Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-02-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:56:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 peruchini_lfd_me_araca.pdf: 222468 bytes, checksum: 5c78d314512c48bd76c86ecd1f894e23 (MD5) / A aplicação da ergonomia, ciência responsável pela organização do trabalho e os elementos que o constituem, é de fundamental importância na odontologia, considerando que a prevalência de doenças ocupacionais é alta entre os cirurgiões-dentistas. Os objetivos foram avaliar o cumprimento dos princípios ergonômicos na prática odontológica em diferentes especialidades, por acadêmicos e profissionais de odontologia e relatar o uso de novas tecnologias digitais no ensino da ergonomia. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, descritivo, realizado em um Laboratório de Ensaios Ergonômicos. Foram filmados, por quatro câmeras de monitoramento, 64 procedimentos odontológicos, realizados por seis formandos do Curso de Odontologia e por dois Cirurgiões-dentistas em quatro especialidades: Periodontia, Dentística, Cirurgia e Traumatologia Buco-Maxilo-Facial (CTBMF) e Endodontia. Os atendimentos foram avaliados segundo oito normas posturais ergonômicas preconizadas pela ISO/FDI para procedimentos odontológicos. Desenvolveu-se, com base nas observações do estudo, uma metodologia de ensino apoiada no uso de tecnologias e do aprendizado baseado em problemas, com 20 alunos, tendo as normas da ISO/FDI como fundamentação teórica. A especialidade de Endodontia foi a que apresentou os resultados mais baixos com média de 3,69 pontos positivos, seguido da CTBMF com 4,03, Dentística 4,26 e a Periodontia 5,99 pontos; o tempo médio de trabalho dos acadêmicos foi de 62,3 minutos. A posição das costas em relação ao encosto e à angulação incorreta das pernas foram os erros posturais mais visualizados. Observaram-se, durante procedimentos que demandaram maior tempo de trabalho, mais infrações às normas ergonômicas: (p<0,01). Na avaliação com profissionais, os atendimentos na especialidade de Periodontia... / The application of ergonomics, science responsible for the organization of work and the elements that constitute it, is of fundamental importance in dentistry, considering that the prevalence of occupational diseases is high among dentists. The objectives were to evaluate the fulfillment of ergonomic principles in dental practice in different specialties by academics and practitioners of dentistry and report the use of new digital technologies in the teaching of ergonomics. It was developed an observational, descriptive study conducted in a Laboratory of Ergonomics. It was filmed by four monitoring cameras, 64 dental procedures performed by 6 graduates of the School of Dentistry and 2 dentists in four specialties: Periodontics, Dentistry, Surgery and Traumatology Maxillo-Facial and Endodontics. The sessions were analyzed according to eight postural ergonomic standards recommended by the ISO / FDI for dental procedures. Developed, based on the observations of the study, a methodology for the teaching supported by the use of technology and problem-based learning, with 20 students, having the standards of ISO / FDI as theoretical foundation. The specialty of endodontics was the one with the lower results by the academics, with an average of 3.69 positive points, followed by Surgery and Traumatology Maxillo-Facial with 4.03, 4.26 of Dentistry, and Periodontics 5.99 points, the average time of academics work was 62.3 minutes. The position of the back against the backrest and leg incorrect angulation were the postural errors more displayed. Observed during the procedures that demanded more time working, more ergonomic rules infractions: (p <0.01). In evaluating professional, dental care in the specialty of Periodontics were... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

This study investigated the effects of incremented loads greater than maximal acceptable loads on selected locomotor kinematic and psychophysical variables for four different hand-held load-carriage methods. Ten male and ten female subjects, between the ages of 18 and 30, participated in four experimental sessions. Data collection involved obtaining selected anthropometric, strength, maximal load and preferred load, gait kinematic, and psychophysical values. The anthropometric, strength and load capacity variables enabled absolute and morphology normalised sex-based comparisons to be made. The kinematic and psychophysical parameters were used to quantify any changes from two sets of baseline values,"unloaded" and "maximal acceptable load" values, when loads were increased and carrying methods changed. Statistical analysis revealed that males were taller, heavier and stronger than females (p<0.05). Males chose significantly greater maximal acceptable loads and absolute maximal loads than females when expressed in their absolute or relative terms. Preferred walking speeds were not significantly different for unloaded or loaded conditions, although males walked significantly faster in absolute terms (but not in relative terms) than females. Different load carrying methods and incremented loads brought. about significant changes to several of the kinematic parameters investigated. Finally, ratings of perceived exertion, as well as the number of exertion sites, were seen to increase significantly as load increased. These values were not, however, significantly affected by differences in load carriage method.

The focus of the present study was on the investigation of the effects of an intervention strategy on an industrial task in situ and a simulation of the same task within a laboratory setting. The task of offloading crates from a truck at a local business was simulated in a laboratory setting for rigorous analysis. The effect of an ergonomically sound intervention on selected physical, physiological and perceptual variables was evaluated in a test - retest experimental set-up using 28 young, healthy male students. Each of the two experimental conditions lasted for 16 minutes. In the pre-intervention task subjects were required to transfer the crates from one point to another by sliding them along the floor. During the execution of the post-intervention task responses to reductions in the stacking height and modifications of the working method were evaluated. Results obtained for spinal kinematics during the simulated industrial task indicated a high biomechanical risk, due to large ranges of motion, high velocities and accelerations in the sagittal and transverse planes. The heavy workload of the task was also evident in elevated physiological responses (HR, RF, VT, VE, VO2, RQ, EE) and perceptual ratings (RPE, Body Discomfort). Assessment of the intervention strategy revealed that the ‘high risk’ industrial task was reduced to ‘moderate acceptable’, with measurements of spinal kinematics, physiological and perceptual variables being significantly reduced. An in situ re-assessment of the workers’ responses to the intervention also elicited reductions in heart rates and perceptual ratings compared to the original task.

Master of Engineering

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The line-of-sight angle (LOSA) was investigated for a simple tracking task. The distance from the eyes of the subject to the image was varied through the use of optical lenses. The subject was seated in a chair with 5 different back angles: 90 degrees, 111.6 degrees, 125 degrees, 158.5 degrees, and 177.1 degrees. No significant difference in the selection of LOSA was found between image distances of .5 meters, 1 meter, 2 meters, and infinity. The subjects' selection of LOSA was affected by the change in seat inclination angles. / Master of Science

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects on applied force of structural design parameters and feedback conditions inherent in the aesthetic overlay of membrane switch touchpads. In the first experiment, which evaluated structure, 12 males and 12 females keyed 100 4-digit sequences into a computer using 6 of a total of 12 touchpads which differed in membrane ply thickness, spacer thickness, and spacer aperture diameter. The same task was completed by nine males and nine females in the second experiment, which evaluated feedback conditions inherent in flat, embossed, domed, embossed with dome, flat with escutcheon, and domed keycap aesthetic overlays. The apparatus employed for force measures was a force platform system integrating seven strain gauge force transducers. Subjects received auditory feedback for correct actuations. Results of the studies indicate that applied forces are correlated quite highly with the required actuation force (RAF) of the switch (r = 0.89, p < 0.01). However, membrane switch structure had a significant effect on the applied forces, even after the effects of RAF were controlled. Feedback conditions inherent in the aesthetic overlay also had an effect on the forces applied. A significant preference for RAF was found in the structure experiment. There were no significant differences among touchpads with respect to preference for feedback conditions inherent in different aesthetic overlays. / Ph. D.

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