A Teoria do funcional da Densidade (DFT) é muito empregada no estudo da densidade eletrônica e energia do estado fundamental de sistemas interagente de muitos elétrons. Uma de suas desvantagens é que, apesar de formalmente exata, a DFT depende de aproximações no funcional de troca e correlação Exc[n]. Uma de suas vantagens é a possibilidade de trabalhar com a conexão adiabática, que permite conectar explicitamente o sistema interagente de interesse com uma versão não-interagente de mesma densidade. Baseado em seu escopo esta dissertação tem como objetivo tratar da DFT no modelo de Hubbard unidimensional. Uma das vantagens em trabalhar com o Hubbard é a existência de uma solução formalmente exata para a energia do modelo homogêneo e unidimensional via ansatz de Bethe, tal solução serve de base para os nossos cálculos e resultados. Outra vantagem do modelo de Hubbard é a existência de um gap que aproximações usuais na DFT falham em reproduzir. Um de nossos resultados é calcular o gap de duas formas. Uma através da derivada da solução via ansatz de Bethe e outro é tratar o Hamiltoniano pela conexão adiabática, calcular o gap pelo potencial químico, este último calculado pelo ansatz de Bethe. Ao final comparamos a precisão dos métodos, apenas para descobrir que o método via potencial químico é mais preciso. Por último usamos a conexão adiabática e a aproximação de Hartree-Fock para teorizar um funcional híbrido no modelo de Hubbard unidimensional. / The Density Functional Theory (DFT) is a widely used in the study of electronic density and energy of the ground-state of interacting systems consisting of many electrons. One of its disadvantages is that, although it is formally exact, the DFT depends on approximations of the exchange-correlation functional Exc[n]. One of its advantages consists of the possibility of working with the adiabatic connection, which allows a explicit connection between the interacting system of our interest and a non-interacting system that yields the same density. Based on its scope this dissertation aims to address the DFT in the one-dimensional Hubbard model. One of the Hubbards model advantage consists of the existence of a formally exact solution to the energy of the homogeneous one-dimensional model via Bethe ansatz, such a solution serves as the basis for our calculations and results. Anothe Hubbards model advantage is the existence of a gap that usual approximations in DFT fail to calculate. One of our results is to calculate the gap in two different ways. One through the derivative of the Bethe ansatz solution and the other is to address the Hamiltonian through the adiabatic connection, calculate the gap through the chemical potential, the latter calculated via Bethe ansatz. In the end we compare their precisions, only to find that the one via chemical potential is more precise. At last we use the adiabatic connection and the Hartree-Fock approximation to theorize a hybrid functional in the one-dimensional Hubbard model.

In this work we obtain the magnetic and thermodynamic properties of the classical Hubbard model. This one is easier to handle than the original Hubbard model, and it maintains fundamental aspects like charge and particle-hole symmetry. We find the relationship between this and the Ising model. For square and simple cubic lattices, the thermodynamic properties and phase diagrams were calculated by Monte Carlo method. We show the behavior of internal energy, specific heat, and magnetic susceptibility as a function of the temperature. For the considered lattices, the ground state is anti-ferromagnetic. The Néel temperatures were found as a function of the electronic interaction in the case of half-filled band. In the limit of vanishing of diverging interaction, our results agree with the Ising model. / No presente trabalho, nós obtivemos as propriedades magnéticas e termodinâmicas do modelo clássico de Hubbard. Este é de mais fácil manipulação que o modelo original de Hubbard, e conserva aspectos fundamentais como a simetria partícula-buraco e de carga. Encontramos a relação entre este modelo e o de Ising. Para as redes quadrada e cúbica simples, as propriedades termodinâmicas e diagramas de fase foram calculadas através do método de Monte Carlo. Apresentamos o comportamento da energia interna, do calor específico e da susceptibilidade magnética como função da temperatura. Para as redes estudadas, o estado fundamental é antiferromagnético. As temperaturas de Néel foram encontradas como função da interação eletrônica no caso de banda meio-cheia. No limite de interação nula ou infinita, encontramos valores que concordam com o modelo de Ising.

Orientador: Eduardo Miranda / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin. / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T03:42:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miranda_DanielCesarBoscode_M.pdf: 4501306 bytes, checksum: ea9cd3602fb6488ef97069a6df6ae49c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar os efeitos da desordem nas proximidades da transição metal-isolante de Mott. Para tanto, utilizamos o modelo de Hubbard desordenado em duas dimensões. A teoria que aplicamos para estudar esse modelo é a Teoria Estatística Dinâmica de Campo Médio, que trata de maneira não-trivial os efeitos de desordem e interação elétron-elétron. A aproximação básica da teoria consiste em descrever os efeitos de interação de maneira local. Nela mapeamos o nosso problema original em vários problemas de uma impureza de Anderson, embebidos em banhos que são determinados através de uma condição de autoconsistência. Esses problemas são resolvidos no nosso trabalho aplicando o método do Monte Carlo Quântico, algoritmo Hirsch-Fye, que faz cálculos em temperatura finita. No nosso estudo conseguimos observar a coexistência de soluções metálicas ruins e isolantes ruins num mesmo sistema, para temperaturas um pouco maiores do que a que determina o ponto crítico da transição de Mott. Relacionamos a condutividade local com as energias locais desordenadas, observando que essas energias funcionam como um potencial químico dependente do sítio que altera localmente a dopagem do sistema. Finalmente, verificamos o aumento do valor da interação crítica com a desordem. Esse trabalho é a primeira implementação numérica da Teoria Estatística Dinâmica de Campo Médio com Monte Carlo Quântico, que é o estado da arte de cálculos de sistemas de uma impureza única. Nesse sentido, nosso trabalho representa um importante primeiro passo na implementação do método e fornece um paradigma inicial do seu poder e das suas limitações. / Abstract: The main goal of this work is to study the effects of disorder in the proximity of a Mott metal-insulator transition. For that, we use the disordered Hubbard model in two dimensions. The theory we aply to study this model is the Statistical Dynamical Mean Field Theory, which treats the effects of disorder and electron-electron interactions in a non-trivial fashion. The basic aproximation of that theory is to describe the effects of interactions in a local way. In this theory we map the original system in several Anderson single-impurity problems, embebbed in baths that are determined through a self-consistency condition. These problems are solved in our work through the Quantum Monte Carlo method, with the Hirsch-Fye algorithm, at finite temperature. In our study, we found the coexistence of bubbles of bad metal and bad insulator in the same system, for temperatures a little higher than that which determines the critical point of the Mott transition. We could relate the local conducting properties with the local disordered energies, finding that these energies work like a site-dependent chemical potential which changes locally the doping of the system. Finally, we verified the enhancement of the critical interaction by disorder. This work is the first numerical implementation of the Statistical Dynamical Mean Field Theory with the Quantum Monte Carlo, which is the state of art for calculations of single-impurity systems. In this sense, our work is an important first step in the implementation of the method and sets a preliminary benchmark of its power and limitations. / Mestrado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Mestre em Física

Orientador: Eduardo Miranda / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T07:53:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SuarezVillagran_MarthaYolima_M.pdf: 2373759 bytes, checksum: 6ea9dc2028d28176c8fe83514187958a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Determinamos o diagrama de fases do modelo de Hubbard desordenado como função da temperatura e interação por meio da Teoria Estatística Dinâmica de Campo Médio. As linhas espinoidais para o metal e isolante foram traçadas para desordem fraca e moderada, usando Monte Carlo Quântico para resolver o problema de uma impureza. Encontramos que a desordem desloca as linhas espinoidais para valores maiores de interação e temperaturas menores. Nosso estudo mostra que a região de coexistência do isolante e do metal sobrevive à introdução de desordem e preserva a transição de Mott, pelo menos para valores suficientemente pequenos de desordem. / Abstract: We determine the phase diagram of the disordered Hubbard Model as a function of temperature and interaction strength by means of the Statistical Dynamical Mean Field Theory. The metallic and insulating spinodal lines are traced for weak and moderate disorder using Quantum Monte Carlo as the impurity solver. We find that disorder pushes the spinodal lines to larger interactions and smaller temperatures. Our studies show that the coexistence region of insulator and metal survives the introduction of disorder and is a robust feature of the Mott transition, at least for sufficiently small disorder strength. / Mestrado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Mestra em Física

The objective of this thesis is to reach theoretical understanding of the unusual relationship between charge-ordering and superconductivity in correlated-electron systems. The competition between these broken symmetries and magnetism in the cuprate high temperature superconductors has been extensively discussed, but exists also in many other correlated-electron superconductors, including quasi-two-dimensional organic charge-transfer solids. It has been suggested that the same attractive interaction is responsible for both charge-order and superconductivity. We propose that the specific interaction is the tendency in correlated-electron systems to form spin-singlet bonds, which is strongly enhanced at the commensurate carrier density p of ½ a charge carrier per site, characteristic of all superconducting charge-transfer solids. To probe superconductivity driven by electron correlations, a necessary condition is that electron-electron interactions enhance superconducting pair-pair correlations, relative to the non-interacting limit. We have performed state of the art numerical calculations on the two-dimensional Hubbard model on different triangular lattices, as well as other lattices corresponding to K-BEDT-TTF based organic charge transfer solids, for the complete range of carrier densities per site p (0 ≤ p ≤ 1). We have shown that pair-pair correlation for each cluster is enhanced by electron-electron interaction only for p ≃ 0.5, far away from the density range thought to be important for superconductivity. Although initial focus is on charge-transfer solids, the results of the research will impact the field of correlated electrons as a whole. We believe our calculations will provide fundamental and fresh insight to the theory of superconductivity in strongly correlated systems.

Orientador: Amir Ordacgi Caldeira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T16:19:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Trevisan_ThaisVicta_M.pdf: 4124547 bytes, checksum: 599b58df77b4451dd1db391d5d3f78fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Na presença de um campo magnetico externo, um anel, com resistencia eletrica nao nula, sustenta uma corrente eletrica sem dissipacao, desde que ele seja sufientemente pequeno (com um diametro da ordem de micrometros ou nanometros), altamente puro e mantido a baixisimas temperaturas. Trata-se de um fenomeno quantico, devido a coerencia entre os eletrons do sistema. Uma corrente desse tipo tambem esta presente em moleculas aromaticas: um loop de corrente se estabelece no anel aromatico e e o responsavel pela anisotropia da susceptibilidade magnetica dessas moleculas. Atualmente, esses aneis de corrente sao utilizados como um criterio para aromaticidade. Assim sendo, o transporte de corrente eletrica em sistemas meso e microscopicos e um assunto de grande interesse tanto para a Fisica, quanto para a Quimica. Nessa Dissertacao de Mestrado, estudamos o transporte de corrente eletrica em aneis discretos, unidimensionais, de 3 [<ou =] N [<ou=] 6 sitios e Ne [<ou=] 2N eletrons. Esses aneis podem ser vistos como moleculas bastante simplificadas, de modo que o sistema de seis sitios com seis eletrons corresponde a um prototipo da molecula de benzeno. Propomos um modelo microscopico com a finalidade de obter um estado fundamental transportador de corrente nesses aneis. O nosso modelo consiste de uma extensao do Hamiltoniano de Hubbard, com um termo extra de interacao inter-eletronica, postulado de maneira ad hoc. Os resultados obtidos a partir do nosso modelo, bem como uma possivel origem e interpretacao para o termo extra de interacao sao apresentados ao longo desse trabalho / Abstract: In the presence of an external magnetic feld, a ring, with finite electrical resistance, supports a dissipationless electric current, provided that the ring is small enough (its diameter must be of the order of some micrometer or nanometer), clean and cooled down to very low temperatures. It is a quantum phenomena, due to the high electronic phase coherence in this system. A current like this can also be seen in aromatic molecules: a loop of current is established in the aromatic ring and it is the responsible for the high anisotropic magnetic susceptibility of these molecules. Nowadays, these ring currents are used as a criteria for aromaticity. Therefore, the electrical transport properties in mesoscopic and microscopic systems is a subject of great interest both in Physics and Chemistry. In this thesis, we study the electrical transport in some discrete and unidimensional rings with 3 [<or=] N [<or=] 6 sites and Ne [<or=] 2N electrons. These rings can be seen as simplified molecules and the ring with six sites and six electrons is our prototype for the benzene molecule. We propose a microscopic model for obtaining a current-carrying ground state in these rings. Our model consists of a extension of the Hubbard Hamiltonian, with an ad hoc extra term for the interaction between the electrons of the system. The results obtained from our model as well as a possible origin and interpretation of the extra interaction term are presented throughout this work / Mestrado / Física / Mestra em Física

This thesis focuses on developing new approaches to solving the ground state properties of quantum many-body Hamiltonians, and the goal is to develop a systematic approach which properly balances efficiency and accuracy. Two new formalisms are proposed in this thesis: the Variational Discrete Action Theory (VDAT) and the Off-Shell Effective Energy Theory (OET). The VDAT exploits the advantages of both variational wavefunctions and many-body Green's functions for solving quantum Hamiltonians. VDAT consists of two central components: the Sequential Product Density matrix (SPD) and the Discrete Action associated with the SPD. The SPD is a variational ansatz inspired by the Trotter decomposition and characterized by an integer N, and N controls the balance of accuracy and cost; monotonically converging to the exact solution for N → ∞. The Discrete Action emerges by treating the each projector in the SPD as an effective discrete time evolution. We generalize the path integral to our discrete formalism, which converts a dynamic correlation function to a static correlation function in a compound space. We also generalize the usual many-body Green's function formalism, which results in analogous but distinct mathematical structures due to the non-abelian nature of the SPD, yielding discrete versions of the generating functional, Dyson equation, and Bethe-Salpeter equation. We apply VDAT to two canonical models of interacting electrons: the Anderson impurity model (AIM) and the Hubbard model. We prove that the SPD can be exactly evaluated in the AIM, and demonstrate that N=3 provides a robust description of the exact results with a relatively negligible cost. For the Hubbard model, we introduce the local self-consistent approximation (LSA), which is the analogue of the dynamical mean-field theory, and prove that LSA exactly evaluates VDAT for d=∞. Furthermore, VDAT within the LSA at N=2 exactly recovers the Gutzwiller approximation (GA), and therefore N>2 provides a new class of theories which balance efficiency and accuracy. For the d=∞ Hubbard model, we evaluate N=2-4 and show that N=3 provides a truly minimal yet precise description of Mott physics with a cost similar to the GA. VDAT provides a flexible scheme for studying quantum Hamiltonians, competing both with state-of-the-art methods and simple, efficient approaches all within a single framework. VDAT will have broad applications in condensed matter and materials physics. In the second part of the thesis, we propose a different formalism, off-shell effective energy theory (OET), which combines the variational principle and effective energy theory, providing a ground state description of a quantum many-body Hamiltonian. The OET is based on a partitioning of the Hamiltonian and a corresponding density matrix ansatz constructed from an off-shell extension of the equilibrium density matrix; and there are dual realizations based on a given partitioning. To approximate OET, we introduce the central point expansion (CPE), which is an expansion of the density matrix ansatz, and we renormalize the CPE using a standard expansion of the ground state energy. We showcase the OET for the one band Hubbard model in d=1, 2, and ∞, using a partitioning between kinetic and potential energy, yielding two realizations denoted as K and X. OET shows favorable agreement with exact or state-of-the-art results over all parameter space, and has a negligible computational cost. Physically, K describes the Fermi liquid, while X gives an analogous description of both the Luttinger liquid and the Mott insulator. Our approach should find broad applicability in lattice model Hamiltonians, in addition to real materials systems. The VDAT can immediately be applied to generic quantum models, and in some cases will rival the best existing theories, allowing the discovery of new physics in strongly correlated electron scenarios. Alternatively, the OET provides a practical formalism for encapsulating the complex physics of some model and allowing extrapolation over all phase space. Both of the formalisms should find broad applications in both model Hamiltonians and real materials.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18058号 / 理博第3936号 / 新制||理||1567(附属図書館) / 30916 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)准教授 池田 隆介, 教授 川上 則雄, 教授 石田 憲二 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19476号 / 理博第4136号 / 新制||理||1595(附属図書館) / 32512 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 川上 則雄, 教授 石田 憲二, 教授 高橋 義朗 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24176号 / 理博第4867号 / 新制||理||1696(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)准教授 倉重 佑輝, 教授 谷村 吉隆, 教授 吉村 一良 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM