS). Data for the respondents aged 15 years and above was analysed by first applying factor analysis to the 162 variables to produce factor scores and develop models for five core areas: education, health, housing, labour force and social development. Multinomial logistic regression was then used to model educational levels and service satisfaction using identified factor sores. Results: The variability among the 162 variables of interest was described by only 29 factors identified using factor analysis, even though these factors are not measured directly. Multinomial logistic regression (MLR) analysis showed negative and significant impact of education factors (fees too high, violence and absence of parental care) on levels of educational attainment. “Historically advantaged” factor is the only factor significant and positively affects educational levels. Housing and social development factors were regressed against service satisfaction. Housing factors such as the home owners, age of a house and male household heads were found to be significant. Social development factors such as “no problem with health”, sufficient water, high income, household size and telephone access were found to be significant. Labour force factors such as employment, industrial business and occupation, employment history and long-term unemployment have positive and significant impact on levels of education. Conclusion: It can be concluded that factor analysis as a data reduction technique has managed to describe the variability among the 162 variables in terms of just 29 unobservable variables. Using MLR in subsequent analysis, this study has managed to identify factors positively or negatively associated with educational levels and service satisfaction. The study suggests that educational, housing, social development and labour force facilities should be improved and education should be used to improve life circumstances. Keywords: factor analysis, factors, multinomial logistic regression, logits, educational levels of attainment, service satisfaction, quality of service delivery. / DST-NRF, Centre of Excellence in Mathematical and Statistical Sciences (MaSS)

Thesis (M. A. (African Languages)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015 / The main aim of this study is to examine abuse of domestic workers with special reference to Xitsonga drama, Gija wanuna wa matimba hi HSV Muzwayine na Bill T Mageza Na Vatulu va ka gaza hi H.S.V. Muzwayine. This study also indicates characters who are abused and those who causes this abuse. The first chapter reveals the general outline of the study, the problem statement, the aim. The most important terms of the study have been explained in this chapter so as to reveal what is expected to be analyzed. Some of the definitions of the Constitution have been defined. Chapter two gives a short summary of the literature Review . Chapter three defines methodology and analyse general themes. Chapter five deals with the general summary of this mini-dissertation. The recommendations for further research have been indicated in this chapter. / The University of Limpopo

Social-ecological change has driven smallholder farmers throughout the world to employ a diverse array of adaptation strategies. Social, economic, and cultural factors along with environmental changes have been widely studied as determinants of adaptation decision-making. Increasingly, scholars are also examining the role of values in these decisions. Many have posited that adaptation to social-ecological change will necessitate tradeoffs of these values; however, little empirical work has been done to identify and examine these tradeoffs. In response to this gap, we first identify how farmers and fishers adapted to multiple social-ecological stressors in northwestern Pakistan. Second, we investigate how social-ecological factors, perceived changes, and perceived costs influence adaptation decision-making and adaptive capacity. Third, we examine the role of and tradeoffs between values in adaptation decision-making. Based on our findings, we posit that in addition to the identification of values, it is also necessary to examine values as they relate to one another, change over time, and are embedded in multi-scalar processes. This will allow us to more fully understand the factors that influence adaptation decisions and support more equitable strategies that align with stakeholders’ diverse values.