A inclusão da moradia entre os direitos fundamentais sociais decorre do desenvolvimento do direito à moradia na legislação internacional como direito à moradia adequada, integrante do direito de toda a pessoa a um nível de vida adequado, e consiste no direito de viver em algum lugar em segurança, paz e dignidade, com o atendimento dos seguintes fatores: segurança jurídica da posse; disponibilidade de serviços, materiais, facilidades e infra-estrutura; custo suportável; habitabilidade; acessibilidade; localização e adequação cultural. Os assentamentos humanos devem ser equitativos e sustentáveis e estão proibidas discriminações por motivos de raça, cor, sexo, idioma, religião, opinião pública ou outro tipo. O Estado tem a obrigação de proteger a moradia contra a intervenção de terceiros e de atuar para sua realização. A moradia integra o direito a um mínimo existencial. A Constituição arrola a moradia entre as necessidades vitais básicas a serem atendidas pelo salário-mínimo; fixa as competências das entidades federativas no âmbito da política habitacional e da política urbana; cria o fundo para combate e erradicação da pobreza; declara os direitos dos índios e dos remanescentes dos quilombos. Em nível infraconstitucional, são importantes instrumentos de atuação da União na moradia: o Estatuto da Cidade, com o estabelecimento de diretrizes gerais da política do desenvolvimento urbano a serem seguidas por todas as entidades federativas, o Sistema Financeiro de Habitação, os programas habitacionais do Ministério da Cidade e o Sistema Nacional de Habitação de Interesse Social. / The inclusion of housing as a fundamental social right is a result of the development of housing rights in international legislation, such as the right to adequate housing. The right to adequate housing is a part of the right that everyone has to an adequate standard of living and consists of the right to live in a safe, peaceful and dignified place. This includes the following factors: legal protection of property; availability of services, materials, facilities and infra-structure; affordable prices; habitability; accessibility; localization and adequate cultural support. Human settlements must be equal and sustainable, and discrimination by race, color, sex, language, religion, public opinion or any other must be prohibited. The State has the obligation of protecting housing rights against third party intervention and must take action to make it so. Housing rights include the right to a basic standard of living. The Constitution lists housing among the basic necessities of life to be achieved by a minimum salary; establishment of jurisdictions for federal entities in relation to housing and urban policies; creation of funds for the reduction and eradication of poverty; declaration of the rights of native Americans and Quilombos. At the infraconstitutional level, the following are important instruments to be used by the Union for housing rights: the City Statute with the establishment of general guidelines for urban development policies to be followed by all federal entities; the Financial System for Habitation; the habitation programs of the Ministry of Cities and the National System of Habitation for Social Interest.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:53:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1677100 bytes, checksum: 190ac3a3f9da48e0929334d80232a2c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000-12-14 / Actually in Acre the extensive pastures and the settlement projects (PA s) are responsible for most deforestation. The itinerant agriculture where the soil is used over a 2-year period prevails in PA s. Later on, the soil is left on fallow for recovering its fertility and/or to be incorporated to the extensive pasture. The use of the soil for a longer period and under a sustained way could be reached if appropriate management practices are adopted, so avoiding the deterioration of the soil as to its physical, chemistry and biological characteristics. From this premise it was objectified to characterize the soils and evaluate their physical and chemical alterations under different use types and so to supply subsidies to decision making on a more rational use. So, four locations inserted in the same soil conditions were selected (distrophic Yellow Argisols medium/clayish texture plane relief) at the Favo de Mel settlement on eastern Acre, in Purus region. The evaluated uses were: natural forest (control); natural newly-opened up forest submitted to intensive burning; planting of 2-years old pupunha (Bactris gassipae) and 4-years old brachiaria pasture (Brachiaria brizantha). Also, informal interviews were performed with farmers, and the root system were evaluated through digital images. It was concluded that the soil under pasture presented the highest density values, so suggesting a tendency to compaction. The nutrients and the organic carbon are found at low contents as well as concentrated in the first soil centimeters; and they tended to increase with intensity and time of soil use. The potassium drastically decreased in the pasture ecosystem, possibly due to losses by erosion and removal by pasture. The humina fraction prevailed on all four systems of soil use. Most vegetal biomass of the forest roots were concentrated down to 20-cm soil depth. There was also high correlation between the area and length of the roots. The farmers of Favo de Mel are coming from unsuccessful settlements, and the desistance index has been relatively low, so corroborating the importance of the environment on man's permanence in field. / Atualmente, no Acre, as pastagens extensivas e projetos de assentamento (PA) são responsáveis pela maior parte do desmatamento. Nos PA predomina a agricultura itinerante, onde o solo é utilizado por um período de dois anos. Posteriormente, é deixado em pousio para recuperação da fertilidade e, ou, incorporado à pastagem extensiva. O uso do solo por um período mais longo, e de forma mais sustentada, poderia ser alcançado se fossem adotadas práticas de manejo adequadas que evitassem a deterioração do solo quanto às suas características físicas, químicas e biológicas. A partir desta premissa, objetivou-se caracterizar os solos e avaliar suas alterações físicas e químicas, sob diferentes tipos de uso, e assim fornecer subsídios à tomada de decisão sobre um uso mais racional. Para tanto, selecionaram-se quatro locais inseridos nas mesmas condições de solo (Argissolo Amarelo distrófico, textura média/argilosa, relevo plano) no assentamento Favo de Mel, a leste do Acre, na região do Purus. Os usos avaliados foram: mata natural (testemunha); mata natural recém desbravada e submetida à queima intensiva; plantio de pupunha (Bactris gassipae) com dois anos e pastagem de braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha) com quatro anos. Também foram feitas entrevistas informais com os agricultores e o sistema radicular foi avaliado com imagens digitais. Conclui-se que o solo sob pastagem apresentou os maiores valores de densidade, o que sugere uma tendência à compactação. Os nutrientes e o carbono orgânico encontram-se em baixos teores, concentrados nos primeiros centímetros de solo, tendendo a aumentar com a intensidade e o tempo de uso do solo. O potássio decresceu, drasticamente, no ecossistema pastagem devido, possivelmente, às perdas por erosão e retirada pelo pastejo. A fração humina predominou nos quatro sistemas de uso do solo. As raízes da mata concentraram-se na maior parte de sua biomassa vegetal, nos primeiros 20 cm de profundidade do solo. Houve, também, alta correlação entre área e comprimento de raízes. Os agricultores do Favo de Mel são provenientes de assentamentos mal sucedidos, e o índice de desistência tem sido relativamente pequeno, o que comprova a importância do ambiente na permanência do homem no campo.

A inclusão da moradia entre os direitos fundamentais sociais decorre do desenvolvimento do direito à moradia na legislação internacional como direito à moradia adequada, integrante do direito de toda a pessoa a um nível de vida adequado, e consiste no direito de viver em algum lugar em segurança, paz e dignidade, com o atendimento dos seguintes fatores: segurança jurídica da posse; disponibilidade de serviços, materiais, facilidades e infra-estrutura; custo suportável; habitabilidade; acessibilidade; localização e adequação cultural. Os assentamentos humanos devem ser equitativos e sustentáveis e estão proibidas discriminações por motivos de raça, cor, sexo, idioma, religião, opinião pública ou outro tipo. O Estado tem a obrigação de proteger a moradia contra a intervenção de terceiros e de atuar para sua realização. A moradia integra o direito a um mínimo existencial. A Constituição arrola a moradia entre as necessidades vitais básicas a serem atendidas pelo salário-mínimo; fixa as competências das entidades federativas no âmbito da política habitacional e da política urbana; cria o fundo para combate e erradicação da pobreza; declara os direitos dos índios e dos remanescentes dos quilombos. Em nível infraconstitucional, são importantes instrumentos de atuação da União na moradia: o Estatuto da Cidade, com o estabelecimento de diretrizes gerais da política do desenvolvimento urbano a serem seguidas por todas as entidades federativas, o Sistema Financeiro de Habitação, os programas habitacionais do Ministério da Cidade e o Sistema Nacional de Habitação de Interesse Social. / The inclusion of housing as a fundamental social right is a result of the development of housing rights in international legislation, such as the right to adequate housing. The right to adequate housing is a part of the right that everyone has to an adequate standard of living and consists of the right to live in a safe, peaceful and dignified place. This includes the following factors: legal protection of property; availability of services, materials, facilities and infra-structure; affordable prices; habitability; accessibility; localization and adequate cultural support. Human settlements must be equal and sustainable, and discrimination by race, color, sex, language, religion, public opinion or any other must be prohibited. The State has the obligation of protecting housing rights against third party intervention and must take action to make it so. Housing rights include the right to a basic standard of living. The Constitution lists housing among the basic necessities of life to be achieved by a minimum salary; establishment of jurisdictions for federal entities in relation to housing and urban policies; creation of funds for the reduction and eradication of poverty; declaration of the rights of native Americans and Quilombos. At the infraconstitutional level, the following are important instruments to be used by the Union for housing rights: the City Statute with the establishment of general guidelines for urban development policies to be followed by all federal entities; the Financial System for Habitation; the habitation programs of the Ministry of Cities and the National System of Habitation for Social Interest.

The Constitution of South Africa guarantees the right of citizens to access to adequate housing and land. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 also recognises the right to adequate housing as an important component of the right to an adequate standard of living. However, vast numbers of citizens have been unable to access adequate housing due to regulatory frameworks operating in the cities and towns that they live in. Using the case study research methodology, the study shows how an alternative approach to housing delivery can be implemented. The study looks at a community in iCwili Location which is in the Great Kei Local municipality which piloted the managed land settlement (MLS) approach to housing delivery. MLS seeks to promote an incremental approach to site, service and housing delivery. It emphasizes the need for the provision of planned, secure land with access to basic services as a first step towards housing delivery and settlement upgrading. The study documented the process involved in the implementation of the pilot project and how the community was involved with project. The findings revealed that the community appreciated being involved with each phase of the project and being part of the decision-making process. The respondents cited the delight they shared with having occupation rights to the land and they could finally be in position to be able to build their homes with no fear of eviction.

Currently, the actions of housing provision in Brazil have a high degree of institutional and financial complexity, in despite of their massive divulgation in overly simple propagandas. It is observed that the implementation of the housing policies is motivated by interests related to the accelerated growth of the housing production in national level. Therefore, in several cases, such policies are not in connection with the regional dynamics and the local environmental demands. In view of this, the present research is justified by the needed of an analysis of the deployments and effects of the new Brazilian housing policies, situating it in the context of the intrametropolitan differences. It was defined as general objective: analyze the housing expansion in the metropolitan zone of Aracaju (SE) - MZA between the years of 2000 and 2013, taking in to account it relations with the urban environment, infrastructure situation and the arising of new agglomerates of housing buildings. The bibliographical and documental research, the survey of secondary data, as well as the direct observation and the photographic survey done in field allowed to identify, from socioenvironmental indicators and cartographic analyzes, the areas of MZA with densification of housing built with resources of the government obtained through of financings started in the 2000 decade. It was analyzed the conditions of urban infrastructure of the new occupied spaces by categories of analysis established. Considering the frame observed from the evolution of the quantity, of the location and of the types of buildings that emerged in the MZA; from the typologies of the domiciles and the characteristics of the evolution and distribution of the population, it can be perceived that the intense provision in market popular housing will, until a certain point, be justified by the diminution of a housing deficit based in objective terms. It was evidenced that the effects of the housing policy implemented between the years of 1980 and 1990 and the housing shortages certainly should to move in the sense of the regularization of precarious settlements and improvement of the habitability conditions for the residential unities that were massively implanted until now. If these movements do not occur, the new condominiums built with the perspective of the supply to the needed of the middle class will consist in an big volume of buildings that will be rented by families that have conditions to migrate to newer housings and get out from areas with little urban infrastructure, or just that desire to live in these new spaces, but cannot to buy the new buildings and are influenced by the massive divulgation of the advantages of to live in the closed condominiums. In the evaluation of the interfaces between the housing provision and the natural constraints in the MZA, it can be stated that the new fronts of occupation are mostly in lands that already were semi-grounded or grounded since 2004, however located to the margin of areas of natural content that must be conserved. The frontier area between Aracaju and São Cristóvão (the neighborhoods of Jabotiana and Cabrita) corresponds to the portion of the MZA where it is found the bigger events of dismount of natural characteristics. Finally, with respect to the questions formulated for the research, it can be stated that the applications of the federal resources in housing does not occur in agreement with the socioenvironmental dimensions established in their policies and programs in the areas that are most affected. / Atualmente as ações de provisão habitacional no Brasil possuem elevada complexidade institucional e financeira, apesar da sua massiva divulgação em propaganda demasiadamente simples. Observa-se que as políticas habitacionais são materializadas por interesses originários do ideário de crescimento acelerado da política em nível nacional e, portanto, apresentam-se em diversos casos, desconectadas da dinâmica regional e demandas socioambientais locais. Esta pesquisa justifica-se pela necessidade de análise dos desdobramentos e efeitos da nova política habitacional brasileira, situando-a no contexto das diferenciações intrametropolitanas. Definiu-se, a partir daí, como objetivo geral: Analisar a expansão habitacional na Região Metropolitana de Aracaju (SE) - RMA, no período de 2000 e 2013, considerando suas relações com o ambiente urbano, situação da infraestrutura e o surgimento de novos aglomerados de edificações. Para tanto, realizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de dados secundários; bem como a observação direta e levantamento fotográfico em campo. Além disso, identificaram-se a partir de indicadores socioambientais e análise cartográfica as áreas da RMA com adensamento de edificações enquadradas nos financiamentos governamentais desde a década de 2000 e; analisaram-se as condições de infraestrutura urbana dos novos espaços mediante as categorias de análise estabelecidas. Considerando a evolução da quantidade, localização e tipos de construções que emergiram na RMA, as tipologias de domicílios e características da evolução e distribuição da população, percebe-se que a intensa provisão na habitação popular de mercado dificilmente pode ser justificada pela diminuição de um déficit habitacional fundamentado em termos objetivos. Evidenciou-se que ainda repercutem na RMA, os efeitos da política habitacional implementada nos anos 1980 e 1990, e a satisfação das necessidades habitacionais deveriam caminhar no sentido da regularização de assentamentos precários e melhoria das condições de habitabilidade para as unidades residenciais que já foram implantadas massivamente até então. Caso essa mudança de direção não ocorra, os novos condomínios edificados com a perspectiva de suprimento à necessidade da classe média consistirão em um grande volume de imóveis destinados à locação, seja por famílias que tenham condições de migrar para as habitações mais novas e sair das áreas com pouca infraestrutura urbana, ou então, para aquelas que almejam morar nos novos espaços, mas não conseguiram adquirir os imóveis e encontram-se tendenciadas pela divulgação massiva das vantagens de morar nos condomínios fechados. Na avaliação das interfaces entre a provisão habitacional e os condicionantes naturais na RMA, pode-se afirmar que as novas frentes de ocupação estão em sua maioria em terrenos que já se encontravam semiaterrados ou aterrados desde 2004, contudo já margeiam áreas de conteúdo natural que deve ser conservado. A área limítrofe entre Aracaju e São Cristóvão (bairro Jabotiana e região da Cabrita) corresponde à porção da RMA onde se constatam os maiores eventos de desmonte das características naturais. Por fim, em se tratando das questões formuladas para pesquisa, pode-se afirmar que a aplicação dos recursos do Governo Federal em habitação, nas áreas que têm seus efeitos mais evidenciados, não ocorre em concordância com as dimensões socioambientais estabelecidas em sua política e programas.

MRDV / Institute for Rural Development

Las deformaciones permanentes en las carreteras son las principales causas de daños a los pavimentos flexibles, especialmente en los que han sido construidos sobre suelos blandos saturados. La utilización de Geotextiles No Tejidos (GNT) en una Base Macadam, colocado de manera que envuelva todo el perímetro de la base, representa una solución para la gestión de daños de pavimentos, ya que, de manera vertical, reduce las deflexiones; mientras de manera horizontal, evita la migración de partículas finas para reducir el efecto de bombeo. Para comprobar esta hipótesis, se realizaron investigaciones con el fin de determinar los materiales a usar para optimizar el diseño del pavimento y los espesores finales de las capas; y ensayos a bases simuladas para hallar las deflexiones en un tramo reforzado con Geotextil y un tramo sin reforzar. La medición de las deflexiones se logró mediante el ensayo de Deflectometría liviana (LWD). Finalmente, se pudo hallar una diferencia porcentual de 25.25% entre ambos casos. / Permanent deformations in roads are the main causes of damage to flexible pavements, especially in those built on saturated soft soils. The use of Non-Woven Geotextiles (NWG) in a Macadam Base, placed in the way that it surrounds the entire perimeter of the base, represents a solution for the management of pavement damage, since vertically, it reduces deflections; while horizontally, it avoids the migration of fine particles to reduce the pumping effect. To verify this hypothesis, investigations were carried out in order to determine the materials to be used to optimize the design of the pavement and the final thicknesses of the layers; and simulated bases tests were made to find deflections in a section reinforced with Geotextile and another unreinforced section. Measurement of deflections was achieved by the Light Deflectometry (LWD) test. Finally, a percentage difference of 25.25% could be found between both cases. / Trabajo de investigación

This research is an examination of the practical application of intergovernmental relations (IGR) and co-operative government at the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (CTMM)’s Department of Housing and Human Settlements. By use of questionnaire and direct interviews, the research extracted responses from methodically selected employees and officials at the Department of Housing and Human Settlements in the CTMM. Literature study was combined with document analysis and a part of participant observation to gather data and information that has been examined and analysed in the study that has established the need for training and skilling for officials and employees in financial and project management. The need for the rolling back of political interference, regular review of legislation to keep abreast with the changing environment and international standards and improved institutional communication are but some of the observations and arguments that the research has established from a careful reading of data gathered. The enabling policies, laws and regulations that are in place remain largely good on paper, but still limited in their practical application. It is argued in this research that housing and human settlements are a provision that is central in the democratic and development life of the Republic of South Africa, and that the provision of sustainable human settlements enriches the livelihoods of communities in so far as other services such as education, recreation, health care, electricity, economic opportunities, safety, transport and communication are also dependent on the availability of sustainable human settlements and the amenities that comes with it. It is the recommendation of the present research that if the policies, regulations, laws and goals that govern the IGR towards the delivery of sustainable human settlements are to achieve maximum fruition, there is a need for vigorous monitoring and evaluation mechanisms that will ensure that budgets are efficiently used, that standing decisions are implemented and that partisan politics and corruption and opportunistic tendencies are eliminated as these hinder performance and delivery. / Public Administration / MPA

The current work has as its general theme the solutions-locations found by the poorest part of the population of Brazilian cities in terms of housing. It specifically addresses the appropriation of environmentally sensitive areas in urban locations for that purpose, (more precisely, the edges of urban water bodies), and the conflicts (social, environmental and, consequently, political) that surround such situations. The research is a case study which has as its empirical focus the situation of the human settlements on the banks of the Mundaú Lagoon in Maceió, capital of Alagoas, and takes as its starting point the hypothesis that "the urban environmental issue is primarily a housing problem and a problem of the adoption of policies that will facilitate the access of the majority of the population to adequate housing". (Martins 2002, p.126) The discussion focuses initially on the relationship between the process of urbanization and poverty in Brazil, contextualizing the settlements of the poorest part of the population of Brazilian cities and specifically of the city of Maceió. This is followed by a discussion of the socio-environmental dimension of human settlements in environmentally sensitive areas, especially those located on the shores of Mundaú Lagoon. Later, we discuss public policies for the promotion of housing for the poorest in Brazilian cities, with emphasis on those policies which are related to the human settlements on the banks of Mundaú Lagoon, and point out the conflicts of interest that permeate the decisions of public authorities, especially those with respect to the use and occupation of environmentally fragile areas in the urban space. The work leads us to understand that the phenomenon of precarious human settlements in environmentally fragile areas is the result of the reproductive processes of the socio-spatial inequalities inherent in the reproduction of urban space in Brazil. In this manner we come to see the urban environmental issue as a problem that stems from the difficulties of access to adequate housing of most of the population. While this access is determined by the income of the population the place of the poor will be a place ever more excluded from the benefits of the city. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / O presente trabalho tem por tema geral as soluções-localizações encontradas pela população mais pobre nas cidades brasileiras para moradia. Aborda-se especificamente a apropriação de áreas ambientalmente frágeis em meios urbanos para aquele fim, mais precisamente, as margens de corpos d água urbanas, bem como os conflitos (sociais, ambientais e, conseqüentemente, políticos) que envolvem tais situações. A pesquisa consiste em um estudo de caso, que tem por objeto empírico a situação dos assentamentos humanos às margens da lagoa Mundaú, em Maceió, capital de Alagoas e parte da hipótese de que a questão ambiental urbana é antes de tudo um problema de moradia e de adoção de políticas que possibilite o acesso da maioria da população a uma moradia adequada. (MARTINS 2002, p.126) A discussão trata inicialmente da relação entre o processo de urbanização e a pobreza no Brasil, contextualizando os assentamentos da população mais pobres nas cidades brasileiras e especificamente na cidade de Maceió. Em seguida, discute-se a dimensão socioambiental dos assentamentos humanos em áreas ambientalmente frágeis, mas especificamente, daqueles localizados às margens da Lagoa Mundaú. Posteriormente, abordam-se as políticas públicas de promoção de habitação para os mais pobres nas cidades brasileiras, enfatizando-se aquelas referentes aos assentamentos humanos às margens da lagoa Mundaú e aponta-se para os conflitos de interesse que permeiam as decisões do poder público, especialmente, quando se referem ao uso e ocupação de áreas ambientalmente frágeis no espaço urbano. O trabalho leva a compreensão de que o fenômeno dos assentamentos humanos precários em áreas ambientalmente frágeis é fruto dos processos de reprodução das desigualdades sócioespaciais inerente à reprodução do espaço urbano no Brasil. Desse modo, a questão ambiental urbana aparece como um problema decorrente das dificuldades de acesso à moradia adequada da maior parte da população. Enquanto esse acesso estiver condicionado à renda da população, cada vez mais, a localização dos pobres consistirá em locais excluídos dos benefícios da cidade.

This research is an examination of the practical application of intergovernmental relations (IGR) and co-operative government at the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (CTMM)’s Department of Housing and Human Settlements. By use of questionnaire and direct interviews, the research extracted responses from methodically selected employees and officials at the Department of Housing and Human Settlements in the CTMM. Literature study was combined with document analysis and a part of participant observation to gather data and information that has been examined and analysed in the study that has established the need for training and skilling for officials and employees in financial and project management. The need for the rolling back of political interference, regular review of legislation to keep abreast with the changing environment and international standards and improved institutional communication are but some of the observations and arguments that the research has established from a careful reading of data gathered. The enabling policies, laws and regulations that are in place remain largely good on paper, but still limited in their practical application. It is argued in this research that housing and human settlements are a provision that is central in the democratic and development life of the Republic of South Africa, and that the provision of sustainable human settlements enriches the livelihoods of communities in so far as other services such as education, recreation, health care, electricity, economic opportunities, safety, transport and communication are also dependent on the availability of sustainable human settlements and the amenities that comes with it. It is the recommendation of the present research that if the policies, regulations, laws and goals that govern the IGR towards the delivery of sustainable human settlements are to achieve maximum fruition, there is a need for vigorous monitoring and evaluation mechanisms that will ensure that budgets are efficiently used, that standing decisions are implemented and that partisan politics and corruption and opportunistic tendencies are eliminated as these hinder performance and delivery. / Public Administration and Management / MPA