There is an estimated 16 million housing units shortfall in Nigeria and the government cannot meet the housing needs of Nigerians because of budgetary constraints and other competing needs. It is important to note that the leaders have failed on numerous occasions to tackle the key challenges associated with a lack of infrastructure development. The emphasis has been placed on the individual homeowners fulfilling all their own requirements. The aim of this research is to develop a framework that will aid sustainable housing delivery in Lagos one of the most challenged areas of Nigeria. A clearer picture of the housing environment in Lagos was documented based on critical literature reviews, analysis of the reasons why there is a deficiency in housing and its infrastructure delivery. The aim of the researcher was following the identification of the challenges to draw up a framework that would assist the relevant stakeholders namely the householders, developers and government in overcoming these and delivering further sustainable housing. The research was completed using a mixed method including qualitative and quantitative means of acquiring necessary information in the form of a detailed literature review followed by a questionnaire survey of 500 household respondents. A total of 496 sets of data were collected through the questionnaire survey and analysed using SPSS, Excel and selected statistical methods. Validation of the framework was done using focus group discussions with stakeholders. Interviews with key housing and government personnel were also held including an analysis of 5 case studies. The key findings are that 1) the market economy approach along with flexible, efficient economic instruments are key factors in enabling the construction industry to positively respond to sustainable development in terms of resource efficiencies and environmental protection in a developing economy like Nigeria. 2) The social and political barriers cannot be overcome without a meeting of wills amongst the stakeholders. 3) There needs to be transparency and the desire to achieve the objective so the monitors will be effective to counteract dissatisfied individuals that will come out of the bureaucratic woodwork. 4) There needs to be an urban redesign driven by stakeholders keen to see government policy align with sustainable housing objectives. Key recommendations from this research are that: 1) The government should partner with the private sector to provide enough homes for Nigerians. 2) The government should henceforth concentrate in outlining good policy framework for the sector providing much needed infrastructural and financial support that will encourage sustainability and systematic development of housing in the country. The framework developed in this research is envisaged to be contributory in road mapping the way and identifying key attributes and strategy for delivering sustainable housing in Lagos, Nigeria.

Laying hen welfare is gaining importance in the United States and several states have passed legislation for a welfareriendly housing environment, which has forced the egg industry to explore alternative housing environments. For this reason, our first objective was to determine the effect of housing environment and laying hen strain on production performance and egg quality. Results showed that production performance of the hens raised in the alternative housing system was similar to the conventional system. The second objective was to compare the eggshell and cloacal microbiology. Our results indicated that the microbial load observed was higher in the alternative system compared to the conventional system. The third objective was to determine the effects of housing environment and laying hen strain on tibia and femur bone properties. The results demonstrated that the alternative system provided better tibia and femur bone characteristics, but it varied among laying hen strains.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The development of mass housing is an excellent example of multi-disciplinary projects. Several housing projects have been unsuccessful due to a misunderstanding of the necessary collaboration and buy-in that are required from all parties concerned. The focus of this study is to identify the required skill sets and responsibilities of the Housing Project Manager in the Housing environment, and in turn, will support the development of the foundation of the civil engineering postgraduate curricula. Civil engineers are educated with a strong focus on technical subjects, but not much attention is paid to many of the less technical aspects as found in housing projects. Furthermore, the multi-disciplinary aspects of large projects do not receive sufficient attention in either the undergraduate or postgraduate curricula. Considering that many civil engineers become actively involved as managers of housing projects, this paper will present an investigation into the requirements of the curricula of a postgraduate qualification for civil engineers towards becoming managers in housing projects. The investigation will include aspects of multi-disciplinary coordination, the less technical aspects of housing development, but will not exclude a comprehension of technical involvement. In order to identify these skill sets and responsibilities several approaches were adopted. The approaches adopted in this dissertation include: (i) a comprehensive literature study regarding the housing environment and the position of the housing project manager, (ii) a review of several housing case studies with project management related problems, (iii) consulting with several housing management professionals from different sectors in the housing industry, and (iv) a review of existing formulations of the role and responsibilities of the housing project manager. The findings from this study provide evidence that civil engineers operating in the housing environment as project managers require additional education, due to the multi-disciplinary nature of housing projects. The main conclusion drawn from this study is that educating civil engineers towards the management of housing projects would contribute significantly to the housing environment through increasing productivity and quality, and can contribute to meet the housing targets of the government. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ontwikkeling van massa behuising is 'n uitstekende voorbeeld van multidissiplinêre projekte. Verskeie behuisingsprojekte was al onsuksesvol as gevolg van 'n misverstand oor die nodige samewerking en bydraes wat vereis word van alle betrokke partye. Die fokus van hierdie studie is om die vaardighede en verantwoordelikhede van die behuisingsprojekbestuurder in die behuisingsomgewing te identifiseer. Hierdie kennis ondersteun die ontwikkeling van ʼn raamwerk vir ʼn nagraadse kurrikulum in behuisingsbestuur. Siviele ingenieurs is opgelei met 'n sterk fokus op tegniese vaardighede, maar relatief min aandag word geskenk aan minder tegniese aspekte soos gevind word in behuisingsprojekte. Verder, multidissiplinêre bestuursaspekte van groot projekte ontvang nie voldoende aandag in óf die voorgraadse óf nagraadse kurrikula nie. Wetende dat baie siviele ingenieurs aktief betrokke raak as bestuurders van behuisingsprojekte, ondersoek hierdie studie ʼn raamwerk vir ʼn nagraadse kwalifikasie vir siviele ingenieurs as bestuurders van behuisingsprojekte. Die ondersoek sluit in aspekte van die multidissiplinêre koördinasie asook minder tegniese aspekte van behuisingsontwikkeling, maar dit sluit nie 'n begrip van die tegniese betrokkenheid uit nie. Verskeie benaderings is toegepas om die vaardighede en verantwoordelikhede van behuisingsbestuurders te identifiseer. Die benaderings sluit in: (i) 'n omvattende literatuurstudie ten opsigte van behuising en die posisie van die behuisings-projekbestuurder, (ii) 'n oorsig van verskeie behuisings- gevallestudies met projekbestuur verwante probleme, (iii) raadpleging met verskeie professionele rolspelers van verskillende sektore in die behuisingbestuur omgewing, en (iv) 'n hersiening van bestaande beskrywings van die rol en verantwoordelikhede van die behuisings-projekbestuurder. Die bevindinge van hierdie studie verskaf bewyse dat siviele ingenieurs wat in die behuisingsbedryf as projekbestuurders optree, bykomende opleiding benodig as gevolg van die multidissiplinêre aard van projekte. Die belangrikste gevolgtrekking van hierdie studie is dat die opleiding van siviele ingenieurs in die bestuur van behuisingsprojekte ʼn aansienlike bydrae kan lewer tot behuising deur produktiwiteit en kwaliteit te verhoog. Dit kan bydra tot die bereiking van die regering se behuisingsdoelwitte.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjamos rekonstrukcijos atsiradimo priežastys, kompleksinės daugiabučių gyvenamųjų namų rekonstrukcijos problematika. Tyrimo objektas – gyvenamųjų namų ir juos supančios aplinkos rekonstrukcija. Šiuo metu gyvenamųjų namų modernizavimas vykdomas tvarkant atskirus pastatus ir pagrinde termodinaminiu požiūriu. Darbe tyrimo objektas išplečiamas iki kvartalo (mikrorajono) apibūdinant tai kompleksine rekonstrukcija. Analizuojamos pagrindinių sąvokų - renovacija, rekonstrukcija, kapitaliai renovuojamas pastatas, reikšmės. Pabrėžiami pagrindiniai kompleksinės rekonstrukcijos tyrimo ir vykdymo etapai. Aptariamos statinio statybos rūšys ir formos rekonstrukcijos vykdymui įgyvendinti. Darbą sudaro 5 dalys: įvadas, du skyriai, išvados, literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 60 p. teksto be priedų, 17 iliustr., 5 schemos, 2 lent., 41 bibliografinis šaltinis. / The final master’s paper deals with the reasons of the origin of reconstruction as well as with the problematics of complex reconstruction of apartment houses. Subject of the research is reconstruction of dwelling houses and surrounding environment thereof. For the time being, modernisation of dwelling houses is carried out through reconstruction of individual buildings, basically in terms of thermodynamics. In the paper, the subject of the research is evolved into a quarter (microdistrict) characterising this by complex reconstruction. The meanings of the main concepts, i.e. renovation, reconstruction, building under major renovation, are analysed. The main stages of complex reconstruction research and implementation are highlighted. Building construction types and forms for implementation of reconstruction are discussed. The paper consists of the following 5 parts: introduction, two sections, conclusions, list of references. Size of the paper contains 60 pages of text without annexes, 17 illustrations, 5 diagrams, 2 tables, 41 references.

Le peuplement du Languedoc méditerranéen au cours des IVème et IIIème millénaires s’inscrit dans une dynamique environnementale marquée par l’emprise des agropasteurs sur le milieu naturel, dans un contexte climatique relativement stable. La longue histoire de la recherche sur les sociétés préhistoriques dans le Midi de la France, fait apparaître leshéritages dont bénéficient les travaux interdisciplinaires actuels et l’importante quantité de données en contexte stratigraphique sur laquelle s’appuient les connaissances. La définition des groupes culturels à partir de leurs productions matérielles et l’analyse des formes de l’habitat alimentent un questionnement en évolution permanente sur l’occupation du sol et la dynamique de peuplement. Cette réflexion conjugue la transformation radicale des échellesd’observation qui accompagne le développement de l’archéologie préventive avec un renouvellement méthodologique profond. Au croisement des données sur l’habitat, sur les espaces naturels et sur les productions matérielles et symboliques, de nouvelles perspectives s’offrent aux recherches portant sur les dernières sociétés néolithiques d’Europe. Des enregistrements de fouilles aux modèles socio-historiques en passant par l’évolution des milieux, l’archéologie du Néolithique final tente d’apporter une réponse aux interrogations touchant à la structure de la société et aux conditions qui provoquent la chute du peuplement à la fin du troisième millénaire en Languedoc. En décalage avec les modèles académiques, l’étude de la fin du Néolithique illustre des développements non linéaires, une variété géoculturelle, un recours à la violence et à l’échange de biens à des fins politiques et un effet gradué sur le milieu naturel. / Studies of populating of the Mediterranean Languedoc during the fourth and third millennia participate of a dynamic environment marked by the influence of agro-pastoralists on the natural environment. This action occurs in a relatively stable climate. The long history of research on prehistoric societies in southern France shows the various heritage from which benefit the current interdisciplinary work and also the large amount of data which are based on stratigraphic context knowledge. The housing environment, the territories, the cultural facts offer a frame for definition in ongoing changes about the population dynamics. This studies joint the radical change of the scales of observation it keeps pace with the development of the preventive archaeology, in he low plain of Languedoc, with an important change of the methodological practices. By taking into account the data on the housing environment, natural places and artefacts, this researches offert new perspectives about local and global change of last neolithic in Europe. Recordings of excavations to go to the sociohistoric models, we pass by the evolution of the environment, archaeologist try to bring an answer to the questioning touching the structure of the society and the conditions which cause the fall of the populating at the end of the third millennium in Languedoc. In contradiction with the academic thesis, the study of the end of the Neolithic show not linear developments, a variety géoculturelle, an a using of the violence and to the exchangein political purposes, and gradual effect on the natural environment.

Cette recherche vise à identifier le champ disciplinaire de la morphologie urbaine. Notre démarche morphologique étudié plusieurs éléments : l’étalement urbain s’implante autour de l’oasis de l'intra-muros à la périphérie par ces capacités des ses zones nouvellement urbanisés Notre analyse porte sur la ville contemporaine, marquée par la mutation des territoires sahariens et la nouvelle configuration des espaces urbains modernes, où la grande concentration de population a profondément déstabilisé le paysage organique de l’oasis. L’analyse morphologique permet aussi d’évoquer les positions d’aménagement et d’urbanisme d’origine étatique algérienne, relevant de la promotion de l’oasis en chef-lieu de wilaya, et de la proximité du pôle d’hydrocarbures de Hassi R'mel ; qui participent à l’affirmation de l’image du pouvoir économique et politique de l’Algérie nouvelle. En montrant son relatif délaissement, en particulier par la planification urbaine trop décalé de la théorie traditionnelle urbaine. D’où un manque d’attention portée aux recherches de morphologie urbaine effectuées à l’étranger aux recherches des oasis de la région en Maroc et Tunisie. Mais aussi cette recherche met l’évaluation au regard du modèle sont des modèles algérien des oasis de Ghardaïa, Béchar et Biskra pourrait éclairer les politiques d’aménagement par les enjeux urbanistiques. Cette approche stimulante rendant compte du renouvellement physique des villes comporte pourtant des dimensions à la fois théorique, déductive et dynamique. Le modèle des oasis est donc pertinent, mais aussi les limites du modèle urbain moderne de l'agglomération nouvelle soulignées comme modèles urbains dans le contexte algérien du renouvellement urbain. L’évaluation de ce modèle en Sud de l'Algérie pourrait éclairer les politiques d'aménagement par les enjeux de l'institutionnalisation du concept de développement durable et la construction durable qui réduit les coûts et assure une efficience énergétique idéale sa mise en pratique peuvent apporter certaine élément d'éclairage(écotourisme, modernisation des techniques d'irrigation , réemployer des matériaux du construction de ressources locales quand aux développement futur des ces villes sahariennes. / This search aims at identifying the disciplinary field of the urban morphology. Our morphological approach studied several elements: the urban spreading becomes established around the oasis of the intramural in the periphery by these capacities of its zones recently urbanized Our analysis concerns the contemporary city, marked by the transformation of the Saharan territories and the new configuration of the modern urban spaces, where the big concentration of population profoundly destabilized the organic landscape of the oasis. The morphological analysis also allows to evoke the positions of development and town planning of Algerian state origin, being a matter of the promotion of the oasis in administrative center of wilaya, and the closeness of the pole of Hassi R' mel's hydrocarbons; which participate in the assertion of the image of the economic and political power of new Algeria By showing his relative solitude, in particular by the urban planning too much moved by the urban traditional theory. Where from inattention impact in the searches for urban morphology made abroad in the searches for the oases of the region in Morocco and Tunisia. But also this search puts the evaluation with regard to the model are models Algerian of the oases of Ghardaïa, Béchar and Biskra could light the politics of development by the urbanity stakes. This stimulating approach reporting the physical renewal of cities contains nevertheless at the same time theoretical, deductive and dynamic size. The model of oases is thus relevant, but also the limits of the modern urban model of the new urban conglomeration were underlined as urban models in the Algerian context of the urban renewal. The evaluation of this model in the South of Algeria could light the politics of development by the stakes in the institutionalization of the concept of sustainable development and the sustainable construction which reduces the costs and assures an ideal energy efficiency its application can bring certain element of lighting (ecotourism, modernization of the techniques of irrigation, to reuse materials of construction of local resources when in future development of these Saharan cities.