Design of frame of a human powered vehicle (HPV) is the aim of this diploma thesis. Wide analysis precedes design process. The thesis describes historical developement of land transportation, especially history of cycling, bicycles and other human povered vehicles, which are not so extended. Preferences and deficiencies of transportation by these ecological vehicles are shown. The thesis includes summary of most widespread and best-known conceptions, including their advantages and disadvanteges. Conception of three-wheeled vehicle was selected. It has two steered front wheels and one powered rear wheel. The accent is putted on wide efficiency, ergonomics, simplicity of vehicle`s frame and possibility of using common cycling components. 3D model of frame and assembly of vehicle was created. This model was checked by FEM computation.

A studies carries for the last twenty years accumulated data that show two different etiology of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Tumors located in the oral cavity are often independent of the viral infection and is associated with tobacco and alcohol use. Approximately 26 % of all HNC and more than 50 % of tonsillar cancers are associated with the presence of high risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV). The purpose of this study was to determine whether changes in HPV DNA prevalence in oral rinses and/ or HPV - specific antibody levels in sera of patients with head and neck carcinoma (HNC) have prognostic significance. Patients with HNC were enrolled (N=142). The presence of HPV DNA was assayed in tumor tissue and oral rinses, and HPV-specific antibodies were assessed in sera. Sera were drawn one month and one year after the end of treatment. One year after treatment, oral rinses were collected. Altogether, 59.2 % tumors were HPV positive. Initially, the presence of HPV DNA in the tumors strongly correlated with HPV DNA positivity in oral rinses as well as with the presence of HPV- specific antibodies in sera. Out of 66 patients with HPV positive oral rinses at enrollment, 84.8 % became negative at one-year follow up. The mean titres of HPV 16 E6 and E7 antibodies at follow- up were lower in...

Background: Social media (Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, Twitter) as communication channels have great potential to deliver Human papillomavirus self‐test (HPVST) intervention to medically underserved women (MUW) such as women of low income. However, little is known about MUW’s willingness to participate in HPVST intervention delivered through social media. We evaluated factors that contribute to MUW’s intention to participate in the social media‐related intervention for HPVST. Methods: A 21‐item survey was administered among women receiving food from a local food pantry in a U.S. southern state. Independent variables were social media usage facilitators (including confidentiality, social support, cost, and convenience), and barriers (including misinformation, time‐consuming, inefficient, and privacy concerns). Dependent variables included the likelihood of participating in social‐driven intervention for HPVST. Both variables were measured on a 5‐point scale. We used multinomial logistic regression to analyze the data. Results: A total of 254 women (mean age 48.9 ± 10.7 years) comprising Whites (40%), Hispanics (29%), Blacks (27%), and Other (4%) participated in the study. We found that over 44% of the women were overdue for their pap smears for the past three years, 12% had never had a pap smear, and 34% were not sure if they had had a pap smear. Over 82% reported frequent social media (e.g., Facebook) usage, and 52% reported willingness to participate in social media‐driven intervention for HPVST. Women who reported that social media provide privacy (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 6.23, 95% CI: 3.56, 10.92), provide social support (AOR = 7.18, 95% CI: 4.03, 12.80), are less costly (AOR = 6.71, 95% CI: 3.80, 11.85), and are convenient (AOR = 6.17, 95% CI: 3.49, 10.92) had significantly increased odds of participating in social media intervention for HPVST. Conclusions: The findings underscore that the majority of the MUW are overdue for cervical cancer screening, regularly use social media, and are willing to participate in social media‐driven intervention. Social media could be used to promote HPV self‐testing among MUW.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) remain a significant cause of morbidity worldwide, with approximately 550,000 new cases diagnosed each year. The main etiological factors include smoking and alcohol consumption. The incidence of non-oropharyngeal HNSCC is gradually decreasing while the incidence of squamous cell oropharyngeal carcinoma (OPSCC) is still on the rise. This increasing incidence can be most likely attributed to an increasing prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. From the clinical point of view the most significant fact is that patients with HPV positive OPSCC have better prognosis. HNSCC is linked to an alteration in the immune system. Only a limited number of studies have correlated both the immunological parameters and HPV status with patient prognosis. Therefore, we focused on the research of the immunological profile of patients with HNSCC of viral and non-viral etiology. In our study, 110 patients with HNSCC were enrolled. They were divided into HPV-positive and HPV-negative groups based on the expression of HPV 16 E6 mRNA detected in the tumor tissue. Basic lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3+, CD4+ CD25+ Treg, CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3 Treg, CD4+, CD8+, CD19, and CD3- CD16+ CD56+ cells) were determined by flow cytometry in the peripheral blood (PB). We observed...

Denna studie undersökte kvinnors upplevelser när de fick ett HPV-positivt screeningresultat brevledes. Den svenska screeningen för förebyggande av livmoderhalscancer meddelar resultatet i ett kort, standardiserat brev. Efter att ha inkluderat humant papillomvirus (HPV) i analysen år 2014 verkade kvinnor bli mer oroliga för resultatet som kunde meddela en sexuellt överförd infektion (STI).En intervjustudie genomfördes med åtta kvinnor och empiriska data analyserades med receptionsteori. Resultaten visade vilka känslor kvinnor kämpade med, om de upplevde en negativ inverkan på deras sexualitet och om de var nöjda med ett brev som kommunikationssätt.Okunnighet om HPV och rädsla för cancer var centrala resultat. Kvinnor beskrev till och med en förändring i attityd till andra sexuella praktiker än vaginalt samlag. Resultatbrevet ansågs vara för kort och inte så informativt som nödvändigt. Detta fick samtliga kvinnor att söka efter mer information främst på internet för att hitta svar på deras frågor.Sammanfattningsvis finns det ett behov av grundlig och strukturerad information relaterad till HPV och påverkan på livmoderhalsen. Personal inom hälso- och sjukvårdssystemet bör vara lyhörda för kvinnors oro över deras screeningresultat. / This study explores women´s experiences when receiving their HPV-positive pap smear result as a letter. The Swedish screening programme for the prevention of cervical cancer notifies of the result in a short, standardised letter. After including human papilloma virus (HPV) in the analysis in 2014 women appeared to become more worried about the result showing a sexually transmitted infection (STI). An interview study was performed with eight women and the empirical data was analysed with reception theory. The study-results show which feelings women struggled with, whether they experienced a negative impact on their sexuality, and whether they were content with a letter as communication method for their results. Ignorance of HPV and fear of cancer were central findings. Women even described a change in attitude towards sexual practices other than vaginal intercourse. The result letter was considered to be too short and not as informative as needed. This caused all the women to look for more information foremost on the internet in order to find answers to their questions.In conclusion there is a need for thorough and structured information related to HPV and impact on the cervix. Healthcare system personnel should have a sensitive ear for women´s concerns about their pap smear results.

Despite the availability of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, African American women are still at risk for contracting HPV. This is significant because HPV is one of the main risk factors for cervical cancer. The purpose of this quantitative study was to explore the relationship between the use of HPV vaccination for cervical cancer prevention and personal history of HPV, reduced access to healthcare, and risky sexual behaviors in African American women. The theoretical framework used for this study was the health belief model (HBM). Two hundred twenty-nine (n=229) African American women living in the United States, ages 18-49, who participated in the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were the sample under study. A univariate analysis was performed to describe the population and obtain frequencies and percentages for all covariates. A bivariate analysis was conducted to determine whether there was an association between any of the independent variables and the dependent variable. A multivariable logistic regression was conducted to build a predictor model for use of HPV vaccination. Women between the ages of 18 and 34 were 7.22 times as likely to receive the HPV vaccine as women aged 35-49 years, and this was statistically significant (OR: 7.22; 95% CI: 2.36 - 22.13). This study can contribute to positive social change within the community and public health profession through an increased awareness and knowledge of HPV and cervical cancer, especially for African American women.

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Le cancer est la seconde cause de mortalité dans le monde et les cancers de localisation muqueuse (poumon, estomac, colorectal, du col de l’utérus, …) représentent la première cause de mortalité due au cancer dans le monde. La majorité des vaccins contre les cancers muqueux n’ont à ce jour, pas montré de résultats cliniques significatifs. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons développé une immunothérapie efficace basée sur la sous-unité B non toxique de la toxine de Shiga et montré pour la première fois dans le domaine de la cancérologie que la localisation de l’immunisation était cruciale pour induire des réponses immunitaires anti-tumorales. En effet, dans un modèle préclinique, une immunisation systémique intramusculaire n’a pas permis d’induire de protection thérapeutique efficace contre le développement de tumeurs muqueuses de la langue, alors que la voie d’immunisation intranasale a induit une réponse clinique complète. Nous avons identifié les lymphocytes T CD8+ comme les cellules nécessaires à cette protection et plus précisément la population de lymphocytes T résidents mémoires (Trm). Ces Trm présentent le phénotype classique CD103+ mais expriment également l’intégrine CD49a qui joue un rôle dans la migration/rétention au sein des tumeurs mais également dans la survie à long terme des Trm. Par ailleurs nous avons montré que les cellules dendritiques muqueuses pulmonaires permettaient d’induire ce phénotype CD49a sur les lymphocytes T CD8+ alors que les cellules dendritiques de la rate non. Notre travail montre que l’aspect quantitatif de ces Trm joue un rôle dans la protection anti-tumorale, en effet nous avons pu pour la première fois moduler in vivo le nombre de Trm en traitant les souris par un anticorps anti-TGF-β. La diminution du nombre des Trm est corrélée à la diminution de la protection anti-tumorale. Les patients atteints de cancers des voies aérodigestives supérieures sont majoritairement traités par radiothérapie. Dans l’optique d’essais cliniques à court terme, nous avons montré que la radiothérapie localisée associée à notre immunothérapie permet une protection plus efficace que le traitement seul de l’un ou de l’autre notamment en provoquant un remodelage du microenvironnement tumoral associé à une normalisation vasculaire. Nos résultats ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives dans le développement d’immunothérapies thérapeutiques efficaces contre les cancers muqueux et pourront mener rapidement à des essais cliniques. / Cancer is the second mortality cause worldwide while mucosal cancers (lung, stomac, …) is the first mortality cause from. The majority of cancer vaccines against mucosal tumors have not given rise yet to significant clinical results. In this work we developed a strong immunotherapy based on the nontoxic subunit B from shiga toxin and showed for the first time that the localization of the immunization is crucial to induce potent and effective anti-tumoral responses. In a preclinical model a systemic immunization failed to induce a therapeutical protection against mucosal tumor challenge while intranasal immunization completely succeed. We identified a CD8 T lymphocyte population as a required cells in this protection and more precisely the T resident memory (Trm) cells. This Trm showed the classical CD103 phenotype as well as the CD49a which can play a specific role in the retention or the migration of this cells in the tumor tissue and might play a role in the survival. We also demonstrate that dendritic cells from the mucosal parenchyma was required to induce the CD49a expression on CD8 T cells while dendritic cells from the spleen was not. Our work shows that the Trm number as an impact in the anti-tumoral protection. We were able to reduce the Trm number in vivo using an anti-TGF-β antibody. This number diminution was correlated with a less efficient anti-tumoral protection. Patients with head and neck cancers are treated with radiotherapy. In this situation we showed that the combination of radiotherapy and our immunotherapy was associated with a better protection than radiotherapy alone or immunotherapy alone thanks to a vascular normalization. These results might rapidly lead to clinical trials and might open new ways to work with immunotherapies.

Le cancer est la seconde cause de mortalité dans le monde et les cancers de localisation muqueuse (poumon, estomac, colorectal, du col de l’utérus, …) représentent la première cause de mortalité due au cancer dans le monde. La majorité des vaccins contre les cancers muqueux n’ont à ce jour, pas montré de résultats cliniques significatifs. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons développé une immunothérapie efficace basée sur la sous-unité B non toxique de la toxine de Shiga et montré pour la première fois dans le domaine de la cancérologie que la localisation de l’immunisation était cruciale pour induire des réponses immunitaires anti-tumorales. En effet, dans un modèle préclinique, une immunisation systémique intramusculaire n’a pas permis d’induire de protection thérapeutique efficace contre le développement de tumeurs muqueuses de la langue, alors que la voie d’immunisation intranasale a induit une réponse clinique complète. Nous avons identifié les lymphocytes T CD8+ comme les cellules nécessaires à cette protection et plus précisément la population de lymphocytes T résidents mémoires (Trm). Ces Trm présentent le phénotype classique CD103+ mais expriment également l’intégrine CD49a qui joue un rôle dans la migration/rétention au sein des tumeurs mais également dans la survie à long terme des Trm. Par ailleurs nous avons montré que les cellules dendritiques muqueuses pulmonaires permettaient d’induire ce phénotype CD49a sur les lymphocytes T CD8+ alors que les cellules dendritiques de la rate non. Notre travail montre que l’aspect quantitatif de ces Trm joue un rôle dans la protection anti-tumorale, en effet nous avons pu pour la première fois moduler in vivo le nombre de Trm en traitant les souris par un anticorps anti-TGF-β. La diminution du nombre des Trm est corrélée à la diminution de la protection anti-tumorale. Les patients atteints de cancers des voies aérodigestives supérieures sont majoritairement traités par radiothérapie. Dans l’optique d’essais cliniques à court terme, nous avons montré que la radiothérapie localisée associée à notre immunothérapie permet une protection plus efficace que le traitement seul de l’un ou de l’autre notamment en provoquant un remodelage du microenvironnement tumoral associé à une normalisation vasculaire. Nos résultats ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives dans le développement d’immunothérapies thérapeutiques efficaces contre les cancers muqueux et pourront mener rapidement à des essais cliniques. / Cancer is the second mortality cause worldwide while mucosal cancers (lung, stomac, …) is the first mortality cause from. The majority of cancer vaccines against mucosal tumors have not given rise yet to significant clinical results. In this work we developed a strong immunotherapy based on the nontoxic subunit B from shiga toxin and showed for the first time that the localization of the immunization is crucial to induce potent and effective anti-tumoral responses. In a preclinical model a systemic immunization failed to induce a therapeutical protection against mucosal tumor challenge while intranasal immunization completely succeed. We identified a CD8 T lymphocyte population as a required cells in this protection and more precisely the T resident memory (Trm) cells. This Trm showed the classical CD103 phenotype as well as the CD49a which can play a specific role in the retention or the migration of this cells in the tumor tissue and might play a role in the survival. We also demonstrate that dendritic cells from the mucosal parenchyma was required to induce the CD49a expression on CD8 T cells while dendritic cells from the spleen was not. Our work shows that the Trm number as an impact in the anti-tumoral protection. We were able to reduce the Trm number in vivo using an anti-TGF-β antibody. This number diminution was correlated with a less efficient anti-tumoral protection. Patients with head and neck cancers are treated with radiotherapy. In this situation we showed that the combination of radiotherapy and our immunotherapy was associated with a better protection than radiotherapy alone or immunotherapy alone thanks to a vascular normalization. These results might rapidly lead to clinical trials and might open new ways to work with immunotherapies.